Thesis (MTech (Tourism))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Local business concerns and perceptions are generally neglected in relation to mega-event research, as most studies have, so far, focused on the broader economic impacts, as well as on the social impacts, and, more recently, on the environmental impacts of mega-events. South Africa being afforded the opportunity to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ created much excitement for all, and especially so for the business market. This is because the market in question is at the forefront of providing goods and services to the much anticipated increased number of tourists, whether such goods and services consist of the provision of accommodation, food and beverage, or entertainment, as well as ancillary products and services. The focus of the study was on gaining an understanding of the awareness and the impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ on businesses, especially those situated within close proximity of the Cape Town Stadium. The study was conducted three months before, and three months after, the event. The investigation explores the level of perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of the businesses in relation to the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, while simultaneously highlighting their experiences with the event. The primary objective of this approach was to ascertain whether there were any changes between the initial perceptions, and the experiences, among businesses in relation to the event. The five objectives guiding the study involved investigating: (1) business managers’ and owners’ perceptions and experiences of the event; (2) the impacts of the World Cup on businesses; (3) the level of business support for the event; (4) the impacts of leveraging initiatives on businesses; and (5) recommendations aimed at maximising the opportunities granted by future mega-events for businesses. During the pre- and post-event study, a total of 145 surveys were administered to the business owners and managers of SMMEs, using the stratified random sampling method, of which, 72 responded during the pre-event study and 104 during the post-event study.

M.Com. (Financial Management) / This study was an investigation into the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup soccer tournament on the stock market of the host country. The investigation looked at whether stock markets react efficiently or show a positive reaction to the hosting of the FIFA World Cup. Hosting the FIFA World Cup was assessed at two event dates: the announcement date where the host country’s winning bid is announced and the when the tournament starts. An event study research methodology was used to investigate the impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup on the stock exchange of the host country, by examining the movement of CARs across the two event windows. It was found that stock markets react differently to the announcement of the tournament and event start dates. The results of this study show that the stock market does not always regard the hosting of the FIFA World Cup as positive news, therefore resulting in either a positive or negative stock market reaction. Markets do however appear to be efficient and incorporated all information in stock prices. The test statistics showed a number of statistically insignificant results; hence the presented results do not support the hypotheses that the FIFA World Cup has a significant impact on the host country stock market during the announcement and hosting stages.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Sport mega-events are a powerful tool for branding nations. There has been a significant shift in countries that bid for and win the rights to host sport mega-events. Historically, Western countries used to be leaders in winning rights to host such events; however a new emerging trend has seen developing countries winning the rights ahead of developed ones, for example, South Africa, Brazil and Russia winning the rights to host the FIFA World CupTM. South Africa faced a serious branding challenge leading up to the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of hosting this tournament was to change international tourists’ perceptions of South Africa. There has been limited research on the brand legacies of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM, hence this research examined the brand image legacies of the tournament in the long run. It is believed that the football fans who attended the 2016 UEFA European Championship either visited South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World CupTM or watched the tournament on television (TV) at home, therefore they have certain perceptions of South Africa as a sport tourism destination. A quantitative methodology was employed to survey football tourists at fan parks and stadium precincts in five metropolitan cities in France during the 2016 UEFA European Championship, using a spatially based systematic sampling technique. In total 391 football tourist questionnaires were completed. The key findings reveal that prior to the 2010 FIFA World CupTM, football tourists’ perceptions of South Africa as a sport tourism destination were generally positive; however they indicated that they were very concerned about safety and security, as well as segregation issues, prior to the tournament. It can be argued that the tournament had a significant impact on reinforcing the positive perceptions of the destination as well as reducing the negative perceptions of the destination. The findings reveal statistically significant differences in most aspects between tourists’ perceptions prior to, and six years after, the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Tourists’ perceptions on most aspects changed positively six years after the event, including those that were major concerns prior to the tournament. The findings also show that there has been very little repeat visitation to South Africa since South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA Word CupTM. However, an overwhelming majority of respondents indicated that they were willing to travel to South Africa should it host another sport mega-event in the near future. The key findings of this study have a wider applicability to sport mega-events legacy research and body of knowledge. These key findings can assist destination marketers in managing the destination image and foster a greater understanding of brand image legacies of past mega-events in order to inform the bidding and hosting of future sport mega-events.

Submitted by Bárbara Bressan Belan null (ba_92_b@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-19T14:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEFESA MESTRADO BÁRBARA_AUTOARQUIVAMENTO.pdf: 2487772 bytes, checksum: d8af82cf6dce1283b21db1c295660e2a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-22T13:46:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 belan_bb_me_bauru.pdf: 2487772 bytes, checksum: d8af82cf6dce1283b21db1c295660e2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T13:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 belan_bb_me_bauru.pdf: 2487772 bytes, checksum: d8af82cf6dce1283b21db1c295660e2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / O direito à liberdade de expressão é garantido pela Constituição brasileira de 1988, e pode ser exercido de diversas formas. Entre junho de 2013 e julho de 2014, esse direito foi exercido por milhões de brasileiros que foram às ruas protestar contra a precariedade da saúde e educação pública, a corrupção, o aumento da tarifa de ônibus e também contra os gastos excessivos para a realização da Copa do Mundo. As manifestações sociais aconteceram na mesma época em que dois megaeventos esportivos eram realizados no país: a Copa das Confederações, em 2013, e a Copa do Mundo, em 2014. O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar se dois veículos de comunicação impressos, Folha de S. Paulo e O Globo, que noticiaram as manifestações sociais, trataram-nas como um exercício pleno do direito à liberdade de expressão, ou criminalizaram o movimento. Para cumprir os objetivos, será utilizada a metodologia da análise de conteúdo. A hipótese é de que os jornais abordaram o assunto de maneira superficial e negativa. A partir das análises quantitativas e qualitativas realizadas com base na metodologia escolhida, tornou-se possível a confirmação de tal hipótese. / The right to freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, and can be practiced by many different ways. Between june of 2013 and july of 2014, this right was practiced by millions of Brazilians, that went to the street to protest against the precariousness of public health and education, corruption, the increase in the bus pass and also against excessive expenses for the realization of the World Cup. The social manifestations happened in the same time that two sportive mega events were realized in the country: The Confederations Cup, in 2013, and The World Cup, in 2014. The object of this research is to verify if two newspapers, Folha de S. Paulo and O Globo, that noticed the social manifestations, treated them as an exercise of the right to freedom of expression, or criminalized the protest. To meet the goals, it will be used the methodology of content analysis. The hypothesis is that the newspapers dealt with the issue in a superficial and negative way. By the quantitative and qualitative analysis based on the chosen method, it became possible to confirm this.

Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The hosting of mega-events such as the 2010 FIFA World CupTM create expectations from the host nation, especially in the host cities. This is largely due to the impacts associated with the hosting of such events. Planning is perceived to be at the centre of successful hosting of such events. Planning also assists in making sure that benefits from such events are maximised and costs minimised. Events like the 2010 FIFA World CupTM do not only require high level planning but also a multi-stakeholder approach. With South Africa and the continent hosting the FIFA World CupTM for the first time since its inception, expectations were rising from both host and non-host areas. The study investigates a multi-stakeholder approach to planning on the 2010 FIFA World CupTM initiatives conducted by a non-host area - Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM), Western Cape, South Africa. The location of the CWDM is less than 45 minutes from the host city (Cape Town). By virtue of its close proximity, the CWDM positioned itself to leverage from the event as a result of possible spill-over effects. The study was driven mainly by five objectives. These include the identification of 2010 FIFA World CupTM planning initiatives, assessment of planning initiatives in relation to beneficiation of local municipalities, gaining an understanding of ways in which various stakeholders are involved in the planning initiatives, ascertaining ways in which various stakeholders perceive the benefits/spill-over effects and examining the alignment, integration and co-ordination of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM planned initiatives in the CWDM. In pursuing these objectives, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the collection of data. Respondents included residents (n=1 250), established businesses (n=108) and CWDM officials (n=5), using stratified random sampling, convenient sampling and purposive sampling, respectively. A total of 1 363 questionnaires were administered among the respondents of the study.

The hosting of the FIFA Football World Cup has been perceived in South Africa both as a challenge of accelerated social, economic, and spatial transformation, and as an opportunity to showcase the nation’s ability to successfully provide the structures and capacities for one of the biggest sports tournaments in the world. The thesis of ‘festivalisation’ sees mega-events (like the Football World Cup) as a form of translocal dynamics which is embedded in the context of increased inter-urban competition in the era of globalisation. This paper aims at investigating some effects of such globalised forms of festivalisation (Häußermann and Siebel 1993) on the urban sphere in South Africa. The focus is on identifying key actors and key topics in relation to urban governance in the host cities. The method applied is a mix of various strands of discourse analysis, since every approach has its shortcomings and a combination might point out directions of how to systematically link these perspectives in future research. To a certain extent, the path presented here remains methodologically explorative. Still, the paper shows that an analysis of language-based communication, or more specifically, an approach that takes media representations as a point of entry to the field of urban dynamics, might produce insights otherwise overlooked, and thus adds a critical angle to the study of urban governance.

Politics has been an integral part of Korean football since the Japanese colonial era when the game became a vehicle for the Korean independence movement. The split between North and South Korea following the Korean War further accentuated the intrusion of politics into the domain of Korean football. As Koreans residing on either side of the border followed the game with intense interest and often regarded performance in international competition as a signifier of national prestige, the governments of both North and South Korea attached more importance to football than to any other sport and became its foremost patrons. In these circumstances it is not surprising to find that the relative performance of the national teams of North and South Korea mirrored changing economic and political conditions. Thus the rapid rise of North Korean football in the 1960s was a reflection of the state’s systematic and successful postwar reconstruction. Since the 1980s, however, South Korea, with its booming economy, has clearly surpassed its increasingly impoverished northern counterparts in the football field. Undoubtedly, the most two important events pertaining to the development of Korean football were the 1966 and 2002 World Cups. They provided occasions when nationalist sentiment could be expressed through football in both North and South Korea. They also provided opportunities for Korean footballers, through their achievements on the field, to show that the gap between the traditional periphery and core of world football was narrowing. At the same time, participation in competition at this level, whether by teams from North or South Korea, suggested that there was a recognizable and distinctive Korean football style nurtured in training camps where the emphasis was on producing players with sufficient stamina to run at their opponents for ninety minutes. Tireless running football has been the characteristic of successful teams from both North and South Korea. Thus, while recognizing the profound ideological differences that separate North and South Korea, this thesis also emphasizes the football tradition and culture that ethnically homogenous Koreans have in common.

This thesis examines the social and economic impacts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Fortaleza, Brazil. The study used a budget analysis, and in depth interviews to ascertain the economic impact of the world cup games and the distribution of revenue across different sectors and socio-economic divisions within the local economy. A historical and vulnerability analysis was conducted through the examination of secondary sources (historical documents, census data, previous research on vulnerable populations) to identify groups and spaces of high social vulnerability. Qualitative data was then collected through in depth interviews with sources from all facets of society during the World Cup games and the following summer to identify the social impacts on these vulnerable groups and spaces. The thesis found that the final economic costs for infrastructure and stadium refurbishments associated with the World Cup in Fortaleza far exceeded the projected costs and the final economic impact on the local economy was half of projected estimates. While the city saw social benefits in the celebratory atmosphere and public security provided during the World Cup, there were also negative impacts on socially vulnerable groups and spaces including forced community relocations, increases in cases of commercial sexual exploitation, and rises in violent crime.

Global sport competitions such as the Olympics and the World Cup were founded following universal principles of unity and peace and aiming to be celebrations of sportsmanship. Nowadays, however, they go beyond sport, being constructed as global media events in which both politics and media play an essential role. Caught in this triangle, the Olympics and the World Cup have re-emerged in the past years as sites of protests, after decades of relative calmness in this sense. This represents the point of entry into the analysis of global broadcasters, giving the chance to examine the way in which Al Jazeera English, BBC World News and Russia Today represent the protests they put in relation to sport competitions happening in different parts of the world. The chosen case studies are the London Olympics 2012, Sochi Olympics 2014 and Brazil World Cup 2014. The comparative analysis allows the drawing of similarities and differences between both the case studies and the broadcasters overall. The findings show that protests are dealt with differently according to the sport event they are related to, since some of them are legitimized and others are not. A major distinction, therefore, results in the manner in which the broadcasters use the protests in order to depict a certain version of the world. Global broadcasters offer, thus, multiple perspectives on the world as they carry what appears to be a heavy cultural baggage of the societies of origin.

M.Comm. / South Africa are the proud hosts of the FIFA 2010 Football World Cup™, and deservedly so. A significant effort has been placed in winning the bid and continues this continues to be the situation as construction and infrastructure are being put in place for event. Time is fast becoming limited, now with just less than three years to go, proper development is essential. Outside the rush and pressure to be ready for this event and the economic benefits that that are attached, the opportunity exists to divert some of that momentum into something that will last way beyond 2010 – sustainable youth development programmes and football clubs. This entails that grassroots development and youth football development programs are structured and sustainable in order for well-rounded, well-developed players to graduate from it for many years to come. This study set out to ascertain the extent to which business management principles are applied in the management of football, as well as to explore the availability and applicability of policies and programmes provided by government and the national federation. The exact population size was extremely challenging to determine, largely due to insufficient and non-centralised record keeping by national and regional administrators. A sample size of 30 (n=30) that was geographically representative of Gauteng, was drawn. Researcher-administered interviews, with questionnaires, were used in the investigation. Meaningful insight was provided in the fact that only 33% of the respondents were aware of the White Paper on Sport and Recreation South Africa and indicated that there was a degree of alignment to it. The study highlighted the fact that while this document, and other policies regulating and supporting sport and sport development nationally are available, the respondents indicated a general lack of knowledge of these tools made available by the South African Department for Sport and Recreation and its partners. The National Federation, SAFA, devote little effort to football development programmes and while strides are being made in this regard, the increments of success are very small and potential benefits do not materialise. One further aspect concluded from the study was the lack of a clear understanding of what sport development, and football in particular, encompasses, and thus what a development programme should include. Current football programmes were found to be lacking with regard to the holistic development of players, as well as coaches, administrators and officials, in areas that extend beyond the tactical and technical aspects of football.