<p>The Central African Monetary and Economic Community, known by its French acronym CEMAC (Communaut&eacute / Economique et Mon&eacute / taire de l&rsquo / Afrique Centrale), is one of the oldest regional economic blocs in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of states. Its membership comprises of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It has a population of over 32 million inhabitants in a three million (3 million) square kilometre expanse of land. The changes in the world economy, and especially between the ACP countries, on the one hand, and the European Economic Community-EEC (hereinafter referred to as European Union (EU)), on the other hand, did not leave the CEMAC region unaffected. CEMAC region, like any other regional economic blocs in Africa was faced with the need to readjust in the face of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The region which had benefited from preferential access to the EU market including financial assistance through the European Development Fund (EDF) had to comply with the rules laid down in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This eventually led to a shift in the EU trade policy, in order to ensure that its trade preferences to developing countries were compatible to the rules and obligations of the WTO.</p>

<p>The rapid growth in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has led to concern about the weakening of the multilateral trading system. This thesis examines the spread of such agreement and the extent to which they pose a threat to the multilateral system. Regionalism and multilateralism are complimentary as shown in the case study of the East African Community. The current regional trade agreement management rules are weak and ambiguous and possible amendments for these rules are proposed</p>

<p>The Central African Monetary and Economic Community, known by its French acronym CEMAC (Communaut&eacute / Economique et Mon&eacute / taire de l&rsquo / Afrique Centrale), is one of the oldest regional economic blocs in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of states. Its membership comprises of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It has a population of over 32 million inhabitants in a three million (3 million) square kilometre expanse of land. The changes in the world economy, and especially between the ACP countries, on the one hand, and the European Economic Community-EEC (hereinafter referred to as European Union (EU)), on the other hand, did not leave the CEMAC region unaffected. CEMAC region, like any other regional economic blocs in Africa was faced with the need to readjust in the face of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The region which had benefited from preferential access to the EU market including financial assistance through the European Development Fund (EDF) had to comply with the rules laid down in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This eventually led to a shift in the EU trade policy, in order to ensure that its trade preferences to developing countries were compatible to the rules and obligations of the WTO.</p>

<p>The rapid growth in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has led to concern about the weakening of the multilateral trading system. This thesis examines the spread of such agreement and the extent to which they pose a threat to the multilateral system. Regionalism and multilateralism are complimentary as shown in the case study of the East African Community. The current regional trade agreement management rules are weak and ambiguous and possible amendments for these rules are proposed</p>

A Reasonable Doubt is the act by which the Customs communicates the importer that doubts that this has declared the customs value in compliance with the valuation rules properly, requiring information and documentation necessary to verify that they have properly followed the rules valuation. In this article as we explore the conceptual and procedural aspects of management prerogative, we will try to find the limits to their exercise from the time, space and material point of view consistently (in concordance) with the rights and obligations of taxpayers. / Una Duda Razonable es el acto a través del cual la Aduana comunica al importador que duda que éste haya declarado el valor en aduanas cumpliendo las reglas de valoración adecuadamente, requiriendo la información y documentación que sea necesaria para verificar que se han cumplido adecuadamente con las reglas de valoración. En este artículo mientras analizamos los aspectos conceptuales y procedimentales de esta prerrogativa de la administración, trataremos de encontrar los límites a su ejercicio desde el punto de vista temporal, espacial y material en concordancia con los derechos y obligaciones de los contribuyentes.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T16:58:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Alexandre Magno Ramos Paiva.pdf: 27097259 bytes, checksum: c17ac76e53190fc3febe2762267bee8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T16:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Alexandre Magno Ramos Paiva.pdf: 27097259 bytes, checksum: c17ac76e53190fc3febe2762267bee8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / CAPES / After the Cold War, Brazil and United States started a new phase concerning the international commerce, in which Brazil established itself as a global trader, competing with the US products in the world market, mainly in respect to the commodities sector. Cotton, an important raw-material, makes part of in this scenario, and it was the reason for the greatest contend involving the two countries. The process by which Brazil contests the American subsidies toward their local producers dates back to 2002 and had a favorable outcome to the Latin- American country in 2005, when the World Trade Organization recognized the damaging effects resulting from the American practices in the world market of this product. Afterwards, there was a retaliation plead from Brazil and its subsequent authorization, being permitted to cross-retaliate, by which Brazil could break copyrights, for instance, in its compensating efforts. The two countries, ever since, keep a dialogue agenda about the best solution to the case, with a frame-work signed in 2010. The research aims to comprehend how this contentious trespassed the limits of the countries involved, bringing about some sort of international appeal and collaborating for the Brazilian insertion in the World as a global player. The first chapter deals with the reformulation of the domestic scenario, putting the Brazilian State closer to its internal productive sectors, as well as the changings occurred in the international commerce. In the second chapter, there's en explanation about the rules which involves the OMC disputes and how the case between Brazil and USA was conducted, with special highlight for the cotton contentious. Finally, in the last chapter, it is given a major emphasis in the external scenario and how it swayed the decisions of the two contenders for achieving the up-to-date result. The Brazilian victory in the cotton dispute reveals a greater Brazilian protagonist role in the developing world and the rising of its power in the commercial debates. / Com o final da Guerra Fria, Brasil e Estados Unidos entram numa nova fase em termos de comércio internacional, na qual o Brasil se estabelece como um global trader e passa a concorrer com os produtos norte-americanos no mercado mundial, principalmente no que diz respeito ao setor de commodities. O algodão, importante matéria-prima, se insere nesse novo cenário, e foi motivo da maior contenda envolvendo esses dois países. O processo pelo qual o Brasil contestava os subsídios concedidos pelos norte-americanos aos seus produtores locais data de 2002 e ganhou um desfecho favorável ao país sul-americano em 2005, quando a Organização Mundial do Comércio reconheceu o efeito funesto resultante das práticas norte-americanas no mercado internacional desse produto. Posteriormente, houve o pedido de retaliação por parte do Brasil e sua consequente autorização, sendo-a permitida sob a forma cruzada, ou seja, podendo envolver quebras de patentes, por exemplo, nos seus esforços de ressarcimento. Os dois países, desde então, vêm mantendo uma agenda de diálogo acerca da melhor maneira de solucionar esse contencioso, havendo um acordo sido assinado em 2010. A pesquisa visa compreender como essa contenda ultrapassou os limites dos países envolvidos, ganhando apelo internacional e contribuindo para a inserção do Brasil no mundo como um global player. O primeiro capítulo trata da reforma no cenário doméstico, aproximando o Estado brasileiro dos setores produtivos locais, bem como as mudanças ocorridas no comércio internacional. No segundo capítulo, há uma explanação sobre as regras que circunscrevem as disputas na OMC e como o caso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos foi conduzido, com especial ênfase para o contencioso do algodão. Por fim, no último, dá-se um destaque maior ao cenário externo e como ele influenciou as decisões dos dois contendores para que se chegasse ao desfecho atual. A vitória obtida pelo Brasil no contencioso do algodão aponta para um maior protagonismo brasileiro no mundo em desenvolvimento e um aumento do seu poder nos debates sobre comércio internacional.

Magister Legum - LLM / In this paper I delve into the connection between trade policy and labour rights as probably one of the most controversial issues, which the international trading system is faced with today. Labour laws differ from country to country and of course it is a cause for concern where some countries have higher standards than others, it becomes problematic for these countries with high standards to compete with countries with lower standards. Even though there is a definite link between trade and labour, my argument is that incorporating labour standards into the international trading system is not the best way forward to deal with the problem of abuse of labour standards. I further investigate the two organizations at the forefront of this debate, being the WTO and the ILO. In an attempt to ascertain which of the two is the best forum to deal with the issue I further look at the relationship between these two organizations. Compliance with international labour standards is a growing concern as worldwide standards are deteriorating and nothing is being done to alleviate the problem. Accordingly, I explore the causes for the abuse of labour standards and seek to find the better alternative, by looking at the respective positions of the parties who are for and against the linkage of trade with labour standards. Here the views and concerns of the developed world are weighed up against those of the developing world and looking at possible alternatives concludes the paper. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / The rapid growth in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has led to concern about the weakening of the multilateral trading system. This thesis examines the spread of such agreement and the extent to which they pose a threat to the multilateral system. Regionalism and multilateralism are complimentary as shown in the case study of the East African Community. The current regional trade agreement management rules are weak and ambiguous and possible amendments for these rules are proposed. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM