The academic discipline of Sociology has rarely broached the subject of war and its recursive relationship with society. This paper addresses three major approaches in several disciplines that can be deemed ‘economically deterministic’: Marxist, Liberal, and Realist. These approaches can be useful for certain questions, but also leave out, or cloud other non-economic variables in understanding war – notably culture and military variables themselves. By using Karl Polanyi’s thesis regarding the “Myth of the Hundred Years’ Peace” (1815-1914) as a foil, the historical case of war in the nineteenth century is used to highlight the nature of war in European modernity and capitalism.

The academic discipline of Sociology has rarely broached the subject of war and its recursive relationship with society. This paper addresses three major approaches in several disciplines that can be deemed ‘economically deterministic’: Marxist, Liberal, and Realist. These approaches can be useful for certain questions, but also leave out, or cloud other non-economic variables in understanding war – notably culture and military variables themselves. By using Karl Polanyi’s thesis regarding the “Myth of the Hundred Years’ Peace” (1815-1914) as a foil, the historical case of war in the nineteenth century is used to highlight the nature of war in European modernity and capitalism.

This is a study of six women who lived in Britain during the early twentieth century. A mother and five daughters, they immigrated to Britain from Russia in 1909, and their letters provide a window into the lives of women during times of great strain and changes. The daughters attended school in Britain and expected to live a comfortable upper-class lifestyle funded by their family’s business in Russia. However, World War I and the February and October Revolutions in Russia made that future impossible. Instead the women became both military and civilian nurses, adopting professional careers and remaining unmarried. Their letters allow one to examine issues ranging from the cultural identities of émigrés and exiles to the effects of gender roles on life choices. This paper serves as a case study of their family, examining how larger political, social, and cultural events affected the practical and emotional facets of their lives. / text

The denial of defeat, the harsh Versailles Treaty and unsuccessful attempts by paramilitary units to recover losses in the Baltic produced in post-war Germany an anti-Bolshevik, anti-Entente, radical right-wing cabal of officers with General Ludendorff and Colonel Bauer at its core. Mistakenly citing a lack of breadth as one of the reason for the failure of their amateurishly executed Hohenzollern restoration and Kapp Putsch schemes, Bauer and co-conspirator Ignatius Trebitsch-Lincoln devised the highly ambitious White International plot. It sought to form a transnational league of Bavaria, Austria and Hungary to force the annulment of the Paris Treaties by the coordinated use of paramilitary units from the war vanquished nations. It set as its goals the destruction of Bolshevism in all its guises throughout Europe, the restoration of the monarchy in Russia, the systematic elimination of all Entente-sponsored Successor States and the declaration of war on the Entente. Archival documents, memoirs and other sources expose the underlying flaw in the plot: individual national priorities would always override transnational cooperation. Bavaria and Hungary were already seeking treaty revision through a rapprochement with the Entente; White Russian forces had turned from German support in favour of the French; and finally - as pointed out by their own leaders - the member states' paramilitary units were either untested or wholly ineffective, and thus would be no match for the national armies of the Successor States and the Entente.

This dissertation examines the engagement of civilian designers in United States Army post architecture and planning between 1917 and 1948. During those years, the built environment of the Army was fundamentally transformed, as troops relocated from frontier posts and coastal fortifications to large permanent military bases. First conceived of as “soldier cities,” by the end of World War II these posts had come to resemble garden suburbs. At the same time, the architecture and planning of civilian communities also changed. Turn-of-the-century affection for the industrial city had, by 1920, given way to a preference for suburban living among the upper classes. After World War II, suburbia would become ubiquitous, as federally- supported tract-house developments sprung up around the nation. These changes in civilian and military architecture and planning were, I argue, tightly connected, in part through the movement of civilian designers back and forth between civilian and military commissions. For architects and planners, the Army post was a kind of laboratory in which to experiment with design concepts outside the constraints of the real estate market. For Army officials, meanwhile, the involvement of outside experts in post design helped to convince potential recruits and the public alike that military life was not so different from civilian life. As the built environments of military and civilian America mutually influenced one another, the distinction between the two narrowed, and the Army effectively hid itself in plain sight. I track the exchange between civilian and military design ideals in five chronological chapters, each highlighting a particular episode in Army post design, and each connecting to broader themes in American urban and suburban history. The first two chapters take place during World War I and look at the planning of the Army’s training camps, and the architecture of the YMCA and YWCA buildings therein. The third chapter focuses on the permanent post- building program of the 1920s and 1930s. The fourth chapter recounts the Army’s pre-World War II experiments in prefabrication, and the final chapter examines the re-planning of the atomic town of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in 1948.

During World War I, war films became an important part of Swedish cinema programs. Newsreels as well as war related fiction films from the different battling nations were distributed to film theaters around the country. With these new films, the recently established censorship bureau also got new duties to consider. Aside from protecting public moral and the youth, the censors were now expected to uphold the Swedish neutrality policy in the domain of cinema. Material sensitive for diplomatic relations or potentially politically arousing for the audience was removed or edited. There were several reasons as to why cinema was singled out as the most important medium to control during these sensitive times. The authentic aura of moving images together with a fear of the reactions of mass audiences made the risk of biased propaganda seem greater. This thesis analyzes the complex web of relations between Swedish neutrality, media specificity discourse and censorship of World War I films. Examples of censorship of both newsreels and fiction films are discussed in relation to media specificity discourse in trade journals and daily newspapers of the time.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2010. / Title from screen (viewed on July 29, 2010). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Kevin Cramer, Daniella Kostroun, Giles R. Hoyt. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-94).

This dissertation examines in detail, the organisation, training and operations of the 27th and 30th American Divisions during the period of Summer 1917 to the announcement of an armistice in November 1918. Particular emphasis is placed on the two divisions after they were attached to the II American Corps, especially their experience with the British Expeditionary Force in 1918, and the training received under the supervision of British officers. The II American Corps was unique in that it spent its entire service in France in the British sector. Originally it was composed of 10 divisions, but eight of these were removed by the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, Gen. John. J. Pershing. The divisions were transferred to the First American Army and operated entirely independent of II American Corps. The two American divisions that remained with the British, the 27th and 30th, relied heavily upon their coalition partners for advice in training, supplies, equipment, food and more importantly, tactical leadership. Although General Pershing forbade American divisions from being amalgamated into Allied armies, in reality, the 27th and 30th Divisions became part of the BEF, especially the Fourth Army during the final campaigns of the war. Despite its attachment to arguably the best fighting force on the Western Front in 1918, the II American Corps suffered heavy casualties during its limited operational experience and, in many ways, failed to take advantage of lessons learned by the British Army during its campaigns of 1916-1917. This dissertation concludes that the relationship between the two American divisions and their British ally was in the end result a success. By allowing the 27th and 30th Divisions to remain behind with the BEF, Pershing provided the British with more than 50,000 able American troops to use at the front. Thus the two allies became Brothers-in-Arms.

ANNOTATION This submitted thesis is to record the picture of World War I in fiction comparing Czech and Austrian literature. Connections are supposed to be based on historical- cultural contacts and close geographical vicinity in both conceptions. A comparative study of the representative texts which relate to a specific key stage of common history should confirm or doubt these connections. In the introduction the reality of the war conflict, its main consequences and the concrete situation in Bohemian countries is outlined, which serves the purpose of depicting of the atmosphere of the period and simultaneously better understanding of the meaning of literature works. Subsequently the list of basic texts which became the firm part of the common knowledge of given problems is created and at the same time the aspect of the common thematic units is pointed out. And finally two key works of both national branches of literature were chosen and compared analytically. Both principal themes - the attitude towards war, and main motive complexes and the general way of narration are emphasized. The aim of the thesis is not to present the complete list of works dealing with war but to confront literature depiction of the war in Austria and Bohemia from comparable points of view.

Esta tese analisa a relação entre o setor externo e as mudanças ocorridas na política econômica do Brasil entre a Crise de 1913 e o fim da Primeira Guerra Mundial. O objetivo principal é estabelecer relações entre a crise financeira que teve início quando as Guerras Balcânicas envolveram interesses dos principais países da Europa Ocidental. O receio de que os confrontos nos Bálcãs provocassem mudanças na geopolítica da região levou o mercado financeiro europeu a entesourar recursos. Este entesouramento dificultou o acesso de recursos em ouro pelo Brasil. A economia brasileira era dependente do setor externo. A falta de divisas levou à redução nas exportações dos principais produtos que o Brasil comercializava no mercado internacional: café e borracha. A retração nas vendas internacionais dificultou o financiamento das importações, que foram reduzidas em percentual acima do verificado com nas exportações. A solução foi solicitar uma nova consolidação da dívida externa brasileira que entrou para a história como o segundo funding loan. A Crise de 1913 previa os eventos que se consolidariam como a Primeira Guerra Mundial. O Brasil foi forçado a modificar a sua política econômica. Novos mecanismos de atuação da economia brasileira no cenário internacional foram experimentados. A economia brasileira chegou ao fim de 1918 com novas perspectivas de atuação na economia internacional. / This thesis analyzes the relationship between the external sector and the changes in economic policy in Brazil between 1913 crisis and the end of World War I. The main objective is to establish links between the financial crisis that began when the Balkan Wars involved interests of the major Western European countries. The fear that the clashes in the Balkans provoked changes in the geopolitics of the region led the European financial market to hoard resources. This hoarding hindered the access of gold resources in Brazil. The Brazilian economy was dependent on the external sector. The lack of foreign exchange led to a reduction in exports of the main products that Brazil traded in the international market: coffee and rubber. The decline in international sales hampered the financing of imports, which were reduced by a percentage higher than that observed with exports. The solution was to request further consolidation of Brazil\'s foreign debt went down in history as the second funding loan. The Crisis 1913 predicted the events that would consolidate as the First World War. Brazil was forced to change its economic policy. New mechanisms of action of the Brazilian economy in the international arena have been tried. The Brazilian economy has ended 1918 with new perspectives of action in the international economy.