ABSTRACT – The use of Artificial Cover Objects (ACOs) for inventorying and monitoring of reptile diversity has become increasingly common, though few studies have investigated how occurrence and sampling success (encounters per ACO per day) varies with environmental factors when using ACOs. This study is based on data from Sandsjöbacka ecoduct and its surroundings in southwestern Sweden, where there is an ongoing monitoring program. Sixty-five plywood coverboards the first year and 15 more the next year were placed in a system of points along transects and checked 22 times (1595 shelter checks) between the year 2017 and 2018. These counts were combined with vegetation analyses and complemented with data of ambient temperature from SMHI, the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. A total of 129 reptiles belonging to six species was found: grass snake (Natrix natrix), smooth snake (Coronella austriaca), sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara), slowworm (Anguis fragilis) and adder (Vipera berus). There was no correlation between temperature and sampling success. DFA revealed a significant discrimination between ACOs with and without reptiles, and two of eight vegetation variables, proportion of shrubs and proportion of bare ground, were best at separating the two groups. Bare ground tended to have a negative effect on reptile occurrence, while the tendency for shrubs was the opposite. Most observations (81% of all reptiles) and encounter rates (0.065 counts per ACO per day versus 0.081 totally) were associated with slow worm (European glass lizard), and therefore the data mainly reflect activity of this species. / SAMMANFATTNING – Användandet av Artificial Cover Objects (ACOs) för att inventera och övervaka bestånd av kräldjur har blivit allt vanligare, men få studier har undersökt hur förekomst och stickprovsframgång (observationer per ACO per dag) varierar beroende av biotiska och abiotiska faktorer vid användandet av ACOs. Jag fick tillgång till data från ett pågående miljöuppföljningsprogram vid och i närområden kring Sandsjöbacka ekodukt i Västra Götalands län där ACOs användes. Sextiofem inventeringsplattor av plywood första året följt av ytterligare 15 plattor nästkommande år lades ut i ett system av punkter i linjetransekter där kontroller av kräldjursförekomst skedde systematiskt under 22 inventeringstillfällen fördelade på år 2017 och 2018 (1595 kontroller av ACO) i kombination med vegetationsanalyser. Data från programmet har kompletterats med lufttemperaturdata från SMHI. 129 individer av sex arter observerades; snok (Natrix natrix), hasselsnok (Coronella austriaca), sandödla (Lacerta agilis), skogsödla (Zootoca vivipara), kopparödla (Anguis fragilis) och huggorm (Vipera berus). Det fanns inget signifikant samband mellan lufttemperatur och stickprovsframgång. DFA visade på en signifikant diskriminering mellan ACOs med och utan kräldjur, och två av åtta vegetationsvariabler, andel buskar och ris samt andel barmark, diskriminerades mest. Barmark tenderade ha en negativ effekt på förekomst av kräldjur, medan tendensen för buskar och ris var den motsatta. Klart högst förekomst (81% av totala antalet kräldjur) och stickprovsframgång (0,065 observationer per platta per dag mot 0,081 sammantaget) stod kopparödla för, och därför speglar data först och främst aktivitet hos denna art.

Submitted by ARLINDO LEAL BOIÇA NETO null (arlindoboica@gmail.com) on 2016-11-10T18:24:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_final (CORRIGIDA) com certificado de aprovação.pdf: 2125977 bytes, checksum: 3df4ff312236d23618c3631b2161a7d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO null (luizaromanetto@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-16T15:54:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 boica neto_al_dr_jabo.pdf: 2125977 bytes, checksum: 3df4ff312236d23618c3631b2161a7d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-16T15:54:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 boica neto_al_dr_jabo.pdf: 2125977 bytes, checksum: 3df4ff312236d23618c3631b2161a7d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-21 / O amendoim é cultivado em vários estados no Brasil sendo São Paulo o maior produtor, seguido da Bahia e Mato Grosso. Semeadas em épocas diferentes conforme a região do cultivo, a área cultivada do amendoim na safra de 2014/15 no Brasil abrangeu uma área de 107,4 mil hectares, com uma produção média de 3140 kg ha⁻¹. Duas pragas destacam-se pela importância nessa cultura, sendo a lagarta-do-pescoço-vermelho, Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) e o tripes-do-prateamento, Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) por causarem elevados prejuízos econômicos ao agricultor. Na literatura, poucas informações são relatadas de amostragens de pragas no amendoinzeiro. Assim, associando-se esse fato a importância das duas pragas na cultura do amendoim, se fez necessário um estudo por meio de modelos probabilísticos para avaliar as suas distribuições espaciais e amostragens sequenciais, gerando assim futuras informações aos agricultores para o manejo integrado de pragas nessa cultura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, em Jaboticabal – SP, utilizando uma área de 1,08 ha, subdividida em 100 parcelas iguais de 108 m² (10,0 x 10,8 m). Em cada parcela foram avaliadas cinco plantas ao acaso, considerando a presença ou não de insetos de S. bosquella e E. flavens. Pelos dados, observaram-se uma distribuição agregada ou moderadamente agregada de E. flavens e uma distribuição aleatória de S. bosquella; o modelo de distribuição que melhor se ajustou para E. flavens foi a binomial negativa e para lagartas de S. bosquella o modelo de distribuição de Poisson. Estes resultados permitiram a elaboração de planos de amostragem sequencial, na qual, tripes e lagartas apresentam duas retas: uma superior (S1 = 6,3072 + 1,0680 N), (S1 = 3,2134 + 0,3274 N), a partir da qual recomenda-se o controle; e outra inferior (S0 = -6,3072 + 1,0680 N), (S0 = -3,2134 + 0,3274 N), na qual, controle não é recomendado, respectivamente. Pelos resultados analisados, é possível verificar que a amostragem sequencial é eficiente na indicação ou não do controle de E. flavens e S. bosquella na cultura do amendoim. / The Peanuts are grown in several states in Brazil and São Paulo is the largest producer, followed by Bahia and Mato Grosso. Sown at different times as the growing region, the cultivated peanut area in 2014/15 crop in Brazil covered an area of 107,400 hectares, with an average production of 3140 kg ha⁻¹. Two pests stand out the importance that culture, and the red-necked peanut worm, Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and silvering thrips, Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to cause high economic losses to the farmer. In the literature, little information is reported samplings pest in groundnut. Thus, associating this fact the importance of the two pests in peanut crop, a study using probabilistic models to assess their spatial and sequential sampling distributions made necessary, thus generating further information to farmers for the integrated pest management that culture. The experiments were conducted in the years 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, in Jaboticabal - SP, using an area of 1,08 ha, divided into 100 equal installments of 108 m² (10,0 x 10,8 m). In each plot were evaluated 5 randomly plants considering the presence or absence of E. flavens insects and S. bosquella. From the data, they observed an aggregate or aggregate distribution moderately E. flavens and a random distribution S. bosquella; the distribution model best fit for E. flavens was the negative binomial and larvae of S. bosquella the Poisson distribution model. These results allowed the development of sequential sampling plans in which, thrips and caterpillars have two lines: an upper (S1 = 6.3072 + 1.0680 N), (S1 = 3.2134 + 0.3274 N), the from which it is recommended to control; and bottom (S0 = -6.3072 + 1.0680 N) (S0 = -3.2134 + 0.3274 N), in which control is not recommended, respectively. The results analyzed, you can see that the sequential sampling is efficient in indicating whether or not the control E. flavens and S. bosquella the peanut crop.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DarqueRatierBitencourt.pdf: 1647770 bytes, checksum: 2f43b1dd50fa8d56957de1de725557e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was carried out at the Entomology Laboratory of Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, and had the aim to evaluate the influence of different foods on larval and adult phases of D. speciosa (Germar, 1984) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The work had the following three experiments: i) the food influence on adult phase; ii) the food influence on larval phase, and iii) the influence of food type on leaf consumption. In the first experiment, five host plants (i.e. common bean, soybean, turnip, corn, and wheat) were tested to investigate their influence on adult phase when insects were fed with corn during larval phase. In the second experiment, common bean, corn, soybean, turnip, potato and wheat were used to evaluate their influence on larval phase of insects that were fed with only one type of host plant on adult phase. In the last experiment, leaf consumption of common bean, turnip, soybean and corn by adults of D. speciosa was evaluated under free choice and confined conditions. The average duration of larval to adult period was 25.8 days for the experiment to study the food influence on adult phase, with an average viability of 25.8% and a similar period of pre-oviposition for all different host plants. However, fecundity and longevity were influenced by the different foods during the oviposition period. With regard to longevity, we observed that both male and female had greater longevity when fed with common bean, soybean and turnipcompared to the ones fed with corn and wheat. Incubation time and viability of eggs were similar for all host plants. In the experiment of different host plants during the larval phase, the average period of larval to adult phase was greater for potato and wheat than for turnip and corn. The oviposition period was similar for all tested food types durind the larval phase. However, the pre-oviposition, fecundity and longevity periods for males and incubation period and viability of eggs were influenced by the different food types offered during the larval phase. In the experiment of leaf consumption, D. speciosa adults did show a better feeding of soybean, turnip and corn when compared to common bean for both free choice and confined conditions / O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Entomologia da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste em Dourados/MS e teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do alimento oferecido nas fases larval e adulta de D. speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). O estudo foi realizado em três etapas: influência do alimento na fase adulta, na fase larval e no consumo foliar. No primeiro ensaio, cinco hospedeiros (feijão, soja, nabo, milho e trigo) foram testados na fase adulta de insetos criados em um único hospedeiro (milho). No segundo, os hospedeiros feijão, soja, nabo, batata, milho e trigo foram utilizados na fase larval, e na fase adulta oferecido apenas um hospedeiro (feijão). No último ensaio foi avaliado o consumo foliar por adultos de D. speciosa em condições de livre escolha e sem chance de escolha utilizando os hospedeiros feijão, nabo, soja e milho. No primeiro ensaio, a duração média do período larva-adulto foi de 25,8 ± 0,90 dias, com viabilidade média de 25,8 ± 2,69% , enquanto o período de pré-oviposição foi semelhante para os diferentes hospedeiros. Entretanto, o período de oviposição, a fecundidade e a longevidade de adultos foram influenciados pelos diferentes tipos de alimentos. Com relação a longevidade, verificou-se que tanto os machos quanto as fêmeas foram mais longevos em feijão, soja e nabo quando comparados aos insetos alimentados com milho e trigo. O período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos obtidos nos diferentes hospedeiros foram semelhantes. No ensaio com diferentes hospedeiros na fase larval, a duração média do período larva adulto em batata e trigo foi maior do que em nabo e milho. As maiores viabilidades foram observadas com milho e batata e as menores em feijão e nabo. O período de oviposição foi semelhante, enquanto que o período de pré-oviposição, a fecundidade, a longevidade de machos e o período de incubação e viabilidade dos ovos foram influenciados pelos diferentes tipos de alimentos oferecidos na fase larval. No ensaio de consumo foliar, adultos de D. speciosa apresentaram maior consumo em soja, nabo e milho, quando comparado ao feijão, tanto no teste de livre escolha como no sem chance de escolha

The members of the genus Anguis are widely but hidden living reptile species in the Czech and Slovak Republic. Due to their slight morphological characters among species of the genus, presence of two out of five species in the study area has only recently been confirmed. However, a detailed knowledge about their distribution, contact zones or potential hybridization is still unknown or very insufficient. In this master thesis, 407 individuals of Anguis fragilis and A. colchica out of 281 locations were genotyped. 407 sequences of the mitochondrial marker ND2, 170 sequences of PRLR and 156 sequences RAG1 (both nuclear markers) were used for the genetic analyses. The results confirmed the dominant species A. fragilis for the Czech Republic and A. colchica for the Slovak Republic. The contact and potential hybrid zone has north-south direction from northern Moravia and Silesia, across the Morava River valleys to the Little Carpathians and the Danubian Lowland in Slovakia. The most important information of this thesis is about potential hybridization of these species. My analyses reveal that high number of individuals in the north-south direction zone has hybrid genotype. It allowed detecting the width of the hybrid zone and more accurate genetic structure among species and populations. In addition,...

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2018-07-27T12:29:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Marcos de Leão.pdf: 1271849 bytes, checksum: a89943d84d38997ef1167837ead53ae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T12:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Marcos de Leão.pdf: 1271849 bytes, checksum: a89943d84d38997ef1167837ead53ae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / The A. curassavica plant is characterized as a toxic plant for vertebrates, and little is known about its effect on invertebrates, such as insects. Thus, a study was conducted to verify the action of A. curassavica on S. frugiperda. The plants were collected, dried and ground, and the raw ethanolic extract was made from the powder. This was added to the diet offered to caterpillars in two trials, one at concentrations of 1%, 2% and 4%; and another at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5%. The parameters evaluated were: mortality; food consumption; weight of larvae and pupae; fertility (number of eggs and% of hatching). Two trials (one with second instar caterpillars and one with fifth instar caterpillars) of topical applications of the extract at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% were conducted to verify contact action through mortality after treatment. The experiments were performed with and without a choice, using corn leaf disks immersed in ethanolic extract at concentrations of 1%, 2% and 4%, where food intake (g) and preference index were evaluated. A trial was conducted evaluating total polyphenols and flavonoids in extract A. curassavica in order to verify the presence and measure them. The extract of A. curassavica added to the artificial diet, caused mortality of S. frugiperda in all concentrations, with 1%, 2% and 4% showing 100% mortality, and also 0.5% with 98% mortality. The prolongation of the larval period was evidenced in the treatments 0.1% and 0.5%, in 1.29 and 10.75 days respectively, in relation to the control. There was a reduction of larval weight in treatments 0.05%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% in 15%, 77%, 17%, 97% and 100%, respectively. On the pupal weight, the weight of the pupae in the treatments was 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5% in 10%, 22% and 54% respectively; already in the weight of the female pupae, there was reduction with the treatment 0.1% in 9.5%. Food consumption was reduced in treatments 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% in 22%, 40%, 47% and 57%, respectively. The excreted faeces weight in the treatments 0.1%, 1%, 2% and 4% was 0.730g, 0.002g, 0g and 0g, respectively. At no concentration interference was observed in the number of postures, number of eggs and percentage of hatching. On topical application in the second instar caterpillars, contact action was verified in all concentrations, standing out the 6% treatment that caused 100% mortality after 72 hours of application. However, in the trial with fifth instar caterpillars, there was no contact action in the treatments used. In the tests with and without chance of choice, there was difference in food consumption in all concentrations, especially the reduction in treatment 4%. All treatments were classified as phagdeterrents, and the 4% treatment was less preferred. It was verified the presence of total polyphenois and flavonoids in the extract, presenting 58.75 ug / ml and 150.1 ug / ml, respectively. The extract of A. curassavica should be tested in the field at the concentration of 0.5%, because in this concentration causes high mortality (98%) with the lowest amount of input. / A planta A. curassavica é caracterizada como planta tóxica para vertebrados, e pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito em invertebrados, como insetos. Dessa forma, foi conduzido um estudo para verificar a ação de A. curassavica sobre S. frugiperda. As plantas foram coletadas, secas e moídas, e a partir do pó foi confeccionado o extrato etanólico bruto. Este foi adicionado à dieta oferecida as lagartas, em dois ensaios, um nas concentrações de 1%, 2% e 4%; e outro nas concentrações de 0,05%, 0,1% e 0,5%. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: mortalidade; consumo alimentar; peso de larvas e pupas; fertilidade (nº de ovos e % de eclosão). Dois ensaios (um com lagartas de segundo instar e outro com lagartas de quinto instar) de aplicações tópicas do extrato nas concentrações de 1%, 2%, 4% e 6%, foram conduzidos para verificar a ação de contato através da mortalidade após o tratamento. Foram realizados testes com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando discos foliares de milho imersos sob extrato etanólico nas concentrações de 1%, 2% e 4%, onde avaliaram-se: consumo alimentar (g) e índice de preferência. Foi conduzido ensaio avaliando polifenóis totais e flavonoides no extrato A. curassavica a fim verificar a presença e mensurá-los. O extrato de A. curassavica adicionado a dieta artificial, provocou mortalidade de S. frugiperda em todas concentrações, destacando-se 1%, 2% e 4% apresentaram 100% de mortalidade, e também 0,5% com 98% de mortalidade. O prolongamento do período larval foi evidenciado nos tratamentos 0,1% e 0,5%, em 1,29 e 10,75 dias respectivamente, em relação a testemunha. Houve redução do peso larval nos tratamentos 0,05%, 0,5%, 1%, 2% e 4% em 15%, 77%, 17%, 97% e 100%, respectivamente. Sobre o peso pupal, houve redução do peso das pupas machos nos tratamentos 0,05%, 0,1% e 0,5% em 10%, 22% e 54% respectivamente; já no peso das pupas femêas, houve redução com o tratamento 0,1% em 9,5%. O consumo alimentar foi reduzido nos tratamentos 0,5%, 1%, 2% e 4% em 22%, 40%, 47% e 57%, respetivamente. O peso das fezes excretadas nos tratamentos 0,1%, 1%, 2% e 4% foi de 0,730g, 0,002g, 0g e 0g, respectivamente. Em nenhuma concentração foi verificada interferência no número de posturas, número de ovos e porcentagem de eclosão. Sobre aplicação tópica nas lagartas de segundo instar, foi verificada ação de contato em todas concentrações, destacando-se o tratamento 6% que provocou 100% de mortalidade após 72 horas da aplicação. Porém, no ensaio com lagartas de quinto instar, não se verificou a ação de contato nos tratamentos utilizados. Nos testes com e sem chance de escolha, houve diferença no consumo alimentar em todas concentrações, destacando-se a redução no tratamento 4%. Todos tratamentos foram classificados como fagodeterrentes, e o tratamento 4% obteve a menor preferência. Foi verificada a presença de pólifenois totais e flavonoides no extrato, apresentando 58,75 ug/ml e 150,1 ug/ml, respectivamente. O extrato de A. curassavica deverá ser experimentado a campo na concentração de 0,5%, pois nessa concentração causa alta mortalidade (98%) com a menor quantidade de insumo.

This diploma thesis is focused on the implementation of the educational role of the experimental station for measuring the effectiveness of gears. The proposed laboratory task "Experimental measurement of the effectiveness of gears" is intended to familiarize students with the basic principles of gears and especially highlight the issue of the effectiveness of gears. In this presented thesis, it is also suggested the possibility of expanding the educational use of the experimental station. This extension deals with vibration diagnostics of frequencies of gears.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) se présente souvent comme un déclin progressif des fonctions cognitives et comportementales. Au niveau biologique, on observe une accumulation de la protéine bêta-amyloïde (Aß) et de la protéine tau, une altération de la fonction synaptique ainsi qu’une mort neuronale. Des travaux récents ont démontré qu’une souche spécifique de probiotiques, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 (HA-114), avait des propriétés neuroprotectrices dans plusieurs modèles de maladies neurodégénératives. Le projet de recherche présent visait à caractériser les aspects neurophysiologiques d’une souche de nématodes transgéniques exprimant l’Aß et valider la neuroprotection de HA-114 dans ce modèle ainsi que dans un modèle murin de la MA (APP/PS1). Les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit montrent que les vers transgéniques exprimant le fragment 1-42 de l’Aß récapitulent des caractéristiques clés de la MA, soit une altération de la santé neuronale et de la mémoire liée à l’âge. Il s’agit donc d’un nouvel outil pour l’investigation de la physiopathologie de la MA et pour l’essai de molécules ayant un potentiel thérapeutique. Les données expérimentales montrent aussi que l’administration de HA-114 permet d’atténuer les phénotypes de neurodégénérescence et de paralysie liée à l’âge. Cela témoigne d’un potentiel en vue de l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients qui souffrent de la MA. L’étude des effets de HA-114 dans un modèle murin pourrait révéler de nouvelles avenues d’investigations pour la physiopathologie de la MA et les mécanismes par lesquels on pourrait un jour la traiter. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) often presents itself as a progressive decline of behavioral and cognitive functions such as memory impairment. On a biological level, this disease presents extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aß), intracellular accumulation of tau, alteration of synaptic function and neuronal loss. Recent data showed that a supplementation with a specific probiotic strain of bacteria, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 (HA-114), had a neuroprotective effect in several neurodegenerative disease models. This project aimed to characterize the neurophysiological aspects of a specific nematode strain expressing the Aß1-42 fragment and to validate the neuroprotective effect of HA-114 in this nematode strain as well as in the APP/PS1 murin model of AD. Following biochemical and behavioral experiments, data showed that this strain recapitulates key traits of AD: an age-dependent alteration of neuronal health and memory impairment. It was also observed that administrating HA-114 probiotic strain could attenuate age-related phenotypes of neurodegeneration and paralysis. This transgenic strain is therefore a new tool for drug screening and investigating AD’s pathogenesis. The neuroprotective effect of HA-114 observed in this strain shows potential towards an amelioration of the patient’s quality of life. Studying the effects of HA-114 in a murin model could reveal new investigation opportunities for AD’s pathogenesis and mechanisms that could one day cure this disease.

This research aims to further explore the linkages between poor WaSH realities and women’s development to understand how the burdens and risks associated with inadequate water resources diminishes both their health and safety. Specifically, a significant goal of this project is to understand the way in which rates of violent attacks increase as access to water decreases. Attempting to capture this violence in all its various forms, this study hosts conversation surrounding the way that a lack of clean, dependable water sources can increase a woman’s chances of experiencing various forms of violence. / Accessing clean water and adequate sanitation poses significant risks to the health and wellbeing of women and girls in East Africa. Without having access to local and dependable sources of water, the prevalence of water-borne diseases, health and safety hazards, and social barriers increase. Grounded in Feminist and Structural Functionalism theories, this research was designed to better understand Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) realities and the various types of associated burdens and risks. Using focus groups and key informant interviews, 36 health care professionals from various East African countries, such as Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, and South Sudan, were solicited in an effort to capture the real, lived experiences of practitioners working most intimately with these issues. All data were gathered at Uganda Christian University in Mukono, Uganda, and reflect both the personal and professional accounts of health care professionals living and working throughout communities within these countries. The findings of this study indicate that for as long as poor water and sanitation access and hygiene practices continue to plague the development of women in urban and rural communities, women and pregnant women will continue to suffer from dangerous diseases and brutal attacks of violence. Honing in on the latter concept, this study uncovered a significant link between inadequate water access and rates of domestic violence, sexual assault, and animal attacks. Understanding the health professional perspective is crucial in gathering relevant data. Through this effort, the findings of this study have been informed by those most knowledgeable on the WaSH realities identified and therefore has the ability to influence both policy and programs in realistic and productive ways. With the goal of determining and then diminishing identified risks, the data gathered from this research are meant to be used as evidence to help empower and advance women throughout East Africa. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

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