[pt] Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar as estratégias de revisão textual de alunos da modalidade Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) a partir de um referencial teórico sobre escrita processual, revisão textual e EJA. Trata-se de pesquisa desenvolvida sob o escopo da Psicolinguística em interface com a área da Educação. O estudo foi realizado com alunos oriundos de uma escola exclusiva para EJA, denominada Centro Municipal de Referência de Educação de jovens e Adultos (CREJA), localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Esses alunos são estudantes do PEJA II, Bloco I (sexto e sétimo anos do Ensino Fundamental) e PEJA II, Bloco II (oitavo e nono anos do Ensino Fundamental). A metodologia consistiu em uma atividade de produção textual organizada em três etapas, baseada em Rodrigues (1996), e de entrevistas semiestruturadas feitas com esses alunos e com o professor de Língua Portuguesa dessas turmas. A análise dos textos, feita com base em Rodrigues (1996), Lima (2012) e nas orientações curriculares para o PEJA (Rio de Janeiro, 2012) e CREJA (Rio de Janeiro, 2015), considerou a quantidade de palavras, a quantidade de alterações em cada uma das três etapas da produção textual e os tipos de alterações e ações de revisão realizadas. As categorias que apresentaram mais alterações na turma Bloco I, em relação à média de alterações por categoria, em ordem decrescente, foram as seguintes: ortografia, alteração lexical, alteração discursiva. Já no Bloco II as categorias foram alteração discursiva, ortografia, alteração lexical e pontuação. Em relação aos aspectos comuns, as turmas apresentaram significativa concentração de alterações nos aspectos relacionados à norma culta da língua, em especial a ortografia. Esse, inclusive, foi um aspecto recorrente nas entrevistas dos alunos e do professor de língua portuguesa, indicando uma concepção de revisão ancorada na ideia de correção, com foco mais nos aspectos superficiais do texto, mesmo nas séries mais avançadas do Ensino Fundamental. O estudo aponta para a relevância de uma investigação centrada na análise das operações de revisão como forma de mapear o que pode representar dificuldade para os alunos no processo de escrita. Espera-se que os resultados da pesquisa possam subsidiar reflexão sobre formas de intervenção voltadas ao desenvolvimento das habilidades de produção textual em turmas de EJA. / [en] This research aimed at investigating the strategies of textual revision of Youth and Adult Education modality (EJA) students. The study focused on writing processes, strategies of revision and EJA, adopting a Psycolinguistics perspective, in interface with the Education Area. The research was held with students from an EJA school, called Centro Municipal de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (CREJA), located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. They are students at PEJA II, Block I (6th and 7th years of Elementary School) and PEJA II, Block II (8th and 9th years of Elementary School). The methodology consisted of a text production activity organized in three stages, based on Rodrigues (1996), and on semi-structured interviews with these students and the Portuguese Language teacher. The analysis of the texts was done based on Rodrigues (1996), Lima (2012) and the curricular guidelines for the PEJA (Rio de Janeiro, 2012) and CREJA (Rio de Janeiro, 2015), considering the number of words, and the quantity of changes in each of the stages of textual production as well as the types of revisions made. The categories that presented the higher number of occurrences in the Block I group, in relation to the average of changes by category, were the following (in descending order): orthography, lexical alteration, discursive alteration. Considering the Block II, the categories were: discursive changes, orthography, lexical and punctuation changes. Both groups presented high concentration of changes in aspects that related to language standards, especially in orthography. Moreover, this was a constant aspect in the interviews of the students and of the Portuguese teacher, indicating a revision concept based on the idea of correction, focusing more on the superficial aspects of the text, even in the most advanced grades of Elementary School. The study directs to the relevance of an investigation centered on the analysis of revision as a way of mapping what may represent difficulty for students in the writing process. The results of the research may contribute to a reflection on forms of intervention aimed at the development of textual production skills in EJA classes.

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Marjorie R. Hancock / This qualitative case study sought to gain deeper understanding of the role the writing process approach played in developing the writing ability of five fifth grade Saudi Arabian students when writing in English as a second language. The study extended for five months in a Midwest elementary school serving a large ESL population. Participants of this study included four ESL teachers and five Saudi ESL students, four females and one male. Two main queries guided this study: 1) the roles of ESL teachers when using the writing process approach in teaching writing in English as a second language to five fifth grade Saudi Arabian ESL students; and 2) the role of the writing process approach in the writing development of five fifth grade Saudi Arabian ESL students. The researcher documented data through four sources: classroom observation, interviews with ESL teacher and ESL students, student think-aloud protocols, and student writing samples. The data analysis of the ESL teachers revealed strong advocacy of utilizing the writing process as an effective method to improve ESL Saudi Arabian students’ writing ability. They were successful in employing the writing process approach regardless of their students’ English language proficiency level, using numerous writing strategies including collaborative writing activities, games, varying speed and voice tone, interest in students’ cultures and languages, and social interaction with the students. The data analysis of the study’s student focus revealed that students writing was not a one step process, yet an ongoing cycle in which they prewrite, plan, draft, pause, read, revise, edit, and publish. Students demonstrated different attitudes and behaviors toward writing throughout this study. Four of the students valued their second language (L2); one, however, found English difficult and confusing. Some of the students’ writing sample scores, determined by the Six Traits Writing Rubric, differed by the end of the study while others’ remained the same. This study provided rich data to better understand the importance of teachers utilizing effective writing process techniques and the impact of the writing process approach on Saudi Arabian students learning to write in English in an American school setting.

The non-fiction introduction to The Wyvern’s Tale: A Thought Experiment in Bakhtinian Dual Chronotope Occupation documents the evolution of the novel, The Wyvern’s Tale, from the ideas that inspired it to its current incarnation as a full-length novel intended for an adult audience. It comprises an explanation of the novel’s main concept, Bakhtinian dual chronotope occupation, as well as an idea-focused account of the creative-writing process. Detailed in the introduction’s theoretical premise is the relationship between Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of chronotope and the carnivalesque and the ideal of the divided union in Chalcedonian Christology. This relationship revolves around the state of existing in two time-spaces at once. The novel, The Wyvern’s Tale, explores this dual existence imaginatively using the setting of parallel worlds – the every-day world and a fictional world called Wyvern – as well as a protagonist, who functions in the fictional world as a Christ-figure. Particular thematic emphasis is placed on differing perceptions of truth and reality, and on the transformative power of costumes. The novel’s outcome, dependent on the reader’s decision as to whether dual chronotope occupation is possible or impossible, is respectively either hopeful or tragic. It attempts to reflect the outcome of the life and death of Christ depending on whether his co-existence as God and man was real or imagined.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die geografiese ligging van enige bepaalde skryflaboratorium maak dit dikwels moeilik vir verafgeleë afstandonderrigstudente om ’n konsultasie te ontvang. ’n Veeleisende klasrooster kan dit vir residensiële studente enersyds problematiseer om ’n nabygeleë skryflaboratorium fisies te besoek vir hulp rakende ’n spesifieke skryfopdrag. Hierdie twee studentegroepe benodig gewoonlik addisionele skryfhulp om die tekskwaliteit van hulle geskrewe tekste te verbeter. In hierdie werkstuk het die navorser gevolglik ondersoek ingestel of ’n elektroniese skryflaboratorium, gegrond op die bestaande World Wide Writing (WWW)-model, ’n statisties beduidende effek gelewer het om studente se skryfvaardighede te verbeter. Die teoretiese raamwerk vir hierdie loodsprojek is verskaf deur Bereiter en Scardamalia (1987) se tweeledige skryfprosesmodel. Laasgenoemde model het ’n belangrike komponent van die ondersoek gevorm om die ontwikkeling van die hersieningsfase (waarmee ook herskrywing bedoel word) in die skryfproses te illustreer, nadat die proefpersone blootgestel is aan ’n skryfadvies oor paragrafering. Altesaam 67 tweedejaarproefpersone van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch het die opdrag ontvang om verbeterings aan die paragraafstruktuur van hulle oorspronklike teks aan te bring, ná verwysing van die elektroniese skryflaboratorium wat skryfhulp aangebied het in die vorm van web-advies. Hierna het die proefpersone ook ’n vraelys voltooi om hulle houding ten opsigte van die web-advies bloot te lê. ’n Geselekteerde ekspertpaneel het gevolglik die paragraafstruktuur van die tekste geëvalueer en sodoende aangedui of die tekskwaliteit verbeter het of nie. Hierdie resultate is uiteindelik gebruik om die effek te meet wat ’n elektroniese skryflaboratorium uitgeoefen het om die hersieningsfase van die skryfproses te beheer.

The primary aim of this study in creative writing is research into an aspect of the writing process, namely the creation of spatial dynamics in a novel. This objective required the creation of an artefact. A novel titled Somersneeu was written in order to examine the very process of generating spatial dynamics in this novel in particular, as well as in the novel as such. Somersneeu was published by Human & Rousseau in 2010. Practice-based as well as practice-led research was fundamental to this study. An artistic creator registers intellectually whatever unfolds during the creative process and so new knowledge can simultaneously be created. The process of creating a work of art as well as the reflection thereon is fundamental to practice-led research. In other words, the creative process of an artefact like the novel Somersneeu is the source of a certain kind of knowledge that gradually emerges and can eventually be verbalised. Therefore a design concept for creating spatial dynamics may be articulated. It is a fact that a definite coherence exists between space and spatial dynamics. These two concepts are in reality inseparable and this cohesion is what is also being investigated in this study. Space actually consists of spatial dynamics since all the different facets of space, concrete as well as abstract, have definite and inseparable repercussions upon one another, causing a dynamic interaction among all facets of space. Apart from concrete or physical space, numerous abstractions of space take part in this interplay. These spatial abstractions are, for instance culture, identity, zeitgeist and the all-encompassing human psyche. The intense interplay among all the facets of space triggers spatial dynamics. This is the case in real life as well as in fiction. The above mentioned discussion of space and spatial dynamics is followed by an intense and heuristic view of the process of creating spatial dynamics. In order to create spatial dynamics in a novel, a novelist should have a strong sense of place. The essence of creating spatial dynamics in a novel consists mainly of the transformation of sense of place. The main aim of this study is then to present a design concept for the creation of spatial dynamics in a novel. This design concept may be used by other writers in order to create spatial dynamics in a novel. The novel Somersneeu as well as the questionnaire, reception documents and a list of publications of the writer are included as appendixes. / PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Ce mémoire en recherche création débute par un récit poétique rédigé par fragments et intitulé Ma mère est une porte. Ce texte met en abyme les ruines afin de démontrer leur lien de contiguïté avec l’absence, l’empreinte, la mémoire et la mort. D’ailleurs, leur aspect ruiniforme rappelle le fragment, ce qui permet d’appuyer l’esthétique formelle de l’œuvre. La deuxième partie intitulée Approche génétique : un monument à la mémoire des disparus emportés par le temps de l’écriture, propose une réflexion sur l’imaginaire des ruines en lien avec les archives littéraires et la mémoire. Divisé en trois sections, cet essai pose un regard inquiet sur l’avenir de l’objet d’étude de la critique génétique, soit le manuscrit moderne. Depuis l’avènement de l’informatique et du traitement de texte, que conserverons-nous de la mémoire scripturale et du processus d’écriture de l’écrivain de demain? / This M.A. Thesis combining research and creative writing is divided in two parts: a poetic narrative and an essay. Ma mère est une porte is structured in fragments and contains the mise en abyme of ruins in order to demonstrate that they closely relate to the ideas of absence, genetic footprint, memory and death. Ruins suggest fragments, thus the narrative’s esthetical form. The second part, Approche génétique : un monument à la mémoire des disparus emportés par le temps de l’écriture, is an essay reflecting on the metaphorical link between manuscript, ruins, archives and memory. Divided in three sections, it posits that new technology will cause modern manuscripts to disappear and the methodology behind genesis of text’s to evolve. Moreover, this will change how creative writing’s memory is preserved, hence affecting our cultural heritage.

This study concerns school reform in Malta. Under the policy framework ‘For All Children to Succeed’ (Ministry of Education, Youth & Employment, 2005) [henceforth referred to as FACT], Maltese state schools embarked on the process of being organized into networks called ‘colleges’. These consisted of primary and secondary schools according to geographical location, under the leadership of the Principal – a newly-designated role hierarchically above that of the individual Heads of School. The purpose of my research is to explore relations of power in a Maltese college. My study gives prominence to both theory and methodology. The theoretical research question investigates how networking unfolds among the various leadership hierarchies in school governance in a Maltese college. This is explored through the performance of policy-mandated collegiality; the circulating relations of power; and leadership distribution. My study is framed within a postmodern paradigm and adopts a Foucauldian theoretical framework, more specifically his concepts of power, discipline, governmentality, discourse, and subjectification. Data for my case study are collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews; observation of a Council of Heads meeting; and a documentary analysis of FACT. Narrative is not only the phenomenon under exploration, but also the method of analysis, and mode of representation. Thus, I attempt to answer my methodological research question that investigates the ways a researcher negotiates the methodological tensions and contradictions in the conduct of qualitative inquiry in order to construct knowledge differently. The Maltese college is viewed as a surveillance mechanism by both the Principal and the Heads, with collegiality being regarded as a straitjacket imposed by the State through a policy mandate. However, there is unanimous agreement on conscription being the only way forward for Maltese state schools. Different degrees of ‘support’ and empowerment exist, according to the directives of the Principal and the State. College setup is problematized on geographical clustering and college streaming, due to which it may end up defying the primary aim of networking by clustering students from particular areas in isolation, resulting in social injustice and educational inequality. This study exposes a strong sense of sectoral isolation among the Heads – a situation being mirrored at macro-level with very few opportunities for inter-networking among colleges. There is an asymmetrical power flow among the college schools, both within the same level and across different levels. Despite the policy FACT mandating distributed leadership, hierarchical forms of accountability are still inherent within the system, bringing out a tension between autonomy and centralization.

Au niveau méthodologique, ce travail innove en combinant plusieurs moyens d'observation complémentaires sur le processus d'écriture et sur le processus de correction. Les observations qualitatives ainsi recueillies sont retranscrites en les combinant selon l'ordre chronologique d'apparition, puis elles sont traitées et analysées sous le logiciel QDA Miner. / De nos jours, la compétence à écrire ne se limite plus aux habiletés développées dans l’usage du papier-crayon traditionnel. Le traitement de texte est omniprésent et tend à devenir indispensable à l’individu dans les situations authentiques d’écriture. Évaluer la compétence à écrire uniquement sur la base de productions manuscrites suscite alors des interrogations pour des raisons d’authenticité et de validité dans la perspective de Messick (1989). Des études ont du reste révélé que les élèves habitués à l’ordinateur ont de meilleures performances en modalité informatisée (traitement de texte) qu’en modalité manuscrite (Russell et Haney, 2000). Il convient cependant de mieux connaître les deux modalités d’évaluation, l’une par rapport à l’autre. Le processus d’écriture est-il modifié chez le scripteur ? Les conditions de passation sont-elles équivalentes? Faut-il désactiver les correcticiels? Le processus de correction se déroule-t-il de la même manière chez l’enseignant ? Les deux modalités d’évaluation conduisent-elles à des résultats équivalents ? Ce sont là des questions de recherche au centre du présent travail qui a pour objectif de faire une comparaison entre modalités d’évaluation manuscrite et informatisée à l’aide de productions écrites d’élèves de cinquième année secondaire au Québec. Le cadre théorique repose sur deux concepts-clés : processus d’écriture et évaluation de l’écrit. La méthode adoptée est à la fois quantitative et qualitative. Deux tâches d’écriture déjà retenues à l’épreuve unique d’écriture en français du MELS ont été utilisées pour administrer respectivement un test en modalité informatisée et un autre en modalité manuscrite à 127 élèves provenant de deux écoles. Dans la première, il s’agit d’un programme ordinaire avec accès aux TIC. Les correcticiels y étaient désactivés. Dans la deuxième, il s’agit d’un programme favorisant particulièrement les TIC dans l’apprentissage. Dans ce groupe, les correcticiels étaient accessibles. Trois scripteurs étaient observés en modalité informatisée et deux en modalité manuscrite. Les moyens utilisés (verbalisation et caméra vidéo pour les deux modalités, capteur d’écran en plus pour la modalité informatisée) permettaient de recueillir des observations sur le processus d’écriture. En outre, pour recueillir des observations sur le processus de correction, grâce à la verbalisation et une caméra vidéo, deux enseignants étaient observés en cours de tâche en modalité de correction papier-imprimé, un autre correcteur en modalité de correction à l’écran et tous les trois en modalité papier-manuscrit. Des observations qualitatives sur les stratégies d’écriture et de correction étaient ainsi collectées puis retranscrites. Les scores attribués par les mêmes correcteurs en appliquant la grille de correction du MELS aux 254 copies (127 manuscrites, 77 imprimées et 50 à l’écran) ont été analysés. D’abord, l’analyse des observations recueillies sur le processus d’écriture révèle des stratégies déployées exclusivement en modalité informatisée et des stratégies qui y sont plus fréquentes. Ces stratégies relevant de sous-processus différents, la fréquence de leur déploiement en modalité informatisée implique des va-et-vient plus fréquents entre sous-processus distincts lorsque le scripteur utilise le traitement de texte. On peut alors déduire que le caractère récursif du processus rédactionnel est plus marqué en modalité informatisée. Ensuite, les résultats de l’analyse des données sur le processus de correction révèlent que : 1) Le correcteur identifie non seulement les erreurs, mais aussi les éléments pertinents positifs, ce qui remet en cause les cadres conceptuels antérieurs focalisés sur la détection des seules erreurs; 2) La modalité de correction n’a pas d’effet sur les stratégies d’identification d’éléments pertinents, mais les stratégies de rétroaction varient d’une modalité de correction à l’autre. Enfin, au niveau de la comparabilité des scores, l’analyse statistique suggère que : 1) La modalité de production et le programme de formation ont un effet; 2) l’activation des correcticiels a un effet positif faible alors que leur désactivation a un effet négatif important. / Writing skills are no longer limited to those developed in performing paper-and-pencil tasks. Word processing is ubiquitous and becomes indispensable in writing authentic situations. In Messick (1989) perspective, writing assessment that is based on handwritten documents raises authenticity and validity problems. For instance, some studies have revealed that students who use to write with a computer perform better in word processing test conditions than on handwriting conditions (Russell and Haney, 2000). We need to better understand the impact of using a computer for a test as opposed to administering paper-and-pencil test: Is the writing process modified? Are the testing conditions equivalent? Should spell and grammar check software be disabled? Is the assessment process different when the reader has to rate in different modes of presentation - handwritten essays or word processed essays that are either printed or displayed on the screen? Do both assessment methods lead to equivalent results? The purpose of this study is to compare Grade 11 Quebec students’ writing assessments based on essays written with a computer versus handwritten essays. The conceptual framework is built on the concepts of Writing process and Writing assessment. The approach is both quantitative and qualitative. Two writing tasks previously used in the Grade 11MELS French writing exam were used to administer a test with a computer and a paper-and-pencil test. The sample consisted of 127 students from two schools. In the first school, students are enrolled in a regular program with access to ICTs and the spell and grammar check software was disabled. In the second school, ICT use is fully integrated in teaching and learning. In this group, the spell and grammar check software was available. Three writers were observed in the computer mode and two in the handwritten mode. Observations on the writing process were collected in three ways - verbalization and video camera for both modes, screen capture added in computerized mode. In addition, to collect data on the assessment process, the three teachers were observed during the rating task by two means (think-aloud and video camera) in different modes of presentation: two assessed a set of paper essays, one a set of paper that were displayed on the screen and three a set of manuscript essays. Qualitative observations on the writing process and the assessment process were collected and transcribed. Quantitative data consisted of scores given by the three raters using the MELS correction grid. 254 essays (127 handwritten, 77 word-processed and printed, 50 word-processed and displayed on the screen), were analyzed. First, the analysis of the qualitative data on the writing process revealed that some strategies from different writing sub-processes involved in word processing are used exclusively or more frequently when the writer uses a computer. Their application means moving more frequently between different sub-processes when the writer uses the word processor. Therefore, the writing process is more recursive with word processing. Then, the analysis of the quantitative data on assessment process revealed that : 1) the teacher not only identifies errors and problems in text; he also identifies positive features in the essay. This is important because previous frameworks focused on the errors detection; 2) The difference in the mode of presentation does not influence rater’s strategies in the detection of relevant features. Finally, as far as the comparability of scores is concerned, the statistical analysis revealed that: 1) Both the way an essay is produced (word processing or handwriting) and the type of program influence the outcome; 2) Enabling the spell and grammar check software seems to has a small impact whereas disabling it has an important impact.

Previous research suggests that writer’s block can have multiple causes and occur at any part of the writing process (Boice, 1985; Flaherty, 2015; Kaufman & Kaufman, 2013). A survey was distributed to a sample of 146 writers with experience in a variety of fiction and nonfiction genres. Research objectives concerning the causes and characteristics of writer’s block were investigated using mixed-method, qualitative and quantitative analyses. Effective solutions provided by writers were presented and described. Blocks with physiological and motivational components were the most frequently reported in general and were found to interfere with the composition process more than the creative process. Writers who wrote daily reported shorter periods of writer’s block than those with less consistent writing habits. These findings suggest that there may be an association between components of blocking and cognitive processes associated with specific parts of the writing process.

Ce mémoire en recherche création débute par un récit poétique rédigé par fragments et intitulé Ma mère est une porte. Ce texte met en abyme les ruines afin de démontrer leur lien de contiguïté avec l’absence, l’empreinte, la mémoire et la mort. D’ailleurs, leur aspect ruiniforme rappelle le fragment, ce qui permet d’appuyer l’esthétique formelle de l’œuvre. La deuxième partie intitulée Approche génétique : un monument à la mémoire des disparus emportés par le temps de l’écriture, propose une réflexion sur l’imaginaire des ruines en lien avec les archives littéraires et la mémoire. Divisé en trois sections, cet essai pose un regard inquiet sur l’avenir de l’objet d’étude de la critique génétique, soit le manuscrit moderne. Depuis l’avènement de l’informatique et du traitement de texte, que conserverons-nous de la mémoire scripturale et du processus d’écriture de l’écrivain de demain? / This M.A. Thesis combining research and creative writing is divided in two parts: a poetic narrative and an essay. Ma mère est une porte is structured in fragments and contains the mise en abyme of ruins in order to demonstrate that they closely relate to the ideas of absence, genetic footprint, memory and death. Ruins suggest fragments, thus the narrative’s esthetical form. The second part, Approche génétique : un monument à la mémoire des disparus emportés par le temps de l’écriture, is an essay reflecting on the metaphorical link between manuscript, ruins, archives and memory. Divided in three sections, it posits that new technology will cause modern manuscripts to disappear and the methodology behind genesis of text’s to evolve. Moreover, this will change how creative writing’s memory is preserved, hence affecting our cultural heritage.