Wu Wen-ying is not only an undoubtedly important figure in the history of ci poetry, but also a controversial ci poet. Since the late song dynasty, reviewers have been having different opinions about Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry, praising or criticizing. It is a special phenomenon in the history of ci criticism. This issue is worthy of further exploring both in the work itself, reader response, etc. Therefore, in this dissertation the author uses Wolfgang Iser¡¦s ¡§artistic¡¨ and ¡§aesthetic¡¨ concepts to discuss text and the reader response, researching in the art form of Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry and the reviewers¡¦ criticism. Since the latter involves the reader responses in different times, this dissertation further elaborates through Hans Robert Jauss¡¦ concepts of ¡§horizon of expectation¡¨ and ¡§reception history.¡¨ As for the art form, this dissertation discusses two parts in Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry, ¡§the organization of writing¡¨ and the ¡§diction,¡¨ in order to explore the nature of its art form. The structure and composition of ¡§the organization of writing¡¨ and the ¡§diction¡¨ are relevant to the overall organization and each word in the text; Therefore, in ¡§the organization of writing¡¨, it will research in the ¡§design of time and space¡¨ and the ¡§arrangement of fiction and reality.¡¨ As for the ¡§diction¡¨ is concerned, the creative approach is analyzed by the ¡§image,¡¨ ¡§allusion,¡¨ ¡§substitute word,¡¨ and so on, and their possible impacts on reading. Moreover, regarding the history of ci criticism, this dissertation shows the criticism of Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry by ci poetry schools and ci poet groups in different times, through ¡§synchronic¡¨ and ¡§diachronic¡¨ approach and Hans Robert Jauss¡¦ concept of ¡§reception history.¡¨ After discussing ci poets¡¦ criticism, the other chapter of this dissertation will further examine on why Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry is so controversial. Each ci poetry school has different aesthetic orientation and horizon of expectation which affect its criticism. Thus, in this chapter there is further discussion about the reasons through ¡§review standards¡¨ and ¡§reading mode.¡¨ Finally, the conclusion summarizes the preceding three parts, the art form, reviewers¡¦ criticism on Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry, and the reason why Wu Wen-ying's ci poetry is controversial.

Abstract The framework of the political system is built based on ¡§law ¡]standards of rewards and punishments¡^¡¨,¡§Shuh¡]tactics to exercise power¡^¡¨,and ¡§power¡]ruling power¡^¡¨in the book¡§Han Fai Tzu¡¨.In the premise to settle disputes with the carrot and stick approach and establish standarlized norms and protect the public interest, laws are to be stipulated to eliminate the differences of benefits among kings and ministers. Only when the kings can exert power properly,can laws and orders be fully executed,and through a complete approach of operation can the standard of laws and coercive effect of power be achieved. Therefore,how to use tactics becomes a very important issue in the book. The tactics used by the kings cover many pages in ¡§Han Fai Tzu¡¨as well. This research paper discusses the types of Shuh¡]tactics to exercise power¡^in¡§Han Fai Tzu¡¨respectively. Those include Wu Wei Shuh¡]tactics to assess ministers¡¦merits¡^, Hsing Ming Shuh¡]tactics to examine ministers¡¦performance¡^,Tsan Wu Shuh¡]tactics to refer to different opinions over appropriate personnel appointment¡^,and Yung Jen Shuh¡]tactics of personnel management¡^. Furthermore,the study adopts the concepts of contemporary public administration and management to examine the content as well as advantages and disadvantages of Han Fai¡¦s theory of Shuh.

In this work the possibility for using natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastics in highly loaded large surface structural elements is demonstrated. A production process to fabricate an inexpensive semi-finished material made of polypropylene and unidirectionally orientated natural fibers was developed. The feasibility of the process was proven for different fiber contents. In further examinations optimal parameters for processing the semi-finished material to produce composites by press forming were examined. With these optimal parameters composites have been fabricated that were tested for their static and dynamic properties. On the basis of the characteristic values of these examinations the field of application for natural fiber reinforced thermoplastics in use of large surface structural elements could be shown. As an example for such an element a rotor blade of a wind turbine with a length of 3,75 m was created. For a prediction of the behaviour of the loaded rotor blade the following load cases were simulated by means of the FEM: - 50-year gust, with a wind velocity of 50 m/s and standing rotor - Nominal load, with a wind velocity of 11 m/s and turning rotor. For an evaluation of the composite behaviour the Tsai Wu criterion was used, because of its capability to determine the failure condition under multi-axle stress. With these simulations it could be shown that it is theoretically possible to use natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastics as material for large surface structural elements. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Möglichkeit für die Verwendung von naturfaserverstärkten Thermoplasten in hochbelasteten großflächigen Strukturbauteilen aufgezeigt. Es wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, welches die preiswerte Herstellung eines Halbzeuges aus Polypropylen und unidirektional ausgerichteten Naturfasern ermöglicht. Die Realisierbarkeit dieses Verfahrens konnte für verschiedene Naturfasergehalte nachgewiesen werden. In weiteren Untersuchungen wurden die optimalen Verarbeitungsparameter für die Herstellung von Faserverbunden aus diesem Halbzeug mittels der Presstechnik ermittelt. Mit diesen optimalen Parametern wurden Verbunde hergestellt und auf ihre statischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften geprüft. Auf Grundlage der in diesen Prüfungen ermittelten Kennwerte konnte die Einsatzmöglichkeit dieser naturfaserverstärkten Thermoplaste für ein großflächiges Strukturbauteil gezeigt werden. Als Beispiel für ein solches Bauteil wurde ein 3,75 m langes Rotorblatt einer Windkraftanlage entworfen. Um eine Aussage über das Verhalten des Rotorblattes unter Belastung treffen zu können, wurden folgende Lastfälle mit Hilfe der FEM simuliert: - 50-Jahres-Böe, mit Windgeschwindigkeit von 50 m/s und stehendem Rotor - Nennlast, mit Windgeschwindigkeit von 11 m/s und drehendem Rotor Für die Bewertung des Verbundverhaltens wurde das Tsai-Wu-Ausfallkriterium herangezogen, da es eine Aussage über das Bruchverhalten von Faserverbunden unter mehrachsiger Belastung erlaubt. Die Auswertung dieser Simulationen ergab, dass es theoretisch möglich ist, naturfaserverstärkte Thermoplaste als Werkstoff in großflächigen Strukturbauteilen einzusetzen.

Thesis (S.T.M.)--Concordia Seminary, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-144). Includes additional title p. and some bibliographical references in Chinese.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

No description available.

No description available.

The present study focusses on the description and analysis of the religious beliefs and practices of a central Taiwanese spirit-writing cult or "phoenix hall" (luantang). A phoenix hall is a voluntary religious association of congregational character centring upon communication with the gods by means of the divinatory technique of "spirit-writing" (fuluan). While spirit-writing can be and is used as an oracle for the solving of believers' personal problems, its more high-profile application is for the writing of so-called "morality books" (shanshu), i.e., books of religious instruction and moral exhortation. Spirit-writing cults are nowadays the most important sources of such works. Much attention has been given to morality books as mirrors of the social concerns of their times, but comparatively little work has been done on the groups that produce them and the meaning these works have for them. An adequate understanding of the meanings and functions of morality books, however, is impossible without some knowledge of the religious groups that produce them and the role played by morality books in their beliefs and practices. It is the objective of this thesis to provide a detailed description and analysis of one such group, the "Temple of the Martial Sage, Hall of Enlightened Orthodoxy" (Wumiao Mingzheng Tang), a phoenix hall in the city of Taizhong that was founded in 1976 and has played a significant role in the modern development of the shanshu genre through the active and varied publications programme of its publishing arm, the Phoenix Friend Magazine Society. The study utilizes data extracted from the Hall's published writings as well as interview, observation, and questionnaire data collected during an eight month period of field research in Taizhong. Part I provides a macrohistorical overview of the development of spirit-writing cults on the Chinese mainland (chapter 1) and on Taiwan (chapter 2) since the nineteenth century, leading up to the case-example's microhistory (chapter 3). Part II is devoted to an account of the beliefs and practices of the Wumiao Mingzheng Tang, including descriptions and analyses of its organization, deities, ritual activities, concepts of moral cultivation, and of the body of morality book literature it has produced over the years. The appendix contains samples of the cult's morality book and scriptural literature, as well as of various liturgical texts.

Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) has generally been recognized as an influential study of western literary perceptions of the East, but numerous critics have also challenged his geographical parameters as too narrow and his conceptual framework as insufficiently complex. This thesis further expands the study of Orientalism (1) by focussing on a colonized area generally overlooked in this context, namely Southeast Asia; (2) by including a writer of German background, a nationality frequently omitted in the discussion of colonial history in general and of Orientalism in particular; and (3) perhaps most importantly, by juxtaposing the views of a Chinese author with those of western writers. This thesis is the critical study of three authors about their travels in Southeast Asia: Isabella Bird (1831-1904), Max Dauthendey (1867-1918) and Ai Wu (1904-1992). Since postcolonial criticism does not generally concern itself with the cultural habits which are formed in a traveller’s native society prior to his or her departure, this approach alone does not provide the tools for the differentiated kind of investigation I wish to conduct. I therefore draw on the cultural criticism of Pierre Bourdieu (1972, 1979, 1993), Johannes Fabian (1983, 1991), and Walter Benjamin (1969, 1974, 1985), to focus on a decisive moment in each traveller’s background, which may be said to have shaped his or her perception of other cultures. In Bird’s case, this event was the 1851 Exhibition which encapsulated the Victorian ideals of industrial progress, imperial expansion, and Christian philanthropy. By contrast, Dauthendey’s responses were shaped by the Art Nouveau sensibilities he bad acquired in the German, French, and Scandinavian bohème. Finally, Al Wu derived his outlook from the May Fourth Movement, a brief period when western ideas were welcomed into Chinese social and literary history. Said’s Orietalism posits the homogeneous cultural entity of an imperial West in contradistinction to a victimized East. This thesis does not reverse these categories, but it does provide the space for an equal discussion of Chinese and western writings within a differentiated historical context.