Orientadores: Sergio Tonini Button, Lisandro Pavie Cardoso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T00:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_JairoAparecido_D.pdf: 8682650 bytes, checksum: 27ebe62387c0117dc7b3f4e812feec64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A evolução dos materiais, de seus processos de transformação e de diversos componentes mecânicos vêm requerendo cada vez mais o desenvolvimento de técnicas e métodos para sua análise. A transformação de materiais por deformação plástica origina tensões internas chamadas tensões residuais que podem vir a alterar a resposta do componente e/ou sistema quando em uso. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise dessas tensões residuais em válvulas dinâmicas estampadas por difração de raios- X e pelo método de elementos finitos. Dentro deste contexto, foi desenvolvido um método alternativo ao usual sen2", para a determinação de tensões residuais por difração de raios- X em pequenas áreas, esse utiliza o método de análise da difração de raios-X usualmente empregada na determinação de tensões residuais em filme finos . Os resultados obtidos na difração de raios-X mostraram-se compatíveis com o processo de deformação estudado e também com os resultados da simulação numérica pelo método de elementos finitos. A comprovação prática desses resultados deu-se pela realização de ensaios de durabilidade em bancada por flexão alternada reversa de uma válvula dinâmica nas seguintes condições de fabricação: a) estampada, b) estampada e deformada plasticamente em regiões de alta solicitação mecânica e c) estampada, deformada plasticamente e com um processo abrasivo adicional empregado para a eliminação de regiões potencialmente danosas ao componente previamente verificadas na simulação. Os resultados obtidos nesses ensaios comprovaram a validade dos métodos empregados para a análise das tensões residuais / Abstract: The continuous development of engineering materials, the new manufacturing processes, and the more complex mechanical parts have required constandy improvement of techniques and methods able to make analyses fast and easy. Metal forming with dimensional changes by plastic deformation results internal stresses, named residual stresses, which can significandy a:ffect the mechanical performance of parts and systems. The main objective of this work is to develop a method to analyze the residual stresses in stamped dynamical valves by X-ray diffraction and by the finite element method. In this context it was developed a sin2", alterna tive method based on the method common1y applied to the determination of residual stresses in metallic thin fUms. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction are coherent to those obtained in the stamping processes and in the simulation by the finite element method. These results were also compared to results from fatigue tests carried out with a laboratory bench (cantilever alterna te reversed bending) with dynamic valves in the conditions: a) as blanked , b) blanked and plastica11y deformed on the regions subjected to high 10005, and c) blanked, plastica11y deformed and grinded to eliminate potential dangerous regions as revea1ed in the simulation. The results obtained in the fatigue tests confumed the validity of the methods applied in this work to analyze the residual stresses / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

En conditions de stockage définitif, la désintégration a des radionucléides (produits en réacteur) induit desdommages dans le combustible nucléaire usé. Cet endommagement, et les déformations associées, doivent êtreétudiés pour évaluer correctement la tenue et l'évolution à long terme des pastilles de combustible. La démarcheproposée dans cette thèse pour réaliser cette étude consiste :- à simuler la désintégration a par une implantation d'ions hélium dans une couche fine, en surface depolycristaux d'U02 j- à mesurer les déformations qui en résultent par des techniques de diffraction aux rayons X : la macrodiffractionpour une mesure moyenne dans la couche implantée, la microdiffraction, produite par un rayonnementsynchrotron, pour des mesures très localisées, à l'intérieur des grains d'un polycristal d'U02.L'étude des déformations en fonction de la dose implantée permet de d'évaluer les effets des dégâts d'irradiationsur des durées de stockage de plusieurs milliers d'années.De nouvelles méthodes d'analyse ont été mises au point pour interpréter automatiquement les milliers de clichésde microdiffraction et en déduire la mesure des déformations dans la couche implantée. Un modèle mécaniquea été construit pour rendre compte des mesures avec une grande précision, équivalente à la précision expérimentale.Ce modèle permet de mesurer le gonflement induit par les dommages d'irradiation pour des endommagementsallant jusqu'à 0,77 dpa. Les valeurs mesurées sont comparables à des résultats de la littérature, obtenus sur despastilles auto-irradiées. Il a également permis de quantifier l'augmentation avec l'endommagement de l'anisotropieélastique de l'U02.La microdif / During long term storage of spent nuclear fuel, the a-decays of radionuclides produced by the in-pile irradiationinduces damages in pellets. These damages, and the resulting strains, must be studied in order to assess correctlythe long term evolution of fuel pellets. The approach chosan here is :- to simulate the a-decays by He ion implantation j- to measure the resulting straÏns using X ray diffraction techniques : macrodiffraction for average measurements,and synchrotron radiation based micro diffraction for local measurements inside grains.The study of strains as a function of ion implantation Huency enables to evaluated irradiation damages overthousands of storage yearB.New analytical methods have been developed to automatically interpret thousands of microdiffraction patterns,and to deduce strain into the implanted layer. Mechanical modeling bas been used to accurately predictmeasurements. This model enables to measure the isotropie swelling induced by helium implantation in a lowdamage range (below 0.77 dpa). Measured values are close to results previously reported in literature on selfirradiated pellets. This model also allowed to quantify the increase with damage of U02 elastic aniBOtropy.X ray microdiffraction is a powerful technique to map the strRin fields within grains. This enables to study theinfluence of neighboring grains on the measured straÏns. This influence remains negligible (below the measurementaccuracy) for low depth helium implantation (60 keV). For deeper belium implaotations (500 aod 1500 keV), thisis not anymore the case : strains are very heterogeneous in the vicinity of gYRin boundaries.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work describes the synthesis and characterization of new tellurium and organiltellurium (IV) halides, whereas the halogens chlorine and bromine were used. Despite being less stable than the analogous iodine, these halides were successfully stabilized by bulky groups and secondary bonds. The structural characterization in the solid state was carried out by X-ray diffractometry, which showed the presence of inter and intramolecular bonds. / Este trabalho descreve a síntese e a caracterização de novos haletos de telúrio e organiltelúrio (IV), sendo os halogênios usados cloro e bromo. Apesar de serem menos estáveis que os análogos de iodo, estes haletos foram estabilizados através de grupamentos volumosos e de ligações secundárias. A caracterização estrutural no estado sólido foi feita por difração de raios-X em monocristal, o que mostrou a presença de ligações inter e intramoleculares.

La détection de très faibles quantités de Matériaux Energétiques (ME) est un challenge important dans la lutte contre le terrorisme. En plus des méthodes de détection des ME par affinité chimique, il est aussi intéressant d'utiliser les variations enthalpiques dues à la décomposition des ME pour les détecter par analyse thermique. Cependant, la sensibilité des methodes classiques est insuffisante pour la détection des particules dont la masse se situe dans le domaine des nanogrammes. En revanche, la nanocalorimétrie est parfaitement adaptée pour la caractérisation de très faibles quantités d'échantillons et est de ce fait adaptée aux exigences de la détection. Afin d'explorer la possibilité de détecter et d'identifier des micro-particules solides de ME à l'aide de l'analyse thermique, nous avons élaboré des protocols optimisés pour la détection et l'identification de particules pures unitaires de quelques nanogrammes de ME ainsi que leurs mélanges. Les résultats montrent que la limite de détection se situe environ à quelques centaines de picrogrammes. Les expériences ont été complétées par de l'analyse structurale in-situ en utilisant sa combinaison avec de la DRX par faisceau nanofocus synchrotron. / Being able to sense the minuscule amounts of energetic materials is crucial in the context of the fight against terrorism. Apart from the methods of detection of EM, which are specific to the chemical structure, one could use the enthalpy variations of the EM decomposition process for their detection by means of thermal analysis. However, the sensitivity of classical methods would be still insufficient to sense particles in the nanogram range. By contrast, the recently developed technique of chip calorimetry is perfectly suited for characterizing small amounts of samples and is therefore fully adequate for this task.In order to explore the possibilities of detection and identification of solid micro-particles of EM with thermal analysis, we discuss on the protocols optimized for the detection and identification of nanogram-size particles of EM and its mixtures with the chip calorimeter accessory. The results obtained on pure EM and its mixtures show that the detection threshold can be put at approximately several hundred picograms. The experiments were completed by the in-situ structural analysis using a combination with nanofocus synchrotron XRD.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents a study related to the halogenation of diarylditellurides (RTe)2 in order to obtain tellurium and aryltellurenyl halides with unusual or mixed oxidation states. Although regarded as essentially unstable, the aryltellurenyl monohalides (RTeX) were generated in situ and captured from the reaction milieu in many ways, forming stable adducts or intermediates for the synthesis of new tellurium derivatives. Overall, the twenty-one compounds presented in this paper can be summarized into five distinct classes: {(Q+)n[RTeI2]−(I3)− n-1}; {(RTeI3)(RTeI)n, n = 1,2}; {R2Te-Te(I)R}; {RTe Te(X2)R, X = Cl, Br and I} and {(Q+)2[Te2I10]2−}. The determining factor for the formation of the first four classes is the nature of the organic group (R) of the starting ditelluride. However, all of these compounds are subjected to decomposition, inasmuch the bond C Te has the lowest energy among the carbon chalcogen bonds, and this feature also contributes to the formation of the fifth class, the tellurium halides {(Q+)2[Te2I10]2−}. Structurally, these compounds were characterized by single crystal x-ray diffraction, which showed the presence of intra- or intermolecular secondary bonds Te···Te, Te···O, Te···X, X···X (X = halogen), interactions Te···p aryl, beyond hydrogen bonds N H···X, responsible for the organization of supramolecular assemblies in the solid state. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo relacionado à halogenação de diarilditeluretos (RTe)2 com o propósito de obter haletos de telúrio e ariltelurenila com estados de oxidação incomuns ou mistos. Apesar de considerados essencialmente instáveis, os mono-haletos de ariltelurenila (RTeX) foram gerados in situ e capturados do meio reacional de diversas maneiras, formando desde adutos estáveis até intermediários para a síntese de novos derivados de telúrio. De maneira geral, os 21 compostos apresentados neste trabalho podem ser resumidos em cinco classes distintas: {(Q+)n[RTeI2]−(I3)− n-1}; {(RTeI3)(RTeI)n, n = 1,2}; {R2Te Te(I)R}, {RTe Te(X2)R, X = Cl, Br e I} e {(Q+)2[Te2I10]2−}. O fator determinante para a formação das quatro primeiras classes é a natureza do grupamento orgânico (R) do ditelureto de partida. Entretanto, todas estão sujeitas a reações de decomposição, visto que a ligação C Te possui a menor energia dentre as ligações carbono calcogênio, o que leva à formação da quinta classe, os haletos de telúrio {(Q+)2[Te2I10]2−}. Estruturalmente esses compostos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X em monocristal, o que demonstrou a presença de ligações secundárias intra- ou intermoleculares Te···Te, Te···O, Te···X, X···X (X = halogênio), interações Te···areno-p, além de ligações de hidrogênio N H···X, responsáveis pela organização das estruturas supramoleculares no estado sólido.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work the synthesis and a detailed crystallochemical study of a series of complexes salts of Te(IV), with general formula [R3Te][PhTeX4] and [R3Te]2[TeX6], in which Te(IV) atoms appears in both cationic and anionic species, are presented. (R= phenyl or methyl, and X = Cl, Br or I). Diphenylditelluride (PhTe)2 was adopted as starting material for the preparation of phenyltellurium(IV) trihalides (PhTeX3) and also for the obtaintion of dimethylphenyltellurium(IV) derivatives ([PhMe2Te]X). The triphenyltelluronium derivatives were obtained from the direct reaction between benzene, TeCl4 and AlCl3, producing [Ph3Te]Cl, that is converted to the bromide and iodide analogues by ion exchange with the proper silver halide. The complexes [PhMe2Te][PhTeCl4] (1), [PhMe2Te][PhTeBr4] (2), [PhMe2Te][PhTeI4] (3), [Ph3Te][PhTeCl4] (4), [Ph3Te][PhTeBr4] (5) and [Ph3Te][PhTeI4] (6) were obtained from the mixture of methanolic solutions of the phenyltellurium(IV) trihalides with the proper triorganyltelluronium halide. The complexes [PhMe2Te]2[TeCl6] (7), [PhMe2Te]2[TeBr6] (8), and [Ph3Te]2[TeBr6] (9) were obtained from the solution of the tellurium(IV) tetrahalide in the proper halohidric acid followed by the addition of the respective triorganyltelluronium halide. Monocrystalls were obtained from acetonitrile. The complexes synthesized show secondary bonds between tellurium and halogen atoms, and these interactions are responsible for the different structural arrangement of each compound. The degree of extension of the Te...X secondary bonds is controlled by nature of the halogen bonded to tellurium and by the volume of the cation. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese e o estudo cristaloquímico detalhado de uma série de sais complexos de telúrio(IV), de fórmulas gerais [R3Te][PhTeX4] e [R3Te]2[TeX6], nos quais átomos de telúrio(IV) estão presentes tanto no cátion como no ânion, com R= fenila ou metila, e X = Cl, Br ou I. O ditelureto de difenila, (PhTe)2, foi utilizado como reagente de partida para a obtenção dos trialetos de feniltelúrio(IV) e, também, para a síntese dos sais que contém a espécie monocatiônica de dimetilfeniltelúrio(IV). Os sais derivados do cátion trifeniltelurônio são obtidos através da reação direta de benzeno com TeCl4 e AlCl3, gerando [Ph3Te]Cl, que é convertido em bromo- e iodo- derivados por troca iônica. Os complexos [PhMe2Te][PhTeCl4] (1), [PhMe2Te][PhTeBr4] (2), [PhMe2Te][PhTeI4] (3), [Ph3Te][PhTeCl4] (4), [Ph3Te][PhTeBr4] (5) e [Ph3Te][PhTeI4] (6) são obtidos através da mistura dos trialetos de feniltelúrio(IV) com os respectivos haletos de triorganiltelúrio(IV) em metanol. Os complexos [PhMe2Te]2[TeCl6] (7), [PhMe2Te]2[TeBr6] (8), and [Ph3Te]2[TeBr6] (9) são obtidos pela dissolução do tetra-haleto de telúrio(IV) em meio de ácido haloídrico apropriado, e posterior adição do derivado de telúrio(IV) catiônico na forma sólida. Todos os monocristais utilizados para difração de raios-X foram obtidos por recristalização em acetonitrila. Todos os complexos sintetizados apresentam ligações secundárias entre os átomos de telúrio e halogênio, sendo estas o fator determinante do arranjo estrutural apresentado por cada composto. O grau de ocorrência das ligações secundárias Te...X é controlado pela natureza do átomo de halogênio e pelo volume do cátion.

Non-aqueous metal-air (Li-O2 and Na-O2) batteries have been emerging as one of the most promising high-energy storage systems to meet the requirements for demanding applications due to their high theoretical specific energy. In the present thesis work, advanced characterization techniques are demonstrated for the exploration of metal-O2 batteries. Prominently, the electrochemical reactions occurring within the Li-O2 and Na-O2 batteries upon cycling are studied by in operando powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the first part, a new in operando cell with a combined form of coin cell and pouch cell is designed. In operando synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) is applied to investigate the evolution of Li2O2 inside the Li-O2 cells with carbon and Ru-TiC cathodes. By quantitatively tracking the Li2O2 evolution, a two-step process during growth and oxidation is observed. This newly developed analysis technique is further applied to the Na-O2 battery system. The formation of NaO2 and the influence of the electrolyte salt are followed quantitatively by in operando SR-PXD. The results indicate that the discharge capacity of Na-O2 cells containing a weak solvating ether solvent depends heavily on the choice of the conducting salt anion, which also has impact on the growth of NaO2 particles. In addition, the stability of the discharge product in Na-O2 cells is studied. Using both ex situ and in operando XRD, the influence of sodium anode, solvent, salt and oxygen on the stability of NaO2 are quantitatively identified. These findings bring new insights into the understanding of conflicting observations of different discharge products in previous studies. In the last part, a binder-free graphene based cathode concept is developed for Li-O2 cells. The formation of discharge products and their decomposition upon charge, as well as different morphologies of the discharge products on the electrode, are demonstrated. Moreover, considering the instability of carbon based cathode materials, a new type of titanium carbide on carbon cloth cathode is designed and fabricated. With a surface modification by loading Ru nanoparticles, the titanium carbide shows enhanced oxygen reduction/evolution activity and stability. Compared with the carbon based cathode materials, titanium carbide demonstrated a higher discharge and charge efficiency.

Prussian blue (PB) and Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are compounds with potential applications in a large variety of fields such as gas storage, poison antidotes, electrochromism, electrochemistry and molecular magnets. The compounds are easy to synthesize, cheap, environmentally friendly and have been pursued for both fundamental research and industrial purposes. Despite the multifunctionality of PB and PBAs, they have complicated compositions, which are largely dependent on the synthesis methods and storage conditions. Thus, performing investigations on such compounds with defined composition, stoichiometry and crystal structure is essential. This thesis has focused on synthesis and detailed structure characterization of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) via X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), neutron powder diffraction (NPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Mössbauer spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), infrared (IR) and Raman techniques. In addition, kinetics of thermal dehydration process, CO2 adsorption and CO2 adsorption kinetics were investigated. Moreover, in operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were performed to gain insight into the structure-electrochemistry relationships in an aqueous CuHCF/Zn battery during operation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

Graphite is used as a moderating material and as a structural component in a number of current generation nuclear reactors. During reactor operation stresses develop in the graphite components, causing them to deform. If significant numbers of graphite components were to fail in this manner, the material’s effectiveness as a neutron moderator will be reduced, and the reactor’s safe operation may be compromised. It is therefore important to understand how the microstructure of graphite affects the material’s response to these stresses. Despite much research into the effects of stress on nuclear grade graphite, there remain gaps in our understanding of this process, and there are a number of frequently observed limitations in the current research. Many existing studies either focus on the bulk material, ignoring the important changes at the microlevel; or focus on residual stresses due to the lack of available in-situ data. An experimental programme was designed to study stress-induced changes to the microstructures of Gilsocarbon and Pile Grade A graphite used in UK nuclear reactors. Particular focus was paid to the deformation of the pore structure, since graphite is highly porous and the porosity has a significant effect on the strength and structural integrity of the graphite components. A compression rig was used to simulate the build-up of operational stresses, during which confocal laser microscopy and X-ray tomography were performed to quantify changes to the pore structure at the microlevel; while X-ray diffraction was performed to study deformation of the crystal lattice and quantify the build-up of lattice strains. Pore properties of interest included pore area, surface area, volume, eccentricity, orientation, angularity and separation. Crystal lattice properties of interest included layer spacing, unit cell and crystallite size parameters, lattice strains and Bacon Anisotropy Factor. The experimental and analytical techniques were designed to significantly enhance our current understanding of how graphite responds to stress, with each observation made using a novel technique or improving the effectiveness of existing techniques. These studies have enabled significant novel observations and discussions of the stress-induced deformation behaviour of nuclear grade graphite to be made.

The interaction of a diverse set of opioid alkaloids and peptides with various opioid receptors has been examined using biochemical and pharmacological techniques. Structural information on the compounds was obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, and modelled by computational methods. The introduction of a dithiocarbazate moiety into the 7a-position of a bridged thebaine was shown to afford a degree of μ selectivity in this class of nonselective compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis of this compound and comparison with the structure of [Met5]enkephalin showed the importance of the sulphydryl moiety. The conformation of [Leu5]enkephalin, in which the amino acid methionine is replaced by leucine, at the same receptor is unlikely to be similar. A series of morphinan derivatives which had been developed as μ-antagonists were evaluated. Substitution patterns of the morphinan ring nucleus and their effect upon activity were examined. X-ray analysis of several key compounds was performed. Unexpectedly a 3-hydroxymorphinan-6-one analogue showed an ability to differentiate apparently similar opioid Kreceptors. The implications in terms of K-receptor subtypes are discussed. The opioid receptor binding characteristics of structurally diverse K-receptor ligands were examined in two different buffer systems. Electrostatic modelling of the K-ligands, based upon crystal structure coordinates, was performed. From electrostatic potential maps a requirement for ligands acting at Kreceptors is postulated. Solution conformations of the endogenous K-ligand, dynorphin A(1-8), were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance studies and compared with the wo preferring [Leu5]enkephalin. Models were proposed based upon dihedral angles determined from HCtl-NH coupling constants, amide proton-deuteron exchange and amide proton temperature coefficient data. Candidate conformations were shown to be stable under dynamic simulation conditions. Electrostatic modelling of a chosen dynorphin An-8) conformation gave results comparable with the observed electrostatic model of the K-ligands. The proposed model is discussed in terms of its suitability as a retro-model for the active site ofthe K-opioid receptor.