Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by Celso Muller Bandeira null (bandeiracmu@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-04-03T17:36:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final Celso - 03 abril 2018.pdf: 2506611 bytes, checksum: b9c0f4bdc54870bf45bce9d43f49f2f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T21:10:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bandeira_cm_dr_sjc.pdf: 2506611 bytes, checksum: b9c0f4bdc54870bf45bce9d43f49f2f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T21:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bandeira_cm_dr_sjc.pdf: 2506611 bytes, checksum: b9c0f4bdc54870bf45bce9d43f49f2f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tabaco e álcool são considerados os principais fatores de risco para o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal contribuindo de maneira desfavorável para o tratamento e desfecho clínico. Seus carcinógenos são metabolizados em duas fases, sendo a segunda fase realizada pelas Glutationa S-transferases (GSTs). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a expressão gênica da forma selvagem dos genes GSTM1, GSTP1 e GSTT1 por qPCR em 33 amostras de CCE bucal de fumantes, ex-fumantes e não fumantes, e 15 controles em busca de uma correlação clínica com consumo de tabaco, álcool e estadiamento clínico. A dependência nicotínica foi avaliada pelo Teste de Fagerström pra Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) e para consumo de etílicos o Teste AUDIT. Foi observado aumento da expressão de GSTM1 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo Controle (p=0,0161). Contrariamente, foi encontrada uma menor expressão de GSTT1 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo Controle fumante (p=0,0183). No grupo CCE fumante não foi encontrada uma correlação entre a expressão dos genes estudados e fatores ligados ao tabagismo, etilismo e estadiamento clinico. No grupo Controle fumante, houve correlação entre teste AUDIT e a expressão de GSTM1 (p=0,0000). Para GSTP1 e GSTT1 houve correlação entre a expressão quando comparada a idade do paciente (p=0,0008; p=0,0095), idade de inicio do tabagismo (p=0,0033; p=0,0081), TFDC (p=0,0102; p=0,0085) e AUDIT (p=0,0052; p=0,0219) respectivamente. Para GSTT1 foi encontrada uma correlação entre a expressão e número de cigarros/dia (p=0,0175). Concluímos que as formas selvagens das GSTs estudadas apresentaram uma alta expressão nas amostras de CCE bucal, entretanto, quantitativamente essa expressão foi baixa, com grande variabilidade interindividual. Outrossim, não houve uma correlação direta entre níveis de expressão, carga tabágica, TFDC, teste AUDIT e estadiamento clínico. O aumento da expressão de GSTM1 e GSTP1 parece não ter tido um efeito protetor. A baixa expressão de GSTT1 em pacientes fumantes com CCE bucal se mostrou um potencial marcador a ser avaliado em pacientes fumantes que ainda não desenvolveram uma neoplasia maligna. / Tobacco and alcohol are considered to be the main risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), contributing to treatment and clinical outcome. Its carcinogens are metabolized in two phases, being the second phase carried out by Glutathione Stransferases (GSTs). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the wild-type gene expression of the GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes by qPCR in 33 samples of oral SCC from smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers, and 15 controls looking for a clinical correlation with tobacco and alcohol consumption and clinical staging. Nicotinic dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) and alcohol consumption by the AUDIT Test. Increased expression of GSTM1 in the Smoker SCC Group was observed in relation to the Control Group (p=0.0161). Conversely, a lower expression of GSTT1 was found in the smoker SCC group compared to the Smoker Control Group (p=0.0183). In the smoker SCC group, no correlation was found between the genes expression studied and factors related to smoking, alcoholism and clinical staging. In the Smoker Control Group, there was a correlation between the AUDIT test and the GSTM1 expression (p=0.0000). For GSTP1 and GSTT1, there was a correlation between the expression compared with the patient's age (p=0.0008, p=0.0095), age of starting smoking (p=0.0033, p=0.0081), FTCD (p=0.0102, p=0.0085) and AUDIT (p=0.0052, p=0.0219) respectively. For GSTT1 a correlation was found between expression and number of cigarettes/day (p=0.0175). We concluded that the wild forms of the GSTs studied presented a high expression in the samples of oral SCC; however, quantitatively this expression was low, with great interindividual variability. Also, there was no direct correlation between levels of expression, pack-years, FTCD, AUDIT Test and clinical stage. Increased expression of GSTM1 and GSTP1 appears to have had no protective effect. The low GSTT1 expression in smokers with oral SCC was shown to be a potential marker to be evaluated in smoker patients who have not yet developed a malignant neoplasm. / FAPESP: 2016/08633-0

Orientador: Janete Dias Almeida / Coorientadora: Celina Faig Lima Carta / Banca: César Augusto Cardoso / Banca: Antonio José Gonçalves / Banca: Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho / Banca: Luiz Eduardo Blumer Rosa / Resumo: Tabaco e álcool são considerados os principais fatores de risco para o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal contribuindo de maneira desfavorável para o tratamento e desfecho clínico. Seus carcinógenos são metabolizados em duas fases, sendo a segunda fase realizada pelas Glutationa S-transferases (GSTs). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a expressão gênica da forma selvagem dos genes GSTM1, GSTP1 e GSTT1 por qPCR em 33 amostras de CCE bucal de fumantes, ex-fumantes e não fumantes, e 15 controles em busca de uma correlação clínica com consumo de tabaco, álcool e estadiamento clínico. A dependência nicotínica foi avaliada pelo Teste de Fagerström pra Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) e para consumo de etílicos o Teste AUDIT. Foi observado aumento da expressão de GSTM1 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo Controle (p=0,0161). Contrariamente, foi encontrada uma menor expressão de GSTT1 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo Controle fumante (p=0,0183). No grupo CCE fumante não foi encontrada uma correlação entre a expressão dos genes estudados e fatores ligados ao tabagismo, etilismo e estadiamento clinico. No grupo Controle fumante, houve correlação entre teste AUDIT e a expressão de GSTM1 (p=0,0000). Para GSTP1 e GSTT1 houve correlação entre a expressão quando comparada a idade do paciente (p=0,0008; p=0,0095), idade de inicio do tabagismo (p=0,0033; p=0,0081), TFDC (p=0,0102; p=0,0085) e AUDIT (p=0,0052; p=0,0219) respectivamente. Para GSTT1 foi encontrada uma c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tobacco and alcohol are considered to be the main risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), contributing to treatment and clinical outcome. Its carcinogens are metabolized in two phases, being the second phase carried out by Glutathione Stransferases (GSTs). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the wild-type gene expression of the GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes by qPCR in 33 samples of oral SCC from smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers, and 15 controls looking for a clinical correlation with tobacco and alcohol consumption and clinical staging. Nicotinic dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) and alcohol consumption by the AUDIT Test. Increased expression of GSTM1 in the Smoker SCC Group was observed in relation to the Control Group (p=0.0161). Conversely, a lower expression of GSTT1 was found in the smoker SCC group compared to the Smoker Control Group (p=0.0183). In the smoker SCC group, no correlation was found between the genes expression studied and factors related to smoking, alcoholism and clinical staging. In the Smoker Control Group, there was a correlation between the AUDIT test and the GSTM1 expression (p=0.0000). For GSTP1 and GSTT1, there was a correlation between the expression compared with the patient's age (p=0.0008, p=0.0095), age of starting smoking (p=0.0033, p=0.0081), FTCD (p=0.0102, p=0.0085) and AUDIT (p=0.0052, p=0.0219) respectively. For GSTT1 a correlation was found between expression ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Dans une première partie du travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet de l'acrylamide sur la tumorigénèse thyroïdienne. En effet des chercheurs suédois avaient récemment attiré l’attention de la communauté scientifique sur la présence de ce xénobiotique dans des denrées alimentaires couramment utilisées. Des études antérieures avaient montré que l’acrylamide, administré chroniquement à des rats pendant deux ans, induisait des tumeurs parmi lesquelles les tumeurs thyroïdiennes étaient les plus fréquentes. Pour ces raisons l’acrylamide est considéré comme une substance potentiellement cancérigène pour l’homme. Nous avons voulu investiguer les mécanismes d’action possibles de l’acrylamide dans la tumorigénèse thyroïdienne avec un modèle in vitro et ensuite un modèle in vivo.<p>Dans le modèle in vitro, nous avons d’abord testé l’effet de l’acrylamide sur les propriétés caractéristiques de la thyroïde, qui pourraient expliquer la spécificité de cette substance pour ce tissu. Dans un premier temps, nous avons donc testé l’effet de l’acrylamide sur l’accumulation d’AMPc (médiateur de la croissance) et sur la génération d’H2O2 potentiellement cancérigène mais nous avons montré qu’aucun de ces deux paramètres n’est modulé suite au traitement des cellules thyroïdiennes. Nous avons ensuite montré que l’acrylamide n’avait pas d’effet sur la prolifération dans les lignées thyroïdienne de rat, un facteur qui aurait pu expliquer l’effet tumorigène de l’acrylamide mais pas sa spécificité thyroïdienne. Nous avons enfin testé en utilisant l’essai comète la capacité de l’acrylamide à générer des cassures au niveau de l’ADN. Ceci nous a permis de montrer que l’acrylamide était capable d’induire des cassures dans l’ADN de lignées thyroïdiennes de rat ainsi que dans des cultures primaires de thyroïde humaines, de chien et de mouton. Afin de déterminer que l’effet observé sur l’ADN était dû à des cassures double brin, nous avons utilisé une technique de détection de l’histone H2AX phosphorylée. En effet, la phosphorylation de cette histone se produit lorsque des cassures d’ADN double brin sont présentes. Les résultats obtenus ne soutiennent pas l’hypothèse que l’acrylamide provoque des cassures double brin. Néanmoins ces dommages à l’ADN sont susceptibles d’induire des mutations qui peuvent jouer un rôle dans le processus de tumorigénèse de l’acrylamide.<p>Nous avons donc testé l’effet de l’acrylamide sur un modèle in vivo. Pour cela nous avons traité des souris avec de l’acrylamide additionné à l’eau de boisson à des doses comparables à celles administrées aux rats pendant 2, 6 ou 8 mois. Ce traitement a également été combiné avec de la thyroxine (T4) afin de mettre la thyroïde au repos ou avec du méthimazole qui inhibe la sécrétion des hormones thyroïdiennes et par conséquent induit la sécrétion de TSH, ce qui a pour effet de stimuler la glande. Ces traitements modérés ont eu les effets attendus au niveau des taux de TSH et de T4 circulants ainsi que sur la morphologie de la glande. L’acrylamide a eu de faibles effets sur le système nerveux périphérique traduit par une paralysie des membres postérieurs. Par contre nous n’avons pas observé d’apparition de tumeurs dans la thyroïde des souris. La cible thyroïdienne de l’acrylamide chez le rat semble donc spécifique de l’espèce et jette un doute sérieux sur un rôle cancérigène potentiel chez l’homme au niveau thyroïdien.<p><p>Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons investigué la réexpression de certains gènes thyroïdiens dans des lignées cancéreuses humaines. En effet nous avons montré au sein du laboratoire que la plupart des lignées thyroïdiennes les plus utilisées avaient perdu les gènes de différentiation spécifiques de la thyroïde. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des agents capables de modifier soit la méthylation de l’ADN comme la 5-aza-2’-déoxycytidine (5-AzadC) soit la compaction de la chromatine comme la trichostatine A (TSA), ce qui a pour conséquence de moduler le niveau d’expression des gènes. Ces traitements ont été utilisés à différentes concentrations, différents temps, seuls ou en combinaison. La 5-AzadC, utilisée seule a permis de réexprimer fortement les gènes Duox1 et Duox2 et faiblement NIS. En combinaison avec la TSA et la forskoline (un activateur de la voie AMPc), nous avons montré une forte réexpression de NIS mais au stade actuel de notre étude celui-ci n’est pas fonctionnel. Ceci montre que les agents modifiant la chromatine peuvent influencer l’expression des gènes de différenciation, cependant nous devons investiguer de façon plus large les différents agents ainsi que les conditions de culture pouvant mener à la réexpression d’un NIS fonctionnel. Grâce à ce traitement différenciant, qui permettrait un rétablissement du transport de l’iodure, un traitement par l’I131 des cancers indifférenciés de la thyroïde pourrait être réenvisagé.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Nesse trabalho enfatizamos o uso de marcadores bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo em microalgas como sinalizadores precoces de exposição a agentes xenobióticos. A curva de crescimento e a taxa de crescimento diário (&#181;) foram determinadas através do monitoramento in vivo da fluorescência da clorofila. Baseado nos protocolos de testes toxicológicos in vitro, usando microalgas expostas por 48h, determinou-se a concentração efetiva que inibiu 50% de &#181; (IC50). Culturas de M. polymorphus, com concentração inicial de 1 X 106 células.mL-1, foram submetidas separadamente ao IC50 de oxiflurfeno (OxF) e benzo[a]pireno (BaP) por 48h sendo, posteriormente, coletadas para a análise de cinética enzimática em espectrofotômetro. As análises tanto dos níveis de MDA como dos níveis de GSH/GSSG e Asc- foram feitas em HPLC usando detectores de fluorescência e detectores coulométricos flow-through respectivamente. Além disso, os ensaios sobre a excreção/liberação de H2O2 in vivo foram feitos em um luminômetro usando-se a técnica do luminol. Os valores de IC50 para o OxF e BaP foram de 0,24 &#181;g.L-1 e 0,99 &#181;g.L-1 respectivamente. Os resultados das análises enzimáticas, obtidos nos ensaios com OxF, ao serem comparadas com controles, mostram aumentos para SOD (150 ± 7 e 32 ± 6 USOD.mg.prot-1), seguidos por aumentos menores para CAT (6,5 ± 0,7 e 3,9 ± 0,5 U.mg.prot.-1) e APx (1,01 ± 0,06 e 0,82 ± 0,05 U.mg.prot.-1) respectivamente. Nas culturas expostas ao BaP os resultados, comparados ao controle, mostraram maior atividade de CAT (35,7 ± 1,3 e 4,0 ± 0,9 U.mg.prot.-1) e APx (4,95 ± 0,06 e 0,86 ± 0,03 U.mg.prot.-1) enquanto a SOD foi menos pronunciada (105 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 USOD.mg.prot.-1). As análises das enzimas GR e DHAR quando comparadas ao controle (0,78 ± 0,07 e 0,43 ± 0,08 U.mg.prot.-1 respectivamente) apresentaram-se inibidas em quase 50% quando sob a ação de OxF e não apresentaram variações na presença de BaP. As análises de GST comparadas aos controles, tiveram menor atividade nos grupos sob OxF (176 ± 28 e 73 ± 18 ) frente ao BaP (402 ± 67 e 71 ± 24). Os resultados em HPLC revelaram níveis de MDA elevados nos dois grupos, especificamente 9 e 5 vezes o valor dos controles para as amostras expostas ao OxF e ao BaP respectivamente. Os resultados de GSH mostram diminuição de GSHtotal frente aos controles, em quase 40% sob ação do OxF e mais de 50% nas culturas com BaP. Além disso, a percentagem de GSH na forma de GSSG comparada ao GSHtotal (%IR Índice redox) foi de 60 e 75% nos grupos com OxF e BaP respectivamente. Nos valores obtidos nas análises de Asc- os resultados apontam diminuição em 45% sob OxF e pouco mais de 15% na presença de BaP. As análises de excreção/liberação in vivo de H2O2 mostram acentuada liberação nas células expostas ao OxF quando comparadas ao tratamento com BaP. A observação dos valores de IC50, mostra uma maior toxicidade de OxF quando comparada ao BaP e os resultados das análises das enzimas antioxidantes nos revelam que M. polymorphus usa diferentes estratégias frente aos agentes tóxicos. Tendo em vista a inibição de CAT e APx, as células sob exposição ao OxF utilizam a eliminação direta de H2O2 no meio e, eliminação via ação da GST. No entanto, tal situação parece não diminuir os níveis de lipoperoxidação, mesmo com consumo excessivo de Asc. As culturas expostas ao BaP evitam a evolução de H2O2 via atividade enzimática preferencial e os níveis baixos de GSH denotam a utilização de GST em processos de conjugação de xenobióticos. / The use of biochemical oxidative stress biomarkers in microalgae, as early watches during xenobiotic exposure are emphasized. The growth curve and the diary cells population increase rate (&#181;) were determined by chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo monitoring. Applying toxicological in vitro tests protocols and using microalgae exposed for 48h, we have determined the effective concentration that provoked 50% of &#181; inhibition (IC50). M. polymorphus cultures in an initial cellular concentration of 1 X 106 cell.mL-1 were separately submitted to IC50 oxyfluorfen (OxF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) during 48h and, after that, they were gathered to the kinetics enzymatic assay using spectrophotometer. The levels of MDA and the levels of GSH/GSSG plus Asc- were determined in the HPLC system coupling to the fluorescence and coulometric flow-through detectors, respectively. Additionally, in vivo H2O2 excretion/releasing assays were done using a luminometer associated to the luminol technique. The IC50 obtained in the OxF and BaP tests brought out the values 0.24 &#181;.L-1 and 0.99 &#181;g.L-1 respectively. The results from the enzymatic analyses in the culture under OxF exposure, when compared to the controls, have shown increases in the SOD activities (150 ± 7 and 32 ± 6 USOD.mg.prot-1) followed by minor results to CAT (6.5 ± 0.7 and 3.9 ± 0.5 U.mg.prot.-1) and APx activities (1.01 ± 0.06 and 0.82 ± 0.05 U.mg.prot.-1), respectively. On the other hand, in cultures under BaP treatment, the results compared to the control have shown an increase of CAT (35.7 ± 1.3 and 4.0 ± 0.9 U.mg.prot.-1) and APx activities (4.95 ± 0.06 and 0.86 ± 0.03 U.mg.prot.-1) followed by minor SOD activities (105 ± 6 and 35 ± 5 USOD.mg.prot-1). The results from enzymatic analyses of GR and DHAR under OxF exposure presented around 50% of controls value (0.78 ± 0.07 and 0.43 ± 0.08 U.mg.prot.-1respectively). Contrarily, the culture under BaP treatment didnt show any variation compared to the controls. Instead, GST analyses - in the culture under OxF treatment - have shown minor activity (176 ± 28 and 73 ± 18) facing the cell cultures under BaP exposure (402 ± 67 and 71 ± 24), when compared to the controls. In the cultures under OxF and BaP treatment, HPLC analyses displayed an increase of 9 and 5 fold, respectively, in the MDA levels. The results of GSH in cultures under OxF have shown a decrease of 40% GSHtotal when compared to the control, and more than 50% in cultures under BaP treatment. In addition, the percentage of GSH in the GSSG form compared to GSHtotal (%RI Redox index) was 60 and 75% in the OxF and BaP groups, respectively. In the results obtained in analyses of Asc- there are a decrease of 45% in cultures under OxF and a little bit more than 15% in cultures under BaP treatment. The analyses of in vivo H2O2 excretion/releasing have shown pronounced freeing in the cell under OxF exposure when compared with BaP cultures. The results of IC50 value point to an increased toxicity in cells under OxF treatment in comparison to BaP cultures. On the other hand the results of antioxidant enzymes have shown us different strategies used by M. polymorphus facing the toxic agents. Having in mind the inhibition of CAT and APx, the cells under OxF exposure adopt the direct elimination of H2O2 in the culture medium and via GST activity. However, this situation seems not reduce the lipoperoxidation levels, not even, under the exceedingly Asc- consuming. Cultures exposed to BaP avoid H2O2 evolution de mainly via enzymatic activity and the lower levels of GSH pointing to the activity of GST during xenobiotic conjugation process.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium est un champignon ligninolytique largement étudié pour ses capacités à dégrader la lignine et certains xénobiotiques grâce à un important système d'enzymes extracellulaires. Son génome est entièrement séquencé et constitue un inventaire de séquences protéiques prédites qui a permis la description de nombreuses superfamilles de protéines. Parmi elles, les Glutathion S-transférases sont essentiellement impliquées dans le métabolisme secondaire du champignon. Cependant, malgré les nombreux travaux montrant l'implication de ces enzymes dans la réponse aux stress, le développement cellulaire et plus globalement dans certaines fonctions métaboliques, leurs réelles fonctions restent inconnues à cause de leur grande diversité et le manque de données concernant leurs spécificités catalytiques. P. chrysosporium possède 27 isoformes de GSTs qui se regroupent en 7 classes. Parmi elles, 3 sont étendues chez les champignons saprophytes : les classes Omega, Ure2p et ethérase. Deux membres de la classe Omega ont été caractérisés au niveau biochimique et montrent desspécificités de substrat. En effet, PcGTO1 fait partie d'une nouvelle classe appelée S-glutathionyl-phydroquinone reductase, alors que PcGTO3 est plutôt active avec le phenylacetophenone. La structure tridimensionnelle de PcGTO1 suggère que l'enzyme appartient également à une nouvelle classe structurale que nous avons appelée xi. La deuxième classe majoritaire que nous avons étudiée est la classe des Ure2p qui est composée de 9 isoformes et se regroupent en 2 sous-classes. Trois isoformes ont été étudiées au niveau transcriptionnel, biochimique et physiologique. PcUre2p4 et PcUre2p6 appartenant à la première sous-classe sont spécifiquement exprimés dans des cultures fongiques en présence d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et l'activité des protéines recombinantes correspondantes est classique des GSTs à savoir le transfert de glutathion sur un substrat hydrophobe. A l'inverse, PcUre2p1 qui appartient à la deuxième sous-classe est exprimé de manière constitutive au niveau transcriptionnel et la protéine présente une activité thiol transférase comparable aux protéines de la classe Omega. Les analyses physiologiques menées grâce à la complémentation de souche déficience de Saccharomyces cerevisiae ont montré que PcUre2p1, PcUre2p4 et PcUre2p6 n'avaient pas la même fonction que l'isoforme de la levure puisqu'aucune complémentation n'a été détectée en ce qui concerne la résistance au stress ou la régulation du métabolisme azoté. Ces résultats suggèrent que leschampignons, en particulier ceux qui présentent des propriétés saprophytes ont développé des spécificités de fonction de leur GSTs probablement en réponse à des contraintes environnementales. / Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a ligninolytic fungus widely studied because of its capacities to degrade wood and xenobiotics through an extracellular enzymatic system. Its genome has been sequenced and has provided researchers with a complete inventory of the predicted proteins produced by this organism. This has allowed the description of many protein superfamilies. Among them, Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute a complex and widespread superfamily classified as enzymes of secondary metabolism. However, despite the numerous associations of GSTs with stress responses, cell development and metabolism in various organisms, the functions of these enzymes remain usually evasive mainly due to their high diversity and also to the lack of knowledge about their catalytic specificities. In P. chrysosporium 27 GST isoforms have been highlighted and clustered into seven classes. Among them three are extended in saprophytic fungi: the Omega, the Ure2p and the etherase classes. Two members of the Omega class have been characterized at the biochemical level showing difference in substrate specificities. Indeed, PcGTO1 is member of a new class of Sglutathionyl- p-hydroquinone reductase, while PcGTO3 is rather active with phenylacetophenone. The three-dimensional structure of PcGTO1 confirms the hypothesis not only of a new biological class, but also of a new structural class that we propose to name GST xi. The second extended class we have studied is the Ure2p one. It is composed of nine isoforms in P. chrysosporium and clusters into two subclasses. Three Ure2p class members have been studied in more details at transcriptional, biochemical and physiological levels. PcUre2p4 and PcUre2p6 of the first subclass are specifically expressed in cultures treated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the recombinant proteins are active as typical glutathione transferases. By contrast, PcUre2p1, which belongs to the second subclass is constitutively expressed whatever the condition tested and is active with small molecules as substrate, such as proteins from the Omega class. Physiological studies have revealed that these proteins do not have the same function than the Saccharomyce cerevisiae isoform, concerning both the response to oxidative stress and its involvement in the nitrogen catabolite repression. These results suggest that fungi, especially those with saprophytic capabilities, have developed specificities of GST function as an adaptation to environmental constraints

The development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry and the massive use of synthetic substances in various industries has become indispensable for our society. Unfortunately, this progress has brought a whole new kind of pollution. It is a group of substances which imagine for living organisms’ greater risk than 'normal' organic pollution. Because they have extraneous origin compared with naturally occurring compounds, they are called "Xenobiotics." It is a group comprising a large number of different substances, with dissimilar physical, chemical and biological properties such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, detergents, paints, varnishes, plastic packaging, food additives, cosmetic products, drugs, and many others. Although these substances began to enter the water cycle as early as 30 years of the 20th century, their concentration often moves to the limit of the detection limit, so their presence in the water began to be examined in more detail in the 1980s, following the development of analytical technologies chemical composition of water. The main danger of these substances is that doesn’t primarily effect on water quality, but directly affect on the organisms by confusing of the endocrine system or by directly damaging RNA or DNA, causing mutagenic changes, cancer-causing proliferation, birth defects, metabolic disorders, gender changes, the degeneration of reproductive capacity of entire populations or the disappearance of self-preservation instinct. The source of xenobiotics in the water cycle is predominantly wastewater, which generated through the wastewater treatment, which not designed to eliminate this type of pollution. he dissertation thesis deals with the issue of xenobiotics in wastewater and is divided into the theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part summarizes the xenobiotics current state of knowledge in wastewater from their history, origin, classification, possibilities of elimination to impacts on the environ

Xenobiotic biotransformation process and its capacity is crucial for xenobiotic chemicals elimination that may cause damage toward cell structures. The effectiveness of the enzymes included in this process depends on the gene variants that encodes them. The aim of this work was to compare certain polymorphisms of selected genes between cases and control groups. Studied polymorphisms were null genotypes of the glutathione S-transferase gene M1 and T1 and the insertion of TA dinucleotide in the promotor region of UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1. The number of cases group was six included patients with colorectal, lung, prostate, breast, pancreatic and head and neck cancer. Total number of analysed individuals was 1 118 for cancer cases and 470 for healthy controls. The control group was divided into two groups, the first one was called general and the second one was called special included healthy individuals with no cancer history in their closest family members. Gilbert syndrome (GS) is caused by homozygous insertion of the TA dinucleotide in the TATA box of the gene UGT1A1 and it causes elevated bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant in human body, so the aim was to attest its protective effect toward cancer. We expected lower frequency of GS as a protective factor in the cases groups compared with controls. This hypothesis was confirmed in the breast cancer group (GS frequency 10,0 %) and pancreatic cancer group (GS frequency 11,1 %). In the general and special control groups the frequency of GS was 16,0 % and 15,4 % respectively. Although the other case groups show lower frequency of GS, the results weren´t statistically significant. Null GSTM1 genotype was observed with 50,4 % frequency in the general control groups and with 55,3 % frequency in the special control group. Neither the one of the cases groups hasn´t showed significantly lower percentage of null genotype. Despite expectation we observed statistically significant lower frequency of null genotype in the group of lung and pancreatic cancer group (37,4 % and 39,3 % respectively). According to this study, we can say that the lack of glutathione S-transferase M1 activity is not a risk factor for cancer development. Null genotype of GSTT1 wasn´t identified in both control groups at all. In case groups of breast and prostate cancer, there was only one individual carrying the null GSTT1 genotype. Statistically significant higher frequency of this polymorphism was observed in patients with colorectal cancer (9,7 %), lung cancer (17,2 %), pancreatic cancer (3,0 %) and head and neck cancer (15,9 %). In these groups the lack of glutathion S-transferase T1 activity might be considered as risk factor for cancer development. Nevertheless, for further verification it needs to take more investigation in this field, especially enlarge the number of patient in the case groups of head and neck, lung and pancreatic cancer.

This research explored fate of organic contaminants in aquatic plant systems through (i) experimental development of relationships to describe sorption, uptake and enzymatic processing of contaminants by plants and inhibition of aquatic plants by contaminants and (ii) incorporation of experimental relationships into a conceptual model which describes contaminant fate in aquatic plant systems. This study focused on interactions of aquatic plants L. minor and M. aquaticum with halogenated phenols. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) are precursors for the highly toxic and heavily applied herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D and were examined in detail. Chlorophenols are generally resistant to microbial degradation, a property which may limit microbial remediation options as effective alternatives for clean up of contaminated sites. Relationships for fundamental interactions between plants and contaminants that dictate uptake, enzymatic processing and sequestration of contaminants by aquatic plants were established. An assay which quantified production of oxygen by plants was developed to quantify plant metabolic activity and inhibition. Uptake of chlorinated phenols depended on plant activity and aqueous phase concentration of contaminant in the protonated form. Therefore, plant activity, contaminant pKa and media pH were established as critical parameters controlling rate of contaminant uptake. A conceptual model was developed which incorporated plant activity and inhibition into a mathematical description of uptake of organic contaminants by aquatic plants. The conceptual model was parameterized using experimental data delineating effect of plant activity, inhibition and speciation on contaminant uptake and the model was verified using independently gathered data. Experimentation with radio-labeled chlorinated phenols established that contaminants were sequestered internal to plants by plant enzymatic processing. 19F NMR was established as a technique to quantify transformation and conjugation products internal to plants and contaminant assimilation by plants and demonstrated that multiple metabolites containing the parent compound were present and quantifiable internal to plants. Finally, fate of plant-sequestered contaminants in an anaerobic bioassay was examined using Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Viet1. The results of this study address the role of aquatic plants in sequestration of contaminants in surface waters that indicate the potential and limitations of use of aquatic plants in natural and engineered treatment systems.