This master thesis work has been carried out at the company SSAB EMEA in Oxelösund which is a global leader in quenched and tempered high-strength steel. The aim is to examine the importance of the material properties for the bendability of the specific steel grade Weldox. There are many conditions for various applications such as mobile cranes and vehicles that need to be fulfilled in order for the material to be approved, where one main prerequisite is the bendability. It is very important to be able to bend the material without the occurrence of cracks. The purpose of this work has therefore been to investigate and try to find the relationship between the material properties and the critical bending radius. Furthermore has another aim been to find the most suitable treatment process for the composition of this specific steel grade.The work was divided into two parts, where the first part was to examine two equally treated Weldox 960 plates that differed significantly in properties such as bendability and toughness. In the second part seven different plates of the steel grade Weldox 1100 have been investigated where all the plates were treated in various ways. The leveling of the plates was performed in two different ways; either according to the standard leveling or to the property affected leveling (ERIK). The experimental part includes tests such as bending, hardness, toughness, tensile and inclusions measurements.The results have shown that the most significant material properties affecting the bendability are the yield strength and the purity close to the plate surface. Leveling with ERIK as the last treatment step has shown that the toughness of the material can be increased but it does not affect the bendability for these specific steel grades. Other properties such as hardness, ultimate tensile strength and elongation have no major impact on the bendability for this specific composition. The most suitable treatment proved to be tempering at 200°C as the last step in the process chain.

Detta projekt genomförs för att undersöka en möjlig metod vilket ger företaget AIM möjlighet att på egen hand testa kvaliteten på sina byggen med hjälp av korrelationen mellan materialets hårdhet samt dess sträckgräns. Där hårdheten kommer undersökas med Rockwell metoden och HRC skala samt sträckgränsen kommer undersökas med dragprov. Hårdhetsproverna kommer undersökas i tre olika stadier, obearbetade, kallslipade och slipade i en icke kyld slipprocess. Detta för att undersöka olika efterbearbetningsprocesser och vad de har för tillförlitlighet där i bästa av världar kan en efterbearbetningsprocess undvikas. Resultatet för provstavarna var väntat med ett sjunkande medelvärde på sträckgränsen desto högre upp i byggkammaren provstaven var tillverkad. Där lägsta nivån H0 1018,49 MPa, mellersta nivån H1 976,83 MPa och för den översta nivån H2 941,64 MPa. Detta gav en sänkning på ungefär 40 MPa per nivå. Hårdheten då proverna var kylt slipade var medelvärdena H0 37,79, H1 37,1 och för H2 37,47. Vilket gav en tendens på sänkning för lager H0 och H1 dock en höjning igen för det översta lagret H2. Vilket då inte visade exakt samma tendens som sträckgränsern. De individuella proverna för obearbetat stadie var standardavvikelsen hög generellt över 2, då proverna kallslipats sjunk standardavvikelserna för lager H0 och H2 till under 1 medan lager H1 låg mellan 1 och 1,5. Även då de slipats i den varma processen gav det lägre standardavvikelser dock inte fullt lika låga som för en kylt slipade. Dessa resultat lades samman och med dess medelvärden beräknades en kx+m formel ut med hjälp av skillnaden i x-led samt y-led för att beräkna lutningskoefficienten k. Då formeln beräknades med lager H0 samt H1 blev resultatet y=61*X-1285. Detta visar på att det är möjligt att beräkna sträckgräns med hårdhet dock behövs det göras efterföljande tester för att bekräfta att resultatet är tillitbart och repeterbart. / This project is carried out to investigate a possible method which gives the company AIM the opportunity to independently test the quality of its builds using the correlation between the hardness of the material and its yield strength. Where the hardness will be examined with the Rockwell method and the HRC scale and the yield strength will be examined with a tensile test. The hardness samples will be examined in three different stages, unprocessed, cold grinded and grinded in a non-cooled grinding process. This is to investigate different post-processing processes and their reliability where, in the best of worlds, a post-processing process can be avoided. The result for the test rods was expected with a decreasing average value of the yield strength the higher up in the build chamber the test rod was manufactured. Where the lowest level H0 gave 1018.49 MPa, the middle level H1 976.83 MPa and for the top level H2 941.64 MPa. This gave a reduction of approximately 40 MPa per level. The hardness when the samples were cold grinded was the mean values ​​H0 37.79, H1 37.1 and for H2 37.47. Which gave a tendency to decrease for layers H0 and H1, but an increase again for the top layer H2. The hardness did not show the same tendency as the yield strength. The individual samples for raw stage the standard deviation was high generally above 2, when the samples were cold ground the standard deviations for layer H0 and H2 dropped below 1 while layer H1 was between 1 and 1.5. Even when they were ground in the hot process, it gave lower standard deviations, however, not quite as low as for a cold ground. These results were added together and with its average values ​​a kx+m formula was calculated using the difference in x-direction and y-direction to calculate the slope coefficient k. When the formula was calculated with layers H0 and H1 the result was y=61*X-1285. This shows that it is possible to calculate yield strength with hardness, however, subsequent tests are needed to confirm that the result is reliable and repeatable. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-08-28</p>

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Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of applications such as lightweight structures, light rail, bridge decks, marine crafts, and off-shore platforms. The post-fire (residual) integrity of aluminum structures is of particular concern as a severe degradation in mechanical properties may occur without catastrophic failure, even for short duration, low intensity fires. The lack of research characterizing residual mechanical behavior results in an unquantified mechanical state of the structure, potentially requiring excessively conservative repair. This research aims to develop an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing the residual aluminum alloys so as to establish a knowledge-base to assist intelligent structural repair. In this work, the residual mechanical behavior after fire exposure of marine-grade aluminum alloys AA5083-H116 and AA6061-T651 is characterized by extensive mechanical testing. Metallography was performed to identify the as-received and post-fire microstructural state. This extensive characterization was utilized to develop constitutive models for the residual elasto-plastic mechanical behavior of the alloys. The constitutive models were developed as a series of sub-models to predict (i) microstructural evolution, (ii) residual yield strength, and (iii) strain hardening after fire exposure. The AA5083-H116 constitutive model was developed considering the microstructural processes of recovery and recrystallization. The residual yield strength was calculated considering solid solution, subgrain, and grain strengthening. A recovery model was used to predict subgrain growth and a recrystallization model was used to predict grain nucleation and growth, as well as subgrain annihilation. Strain hardening was predicted using the Kocks-Mecking-Estrin law modified to account for the additional dislocation storage and dynamic recovery of subgrains. The AA6061-T651 constitutive model was developed considering precipitate nucleation, growth, and dissolution. A Kampmann-Wagner numerical model was used to predict precipitate size distribution evolution during elevated temperature exposure. The residual yield strength was calculated using solid solution and precipitate strengthening, considering both shearable and non-shearable precipitates. A modified KME law was used to predict residual strain hardening considering the additional effects of the precipitate-dislocation interactions, focusing on the efficient of dislocation (Orowan) loop storage and recovery about the precipitates. In both cases, the constitutive models were bench-marked against experimental data. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this thesis is to gain understanding of the load on flat target surfaces produced by projectile impact. Models are proposed from which upper and lower bounds can be derived for the transition be-tween interface defeat and normal penetration. It is shown that the dominating contribution to the normal load is generally provided by the hydrodynamic pressure due to the effect of inertia. In addition it is shown that the contributions from yield strength and compressibility are also significant. For a cylindrical tungsten alloy projectile at an impact velocity representative of to-day’s ordnance velocities, the contributions to the load intensity on the axis of symmetry from yield strength and compressibility are shown to be 15% and 3.4%, respectively, of that of inertia. Impact tests have shown that for conical projectiles transition from interface defeat to penetration occurs at a significantly lower impact velocity than for cylindrical projectiles. In order to better understand the influence of projectile shape, a conical projectile in axi-symmetric impact is studied by use of an analytical model for self-similar flow, and the results obtained are compared to results of numerical simula-tions. It is shown how the maximum load intensity, and the position of the maximum, depends on the apex angle. For an apex angle of 90º, the maximum load intensity is found to be almost three times that pro-duced by a cylindrical projectile with the same impact velocity. This maximum occurs well off the axis of symmetry and is 20% larger than the load intensity at this axis. Both the self-similar model and the nu-merical simulations show that the contribution to the load intensity from compressibility is positive below and negative above an apex angle of around 80º. The contribution of yield strength to the load in-tensity at centre of impact depends only weakly on the apex angle and is therefore similar to that of a cylindrical projectile.

The mechanical properties of materials are usually evaluated by performing a tensile or hardness test on the sample. Tensile tests are often time consuming, destructive and need specially prepared specimens. On the other hand, there is no direct theoretical correlation between the hardness number and the mechanical properties of a material although phenomenological relationships do exist. The advantages of indentation techniques are that they are non-destructive, quick, and can be applied to small material samples and localized in fashion. Mechanical properties are typically determined from spherical indentation load-depth curves. This process is again a time consuming one and not suitable for situations where a quick assessment is required such as in the sheet metal rolling industry. In the present study, a novel method of measuring mechanical properties of the material by multiple spherical indentations is developed. A series of indentations are made on the substrate with a spherical indenter with different loads. The diameter of the indentation is related to the load applied to determine the mechanical properties of the material, namely the yield strength and the work hardening parameters. To determine the diameter of the indentation quickly, a fiber optic sensing technique is developed. An incident light beam from a semiconductor laser is coupled back into an optical fiber upon reflection from the metal surface. By measuring the diffused light power reflected from the metal surface, the diameter of the indentation is measured. The spherical indentation technique is difficult for real time mechanical property measurement of sheet metal in a processing line. Problems arise as the strip is traveling at 2,000 to 4,000 ft/min (10,000 to 20,000 mm/sec) in the processing line. As a first step in developing a process that could be implemented in a real time processing line, a preliminary study has been conducted for the prediction of yield strength by laser shock processing.

Cold metal forming processes have been widely used for manufacturing of their high production rates and increased yield strength after forming process. For the use in service, increased yield strength of the cold-formed products should be known. The new yield strength can be found by several methods. Mechanical tests such as compression or tensile test are direct methods to obtain new yield strength if the product shape is appropriate. Finite element simulations may be another way to get accurate results for new yield strength distribution. Also Vickers hardness number can be used for prediction of yield strengths by available conversion models. The aim of this study is to compare the results of all these methods. During the study two different materials (austenitic stainless steel and carbon steel) cold formed by drawing and extrusion are investigated. FE simulations have been conducted to predict product properties. For this purpose flow curves obtained from compression and tensile tests are used in FE-models based on elasto-plastic, isotropic hardening material. Results show that both materials are highly anisotropic and have much lower yield strength values than found in simulations. Similarly none of the models correlating Vickers hardness numbers and yield strengths are successful since they are designed for an isotropic hardening material. This study basically presents the deviation of a real material behavior from isotropic material behavior.

The effect of the chemical composition, austenitisation temperature and tempering temperature and time on the mechanical properties and on the ballistic performance of martensitic steel armour plates was studied. It was established in this study that the mechanical properties and the ballistic performance of martensitic steels can be optimised by controlling the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters. However, it was observed that for a given chemical composition of the steel the heat treatment parameters to be applied to advanced ballistic performance armour plates were different from those required for higher mechanical properties. Such a contradiction rendered the relationship between mechanical properties and ballistic performance questionable. Systematic analysis of the microstructure and the fracture mechanism of some martensitic armour plate steels was carried out to explain the improved ballistic performance of steels whose mechanical properties were below that specificied for military and security applications. It was inferred from phase analysis and its quantification by X-ray diffraction, characterisation of the martensite using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy that the retained austenite located in the plate interfaces and on grain boundaries of the martensite was the main constituent resisting localised yielding during ballistic impact on thin steel plates. A part of the kinetic energy is transformed into adiabatic heat where a reaustenitisation of the plate martensite and the formation of new lath martensite was observed. Another part is used to elastically and plastically deform the ballistic impact affected region around the incidence point. Dislocation pile-ups at twinned plate interfaces suggest that the twin interfaces act as barriers to dislocation movement upon high velocity impact loading. The diameter of the affected regions, that determines the volume of the material deforming plastically upon impact, was found to vary as a function of the volume fraction of retained austenite in the martensitic steel. Upon impact, retained austenite transforms to martensite by Transformation Induced Plasticity, the “ TRIP ” effect. High volume fractions of retained austenite in the martensitic steel were found to yield low values of the ratio yield strength to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS) and a high resistance against localised yielding and, therefore, against ballistic perforation. A Ballistic Parameter was proposed for the prediction of ballistic performance using the volume fraction of retained austenite and the thickness of the armour plate as variables. Based on the martensite structure and the results of the ballistic testing of 13 armour plate steels a design methodology comprising new specifications was proposed for the manufacture of armour plates whose thicknesses may be thinner than 6mm. / Dissertation (MSc (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22777号 / 工博第4776号 / 新制||工||1747(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 乾 晴行, 教授 安田 秀幸, 教授 辻 伸泰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Nowadays, high demands are made on filling materials in modern dentistry: Durability, Reliability &Aesthetic Requirements Thus, a group of physicists and an independent practicing dentist investigated 11 different teeth fillings (composite materials) as used in modern dental practices according to their stability and ability to withstand contact loadings.