L’apparition de l’arme nucléaire et son utilisation par les Américains en 1945 sur les villes japonaises d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki ont été assez largement comprises en Occident comme marquant la fin des guerres chaudes directes et l’entrée du monde dans des guerres froides indirectes et totales. Dès les années 1950, le sentiment s’est fait jour au sein des milieux militaires occidentaux que l’âge nucléaire nous éloigne, au moins partiellement, des conceptions stratégiques élaborées dans le cadre de la tradition clausewitzienne. De même, les revers que connaissent les armées occidentales au cours des guerres de décolonisation ont pu amener les stratèges de l’époque à s’interroger sur le bien-fondé de leurs réflexions sur l’action. Mais, plus que tout, la récente guerre contre le terrorisme, où ces mêmes armées suréquipées sont tenues en échec par un adversaire irrégulier qui évite la confrontation directe et cherche à user l’ennemi, sans qu’on puisse espérer jamais en venir totalement à bout, semble mettre carrément en question les présupposés mêmes de la « science militaire ». Par contraste avec l’impasse où les élaborations conceptuelles des Machiavel, des Clausewitz et, plus récemment, des John von Neumann, auraient conduit l’Occident, la tradition chinoise de réflexion sur l’action est perçue, dans cette même partie du globe, comme plus adaptée aux nouvelles conditions du monde contemporain. Beaucoup sont persuadés que se trouvent chez le théoricien chinois du Ve siècle avant J.-C. Sun Zi un certain nombre de solutions pour triompher infailliblement dans toutes les situations conflictuelles du monde actuel. À travers l’examen des grands textes par lesquels traditions occidentale et chinoise de réflexion sur l’action se sont construites, l’étude s’emploie à rétablir un équilibre, et si possible une certaine objectivité dans la façon de concevoir et d’estimer celles-ci. Elle dénonce certaines illusions – dont l’illusion idéaliste – dont sont parfois victimes ceux que fascine la tradition chinoise, et souligne en particulier que les choses tangibles tels que les territoires, les machines de guerre, la puissance de feu, ne sont pas entièrement relativisées par rapport à la connaissance, à l’information ou aux aspects plus ou moins virtuels de la guerre. En mettant en évidence les dynamismes qui structurent chacune des deux cultures stratégiques, l’étude montre surtout que la volonté de hiérarchiser celles-ci est vaine. / The invention of the nuclear weapon and its use by the United States in 1945 on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have generally been considered by Western countries as a shifting from direct hot war to indirect and total cold war. From the Fifties onward, there has been a growing feeling among Western military circles that the nuclear age strays, at least partially, from the strategic conceptions developed in the wake of the Clausewitzian tradition. Likewise, the setbacks experienced by Western armies during wars of decolonization led strategists back then to question the validity of their reflection on action. But most of all, the recent war on terrorism led by countries whose over-equipped armies are held at bay by an irregular adversary avoiding direct confrontation, and wearing down the enemy leaving no hope of a total elimination seems to throw into question the presuppositions of military science. Contrary to the dead-end where the conceptual elaborations of Machiavelli, Clausewitz, and more recently, John von Neumann, and their followers, would have led Western countries, the Chinese tradition of reflection on action is perceived, in this same part of the world, as more adapted to the new conditions of the modern world. Many among them are convinced that they can find in the writings of a 5th century BC Chinese theoretician, Sun Zi, a certain number of solutions to prevail unerringly in any given conflictual situation in the world. Basing itself on the study of great writings through which oriental and occidental traditions upon reflection on action have been built, this study strives to re-establish a balance, and if possible, a certain objectivity in its approach to conceive and estimate this reflection. This study also denounces certain illusions, among which include the idealistic illusion, sometimes affecting thinkers fascinated by Chinese tradition, and particularly stresses the fact that tangible things such as territories, war machines and fire power are not entirely relativized in relation to knowledge, information, or aspects of war more or less virtual. By highlighting the dynamisms structuring the two strategic cultures, this study shows above all that trying to organize them into a hierarchy is pointless.

Bakgrund: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) i kaudala zona incerta (Zi) har en tremorreducerande effekt vid den neurologiska sjukdomen essentiell tremor (ET). Stimulering av Zi har även positiva effekter på rösttremor, men individuella variationer förekommer. Tidigare har främst effekten mellan på- och avslagen stimulering undersökts. Inga studier har jämfört effekten på rösttremor vid ökande nivåer av stimuleringsstyrka.   Mål: Att undersöka effekt på rösttremor vid ökande unilateral stimuleringsstyrka av DBS i Zi hos deltagare med ET. Samt att undersöka prevalens och att se vilken rösttremorreducerande effekt deltagarnas kliniska inställningar har.   Metod: Trettioåtta deltagare med DBS Zi, bedömdes vid tre tillstånd: utan stimulering (DBS OFF), med kliniska inställningar (DBS ON) samt med ökande stimuleringsstyrka, 0,5-4,5V (DBS+). Rösttremor bedömdes utifrån inspelningar av uthållna vokalproduktioner i programmet “Visual Sort and Rate Method” (VISOR). Vid bedömning skattades förekomst och grad av rösttremor hos deltagarna genom att deltagarens egna inspelningar jämfördes med varandra i VISOR.   Resultat: DBS Zi hade på gruppnivå en positiv effekt på rösttremor vid såväl DBS ON som vid DBS+. De individuella skillnaderna var dock stora. Flest antal deltagare blev rösttremorfria vid DBS ON och vid stimuleringsnivåerna 1,5V, 2,0V, 3,5V och 4,5V. Prevalensen av rösttremor var 71% (27 deltagare).   Slutsats: DBS Zi har på gruppnivå en positiv effekt på rösttremor. De kliniska inställningarna är stimuleringsnivån som flest deltagare blir rösttremorfria vid. Den individuella variationen gör att man inte kan förutse om en individ kommer att få reducerad rösttremor av DBS Zi. / Tal- och rösteffekter av djup hjärnstimulering hos patienter med ärftlig tremor

At the beginning of the twentieth century, when young Chinese scholars looked to Western nations for answers in hope of revitalizing a nation that once dominated the East, musicians and poets embarked on a journey of establishing a new Chinese style of music. Three sets of composer/poet collaborations and three different ways of infusing Western culture with Chinese culture laid the foundation for Chinese choral music today. Chao Yuan-Ren was a brilliant linguist and music lover who thought that to simply implant Western music onto Chinese text would suffice–his HaiYun, set to a poem of the equally brilliant poet Xu Zhi-Mo serves as a good example. Huang Zi believed in Confucius’ teachings that all new things must grow out of tradition. He and the lyricist Wei Huang-Zhang extended a literary tradition started in the Tang dynasty and produced Song of Everlasting Sorrow, which illustrates this philosophy quite well. Yet, for the underprivileged people who also loved music, folk songs provided a fertile ground as seen in the works of Xian Xing-Hai. During the second Sino-Japanese War, the poet Guang Wei-Ran and Xian worked hand-in-hand, producing the Yellow River Cantata that contains folksong-like melodies and many folk-music elements. Chinese choral music today is unavoidably connected to these three pieces. This document traces the early history of Chinese choral music through these three pieces and explains their influences on Chinese choral music today.

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Due to the social uncertainties caused by Taiwan¡¦s economic recession and rapid social changes, many people try to seek solace in fortune telling, which they believe can bring them peace of mind. Therefore, how to provide a high quality and high credibility fortune-telling environment lest people should be swindled by ill-intentioned fortune tellers is a public policy and a social responsibility that the government shouldn¡¦t evade. In terms of the great influence of Chinese Numerology on Taiwanese people and its great demand, I suggest in my research paper that an environment suitable for the development of Chinese Numerology be provided in Taiwan society. In this way, the mid-term quality control and long-term academic development of Chinese Numerology can be assured. This thesis aims at exploring the theory and technique of Chinese Numerology, an ancient Chinese science and culture. Through the related courses offered by the technological and vocational education system, internationally top-notch Chinese Numerology professionals and Feng Shui experts can thus be cultivated. Due to the limitation of time, human resources and money, the field of my research paper focuses mainly on the influence Chinese Numerology has exerted on Taiwanese people and what expectations the have had of it. As National Kaohsiung Hospitality College can educate outstanding restaurant and hotel personnel, so can vocational technological universities offering Chinese Numerology courses cultivate excellent experts in this field. By absorbing Chinese and Western traditional cultural ideas, these experts will create Taiwan¡¦s Chinese Numerology industry and make themselves become internationally acclaimed. Questionaires are distributed asking people in Kaohsiung what they think of the implementation of Chinese Numerology in technological and vocational education system. It is hoped that the cultivation of internationally top-notch Chinese Numerology professionals and Feng Shui experts will consolidate Taiwan¡¦s leading status in the field of Chinese Numerology, which will become Taiwan¡¦s unique cultural feature in the future. At the end of my thesis, three suggestions are made. First, for the development of Chinese Numerology, related courses should be incorporated into the curricula of technological and vocational universities. Second, the Chinese Numerology certificate system should be established. Third, academic research centers of Chinese Numerology should be set up to cultivate more high-quality experts in this field.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 323-342). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

L’intention de ce travail est de réfléchir sur les ponts possibles entre Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Maurice Blanchot et Lao Tseu concernant des rapports complexes que la nature entretient avec le langage, notamment sur la question des fondements de l’acte de nomination. Il ne s’agit pas de construire une étude comparatiste entre la philosophie occidentale et la philosophie extrême-orientale, mais de travailler les concepts de nature et de langage pour les confronter et voir comment des auteurs comme Merleau-Ponty, Blanchot et Lao Tseu font bouger les lignes quand on les fait interagir sur des notions identiques avec des contextes et des cultures complètement étrangères : Merleau-Ponty étranger à « l’informulé dans le connu du mot », Blanchot étranger à la Prose du monde comme fondation de la vérité, et Lao Tseu étranger par nature à l’un et à l’autre tout en étant familier de cette même communauté de pensée. / The purpose for this research focuses on issues involving the complex relations between the nature and languages as well as the common grounds for the concepts of “naming” among three scholars: Merleau-Ponty,Maurice Blanchot and laozi. The research will delve into the relation between the nature and language and have discussions on the relevance for the issue among three scholars rather than put emphasis on the comparative research of the issue among them. Technically, we will have more discussions with regards to how the three scholars manage to discard traditional meanings and thoughts over the issue while making their own interpretations based on varied contexts and reflecting on philosophical theories opposite the theories they proposed according to their individual cultural backgrounds: the unknown semantics of the sentence for Merleau-Ponty( evey word read is given its own semantics), Blanchot feel unfamiliar to the basic concept for allwords and sentences across the world is the very truth. While the previous theories mentioned are foreign to Laozi.

Theorists of military effectiveness have, through the course of time, developed principles explaining ways in which victory is efficiently enabled in battle. However, as a result of technological developments as well as a lack of empirical research, the principle of concentration is now questioned in terms of its explanatory value when applied in the context of modern naval warfare. Its questioning finds even more foundation in light of the fact that it still has a place in naval doctrines. This study therefore aims to examine whether the fundamental basics of the principle are applicable as a concept leading to success in modern naval operations where missiles are used as the main source of weaponry. Thus, are theories on concentration of force, formed by Sun Zi, Antonie- Henri Jomini and Alfred Thayer Mahan, used to create a theoretical framework which then functions as an analytical tool in analysing the Israeli success in 1973 and the Argentine failure in 1982. Accordingly, the result of this analysis offers convincing evidence for the principle of concentration in terms of its continued applicability in modern naval warfare in spite of environmental changes caused by technology. However, more research is needed if further conclusions are to be drawn in terms of generalizability.

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Lyme disease has been a growing problem in the United States over the last few decades, and is currently the most common vector-borne disease in the country. This research evaluates the land cover within specified counties of northern Virginia to determine if a correlation exists between forest fragmentation, suburbanization, and cases of human Lyme disease as has been demonstrated in other Lyme endemic regions in the United States. Few studies have focused specifically on northern Virginia when considering the impacts of land cover change on Lyme disease. Discovered through the use of geospatial and statistical analysis, the cluster of Lyme disease cases in northern Virginia are associated with forest fragmentation within the study region, which creates an ideal habitat for black-legged ticks and the white-footed mouse, allowing for an increase in Lyme disease transfer from vector to humans. The goal is for the research findings to be applicable to other regions with similar land cover types. Regions with similar characteristics would then be able to recognize the potential risk of human Lyme disease and implement ways to reduce the Lyme disease risk associated with suburban development. The purpose of this study is to answer the following research questions: 1) How has the spatial distribution of Lyme disease in Northern Virginia changed since 2005 with respect to land cover? 2) Which suburban communities are more at risk for Lyme disease when considering their land cover types and the increasing spatial distribution of Lyme disease? / Master of Science / Lyme disease has been a growing problem in the United States over the last few decades, and is currently the most common vector-borne disease in the country. This research evaluates the land cover within specified counties of northern Virginia to determine if a correlation exists between forest fragmentation, suburbanization, and cases of human Lyme disease as has been demonstrated in other Lyme endemic regions in the United States. Few studies have focused specifically on northern Virginia when considering the impacts of land cover change on Lyme disease. Discovered through the use of geospatial and statistical analysis, the cluster of Lyme disease cases in northern Virginia are associated with forest fragmentation within the study region, which creates an ideal habitat for black-legged ticks and the white-footed mouse, allowing for an increase in Lyme disease transfer from vector to humans. The goal is for the research findings to be applicable to other regions with similar land cover types. Regions with similar characteristics would then be able to recognize the potential risk of human Lyme disease and implement ways to reduce the Lyme disease risk associated with suburban development. The purpose of this study is to answer the following research questions: 1) How has the spatial distribution of Lyme disease in Northern Virginia changed since 2005 with respect to land cover? 2) Which suburban communities are more at risk for Lyme disease when considering their land cover types and the increasing spatial distribution of Lyme disease?