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Non-conventional cloud computing models such as volunteer and mobile clouds have been increasingly popular in cloud computing research. Volunteer cloud computing is a more economical, greener alternative to the current model based on data centers in which tens of thousands of dedicated servers facilitate cloud services. Volunteer clouds offer numerous benefits: no upfront investment to procure the many servers needed for traditional data center hosting; no maintenance costs, such as electricity for cooling and running servers; and physical closeness to edge computing resources, such as individually owned PCs. Despite these benefits, such systems introduce their own technical challenges due to the dynamics and heterogeneity of volunteer computers that are shared not only among cloud users but also between cloud and local users. The key issues in cloud computing such as security, privacy, reliability, and availability thus need to be addressed more critically in volunteer cloud computing.Emerging paradigms are plagued by security issues, such as in volunteer cloud computing, where trust among entities is nonexistent. Thus, this study presents a zero-trust model that does not assign trust to any volunteer node (VN) and always verifies using a server-client topology for all communications, whether internal or external (between VNs and the system). To ensure the model chooses only the most trusted VNs in the system, two sets of monitoring mechanisms are used. The first uses a series of reputation-based trust management mechanisms to filter VNs at various critical points in their life-cycle. This set of mechanisms helps the volunteer cloud management system detect malicious activities, violations, and failures among VNs through innovative monitoring policies that affect the trust scores of less trusted VNs and reward the most trusted VNs during their life-cycle in the system. The second set of mechanisms uses adaptive behavior evaluation contexts in VN identity management. This is done by calculating the challenge score and risk rate of each node to calculate and predict a trust score. Furthermore, the study resulted in a volunteer computing as a service (VCaaS) cloud system using undedicated hosts as resources. Both cuCloud and the open-source CloudSim platform are used to evaluate the proposed model.The results shows that zero-trust identity management for volunteer clouds can execute a range of applications securely, reliably, and efficiently. With the help of the proposed model, volunteer clouds can be a potential enabler for various edge computing applications. Edge computing could use volunteer cloud computing along with the proposed trust system and penalty module (ZTIMM and ZTIMM-P) to manage the identity of all VNs that are part of the volunteer edge computing architecture.

Just nu sker ett generationsskifte på arbetsmarknaden där Generation Zero nu etablerar sig. Arbetstagare och arbetsgivare har svårt att nå ut till varandra, vilket resulterar i rekryteringsproblematik. Därefter har många unga börjat ifrågasätta kopplingen mellan arbete och självförverkligande. Vår förhoppning är därför att studien ska bidra med kunskap om Generation Zero:s värderingar för att den ska kunna agera kompetenshöjande för studie- och yrkesvägledare i mötet med arbetsmarknaden och Generation Zero. Detta innefattar aktuell kunskap om den föränderliga arbetsmarknaden och de generationer som befinner sig där. Exempelvis har Generation Zero vuxit upp med en självklar digitalisering där sociala medier gett dem möjlighet att påverka sin livssituation och omgivning men den har även fört med sig ökade prestationskrav.För att komma få tag i empiri har fokusgruppsintervjuer använts som metod med syftet om att skapa levande diskussioner som kan tematiseras och användas i analysen. Resultatet visar på att utveckling, meningsfullhet och ekonomisk trygghet är återkommande i diskussionerna och att gemenskap och sammanhang är en nyckelfaktor för att Generation Zero ska trivas på en arbetsplats. De kräver även en viss feedback och återkoppling från chefer och kollegor för att vilja stanna kvar. Studien visar att de vill ha en stor frihet i hur de fördelar sin arbetstid och vart arbetet utförs. Då brytpunkten mellan studie- och yrkeslivet för många inom generationen under coronapandemin, kan det vara en bidragande faktor till att de värderar trygghet i form av pengar. Vidare diskuteras hur detta kan komma att påverka arbetsmarknaden i framtiden följt av förslag på vidare forskning inom ämnet.

The frightful statistics regarding road accidents draws a dreadful picture for individuals, communities, and nations across the globe. The number of fatalities exceeds a million every year. To address this issue, an initiative called Vision Zero was introduced first in Sweden 1997. The goal is to reach zero road fatalities and severe injuries by 2045. However, to achieve this goal, Vision Zero is being divided in 4 categories, called Days. Day 4 represents fully automated, cooperative, and connected mobility (CCAM). Now, one of the typical cases that causes road accidents is overtaking. CCAM is a way to enhance safety in such cases. Therefore, this thesis proposes a system that is based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication where vehicles exchange their intentions and cooperatively perform overtaking manoeuvres. The prevalent approach nowadays is depending on the vehicles’ onboard sensors only, blocking it from having knowledge about the intentions of other actors. Thus, it prevents vehicles from cooperation and coordination. We evaluate the performance of our approach and compare it against the sensors only approach. We show that the proposed approach outperforms the prevalent one in performance. Therefore, vehicle communication must be considered in the upcoming mobility for higher accuracy and safety. / Den skrämmande statistiken angående trafikolyckor tecknar en fruktansvärd bild för individer, samhällen och nationer över världen. Antalet dödsfall överstiger en miljon varje år. Ett initiativ som kallas Vision Zero introducerades i Sverige 1997, vars syfte är att ta itu med detta problem. Målet är att nå noll trafik dödsfall, och allvarliga skador år 2045. För att verkställa det målet, Vision Zero delades in i 4 kategorier, som kallas för Dagar. Dag 4 representerar fullt automatiserad, kooperativ och kommunikativ mobilitet (CCAM). Ett av det vanligaste fallen som orsaker trafikolyckor är omkörningar. CCAM är ett sätt att förbättra säkerheten i sådana fall. Därför presenterar denna avhandling ett system som bygger på fordon-till-fordon (Vehicle-to-Vehicle V2V) kommunikation. Detta system tillåter fordon att utbyta avsikter för att samarbeta och utföra säkra omkörningar. Den ledande teknologin nuförtiden beror enbart av fordonens sensorer, vilket hindrar dem från att ha kunskap om andra aktörers avsikter. Därmed hindrar det dem från att samarbeta. Vi utvärderar prestandan av vårt system och jämför det med den ledande teknologin. Vi visar att vårt system är överlägsen det ledande sättet (dvs. enbart sensorer) i prestanda. Därför måste fordon kommunikation tas hänsyn till i kommande mobilitet för högre noggrannhet och säkerhet.

The emissions of greenhouse gases need to be cut by 45% between 2010 and 2030 and reach net-zero by around 2050 (IPCC, 2018) to limit global temperature-rise to 1,5 degrees C. More companies are committing to net-zero emissions, but the overall emissions of greenhouse gases in the world are still going up, and previous research shows that there is an implementation gap and lack of plans in companies. This thesis examines the hindering and supporting factors for companies’ net-zero transition. It is also exploring how SBTi, sustainability reporting, and sustainability ratings influence the net-zero transition in companies according to sustainability practitioners. The key findings are that companies alone cannot do the net-zero transition; they are dependent on other stakeholders and factors such as investors, customers and suppliers. Investors and customers are strong drivers for some companies to make the transition to netzero, but they are also the strongest hindering factors not wanting to pay extra or sacrifice dividends for the transition in companies’ value chains. Companies are also dependent on their suppliers and customers to measure and cut their value chain scope 3 emissions. To reach net-zero, new ways of collaboration are needed across the value chain. Internally, the implementation has not started properly in many companies. The key hindering factor internally is money, the investments needed will impact the profits, and often bonuses of managers, and GHG emission reductions need to be valued on the same level as money. Investors and financial actors play a large role pushing companies to set net-zero targets through SBTi. SBTi is a key framework to make companies cut emissions in line with science, but its control mechanisms are weak. If the control mechanisms are strengthened through audits, accountability and litigation, SBTi has the potential to be a very strong supporting factor for companies’ net-zero transition. Sustainability reports and ratings are the way companies communicate their net-zero performance with their stakeholders, but the reports are a polished truth, and it is difficult to understand the net-zero performance in companies. Ratings such as CDP do not reward emission reductions enough, instead they reward processes and documents which can make the companies look greener than they are.

This master thesis project aims to improve the security of managed software developed at SCANIA's research and development group NEVE. The thesis will present several security schemes that can be effective against tampering, theft, and reverse engineering of application. The schemes presented were selected to ensure confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and authentication of applications. NEVE’s software will be analyzed and compared against state of the art solutions. A theoretical threat analysis will be presented, corroborated by empirical reverse engineering attacks. The final part of this thesis introduces a new security scheme for C# .NET programs operating without requiring an internet connection. / Denna uppsats försöker förbättra säkerheten av [managed software] utvecklad hos SCANIAS forsknings- och utvecklingsgrupp NEVE. Den visar på flera säkerhetslösningar som kan vara effektiva mot manipulation, stöld och omvänd ingenjörskonst av applikationer. De säkerhetslösningar som presenteras valdes för att säkerställa sekretess, integritet, äkthet och autentisering hos applikationer. NEVEs mjukvara kommer att analyseras och ställs mot de allra senaste lösningarna. En teoretisk hotanalys kommer att presenteras, förstärkt med attacker baserat empiriskt omvänd ingenjörskonst. Den sista delen av denna uppsats introducerar en ny säkerhetslösning. Den riktar sig mot program skrivna i C# .NET som inte kräver en uppkoppling mot internet.

Thesis advisor: Sarah Babb / The years since the Paris Agreement have seen intensifying efforts to decarbonize the financial system. Disclosure frameworks, notably the Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD), and Net-Zero targets, are fast becoming institutionalized globally to incentivize financial institutions to divert capital into low-carbon activities and away from carbon-heavy ones. I examine the implementation of these frameworks among financial corporations (FCs) in Singapore. 15 semi-structured interviews with professionals in the industry at the forefront of TCFD and Net-Zero suggest that FCs’ “talk” often does not match with their “actions”. Organizations ceremonially comply with new global standards as well as local regulations on TCFD and Net-Zero while they continue to finance carbon-intensive economic activities. Yet this apparent “hypocrisy” may not be so much a result of coordinated efforts for organizational buffering, as it is a consequence of disorganization and discoordination. Informants suggest that different parts within FCs independently perceived and responded differently, at a different pace, to the novel challenges that climate change has brought. I contribute to the environmental sociology literature on “organized hypocrisy” by examining how commonly perceived “hypocrisy” is or is not, in fact, “organized”. In doing so, I suggest that we should not assume “hypocrisy” to be an intentional organizational project. Furthermore, rather than seeing “hypocrisy” as effort to keep an organization “stable”, I argue that hypocrisy may be indicative of slow and potentially discordant organizational change, with ongoing internal efforts by insiders to match “actions” with “talk”. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

These stories are markers of temporal planes, the physical and the emotional, the swift and the fell. They operate at two ends; they are written and so are finitely formed and they are read indefinitely and yet only exist when they are read again. As a writer, this is my means of extension, waiving at the future with my ghost in the voices of my characters. They are also my archive, preserving instances of personal observation in the description of the body, still and living, moving in scene. For accuracy, I've done my best to emulate their movement. The analogy might be of a puppeteer pretending she has strings or better, the sand castles she's made are first only etchings at the shore; their formations quickly washed away and begun again then built better inland. To push metaphor: the description of body and movement within these stories are one kind of mirror and the author is another. The simultaneity of the reader lies between both. Perhaps this is paradoxical: these stories are archival and yet emulate timeless human occasion. I've desired to push metaphor and yet keep clear. My place between clarity and complexity is yet to melt-down from its oasis and gather into something drinkable.