In the texts analyzed in this thesis, nineteenth-century Paris illustrates the utopian principles formulated by Karl Mannheim whose conceptualizations concern the social and moral order that makes up human existence. His utopia is characterized by human thoughts, behaviors, and actions. In our analysis of the works by Charles Fourier, Victor Hugo, and Emile Zola, common themes emerge as each writer undertakes the task of representing the past, present, and future Paris. They describe ideas of poverty, sickness, and revolution as well as the importance of education, progress, and moral order. The most telling conclusion of utopia unveiled in the thesis is that each writer also depicts his vision of Paris with a specific and unique designation. For Fourier, a utopian Paris is described as Harmony. A harmonious state of being represents a society built on agreement, cooperation, and order. Hugo's representation of Paris comes under the epithet of Humanity and Fraternity. Hugo believes that Paris held the key to unlocking a society built on benevolence, cooperation, and camaraderie. Zola designates Paris as Modernity. For Zola, modernity creates a paradox of utopia/dystopia and order/disorder. However, Paris offers the hope of a ville beatitude wherein the well-being of all the families would be of highest priority to create happiness, security, and order. Though each writer had a different idealization of Paris, the analysis of utopian mentalities foregrounds their outlook on not only the city-space but of humanity which held much promise for harmony, happiness, and order in a future "utopian" state. / Master of Arts

Often overlooked, yet still a significant and visible social code, jewelry and its symbolic power are barely analyzed in literary criticism. In this thesis, by tracing jewelry's various functions and representations throughout the 19th century, one discovers its ability to also blur and reinforce boundaries that so typifies the tensions and redefinitions happening throughout this era. With the rise of the bourgeoisie and industrial production, jewelry became more available to the masses than it ever had before. Its transformation occurred alongside the newfound desire for women to be seen, perhaps as a direct result of patriarchal society's attempt to relegate them to the private sphere where they were to carry out their domestic duties. For women, the beginning of the century marked itself as an "[époque] stricte, corsetée, guindée et protégée," the fin-de-siècle was an era that promoted the sensual liberation for women whose existence had been relegated to the private sphere to perform only domestic duties (Coupeau 85). Thus, by tracing jewelry's representation in the 19th century, I unveil how women broke through social restrictions by transforming their literal chains of submission and esclavage into pieces of adornment that brandished their desire to be seen, to be liberated, to be desired. / Master of Arts / Jewelry and its symbolic power are barely analyzed in literary criticism. In this thesis, by tracing jewelry's various functions and representations throughout the 19th-century, one discovers its ability to also blur and reinforce boundaries that so typifies the tensions and redefinitions happening throughout this era. With the rise of the bourgeoisie and industrial production, jewelry became more available to the masses than it ever had before. For women, the beginning of the century marked itself as a period of restrictions and protection while the fin-de-siècle promoted the sensual liberation for women whose existence had been relegated to the home to carry out their domestic duties (Coupeau 85). Thus, by tracing jewelry's representation in the 19th century, I unveil how women broke through social restrictions by transforming their literal chains of submission and esclavage into pieces of adornment that brandished their desire to be seen, to be liberated, to be desired.

Entre 1853 et 1870, de multiples quartiers de la ville sont éventrés pour permettre la mise en place de nouveaux boulevards par le baron Haussmann, préfet de Paris sous Napoléon III. Ces travaux majeurs ont frappé l’imaginaire social et constitué un objet de fascination pour la littérature. Le mémoire se situe sur le terrain de la sociocritique. La chercheuse cherche à comprendre comment des textes de Verne, Hugo et Zola lisent la nouvelle configuration urbaine parisienne. Dans Paris au XXe siècle (1863), Jules Verne projette la destruction dans le futur et, en retour, imagine les rémanences d’un passé étrangement constructif. Bien qu’il soit en exil, Victor Hugo est très au courant des changements urbains et sociaux en cours. Dans Paris (1867), son écriture travaille à rendre compatibles les idées de ruine et de progrès. Émile Zola, avec Paris (1898), exprime les contradictions accompagnant le changement urbain par le biais de métaphores médicales et organiques proches de « l’esprit de décadence » qui caractérise la fin du siècle. En conformité avec les visées de l’approche sociocritique, c’est à partir d’une lecture interne des oeuvres, mettant à profit les ressources de l’analyse de texte, de la poétique et de la narratologie, que la recherche se développe. L’étude mobilise également les ressources des travaux consacrés aux relations de la littérature et de la ville, ainsi que celles des ouvrages de synthèse produits dans les champs de l’histoire générale et de l’histoire de l’urbanisme. / Between 1853 and 1870, many areas of the French capital are torn down to allow the establishment of new avenues by Baron Haussmann, Paris’ prefect under Napoleon III. These major urban projects have struck the social imaginary and became an object of fascination for literature. This essay is located on the grounds of sociocriticism and seeks to understand how Verne’s, Hugo’s and Zola’s texts interpret the Paris’ new urban conformation. In Paris au XXe siècle (1863) Jules Verne is planning future destructions and, in turn, imagines the strange constructiveness of residual past. Although in exile, Victor Hugo is very aware of urban and social changes under way. In Paris (1867) his writing works to make compatible the ideas of ruin and progress. Émile Zola with Paris (1898) reflects the contradictions accompanying urban change through medical and organic metaphors close to "the decadence’s spirit" that characterizes the end of the century. In accordance with the aims of the sociocriticism’s approach, the research develops itself from an internal reading of works, drawing on the resources of texts’ analysis, poetics and narratology. The essay also mobilizes diverse works on relations between literature and the city, as well as works of synthesis produced in the fields of general history and of urban planning history.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser dans un premier temps la mise en place de l'espace dans Les Trois Villes d'Emile Zola. Ainsi tenterons-nous de répondre aux questions suivantes:Selon quelle forme l'espace se met-il en place? Quelles sont les transformations et les manoeuvres qu'il subit d'un avant-texte à l'autre? Quelles sont les fonctions de cet espace et quel rapport y a-t-il entre sa mise en place et la mise en place des personnages et de l'intrigue? Cette étude vise aussi à examiner le problème du déplacement des personnages dans les textes définitifs des Trois Villes, déplacement qui a lieu sur différents plans (plan local, plan fictif...) et par différents moyens (le regard, la parole, la mémoire, l'imagination...). Enfin, cette thèse cherche à déterminer les différentes techniques de la description des lieux en examinant notammentles différents "mécanismes" de la description ambulatoire (les personnages mobiles, les figures de style, l'énumération...). / This thesis analyses firstly the setting up of space in the preparatory files of Les Trois Villes by Emile Zola. Thus we try to answer these following questions:According to which form is place set up? What are the transformations that space undergoes from one pre-text to another? What are the functions of that space and what is the relation between its setting up and the setting up of the characters and the plot? This study also aims at examining the displacement of characters in the final text of Les Trois Villes. This displacement takes place on different levels (local level, fictive level...) and by different means (look,speech, memory, imagination...). Finally, this thesis seeks to determine the different techniques of discribing places by analyzing the different "mecanisms" of the ambulatory description (mobile characters, figures of speech, enumeration...).

A publicação de La Terre, em 1887, provoca, na França, uma avalanche de ataques a Zola e ao Naturalismo. O romance, que dá continuidade à saga dos Rougon-Macquart, aborda não apenas a vida do campo e dos camponeses mas também questões sociais ligadas à realidade agrícola do país no final do século XIX. Ao ser lançado em capítulos, o romance é objeto de severas críticas, como o Manifesto dos Cinco, que ataca violentamente a obra e acusa o autor de obscenidade doentia. Críticos de renome como Anatole France e Brunetière também priorizam a dimensão moral em sua avaliação do romance e deploram o que qualificam de crueza naturalista. A crítica francesa utiliza o romance La Terre para decretar a bancarrota do Naturalismo . No Brasil, o prestígio de Zola e do Naturalismo encontra-se em momento de ascensão como parte do movimento mais amplo de adoção dos moldes literários franceses como recurso para consolidar a independência cultural em relação à literatura portuguesa. Romero, Veríssimo e Araripe Jr. se valem repetidamente do autor francês para discutir seus projetos para a literatura nacional. Araripe Jr. - que por certo período havia se afastado de Zola imputandolhe um pessimismo inadequado ao Brasil encontra, em La Terre, tema para trazer novamente Zola para o centro de suas reflexões. O presente trabalho busca refletir sobre o sentido dessa recepção diversa de La Terre na França e no Brasil, examinando o modo como Araripe Jr. transforma o romance em argumento para discutir questões relativas à formação da literatura brasileira. / Zolas La Terre,(1887) causes an uproar in France and triggers a series of violent attacks against its author and Naturalism, the literary school he represented. The novel, part of the Rougon-Macquart saga, focuses not only on country life and peasants but addresses also the loaded social issues shaking rural France at the end of the 19th century. Published in episodes, the novel is the object of fierce criticism, epitomized by Le Manifeste des Cinq, a heavy invective against the novel and its author, who is accused of inexcusable obscenity. Major critics such as Anatole France and Brunetière also highlight the moral dimension in their censure, and most French critics denounce La Terre as proof that literary Naturalism was dead. In Brazil, however, Zolas prestige and that of Naturalism are on the rise, as they seem apt to help foster a national literature finally rid of Portuguese models. Romero, Veríssimo e Araripe Jr. repeatedly refer to Zola when discussing their projects for Brazilian literature. Araripe Jr., who had for a moment detached himself from Zola due to what he saw as the authors objectionable pessimism, finds in La Terre a good opportunity to reconcile himself with Zolas works. The present dissertation discusses these different responses to the novel, in France and in Brazil, focusing on the way Araripe Jr. makes the novel a powerful argument to buttress his views on the ideal path for Brazilian literature.

Notre intérêt réside dans le traitement de la question de la foule chez Zola sous l’angle d’une méthode pluridisciplinaire et à travers plusieurs genres d’écriture. Nous menons notre recherche autour de deux hypothèses. La première concerne l’application du cadre chronologique, qui nous permet de comparer l’évolution des idées de la foule chez Zola dans des articles de journaux (enquêtes, interviews, journaux intimes publiés à titre posthume) et dans ses œuvres romanesques. En prêtant une attention constante à ses activités journalistiques, nous démontrons que c’est pendant la période dite « journalistico-littéraire » qu’il développa ses stratégies face à la foule qui se concrétise, autour de trois œuvres choisies, Thérèse Raquin (1867-1868), Nana (1879-1880) et Paris (1897-1898). Notre deuxième hypothèse prend appui sur l’existence d’une certaine dialectique entre le public et la foule dans le traitement de la foule chez Zola. Celle-ci s’intéresse à la dialectique de la « foule-public », mot-valise qui permet de résumer notre travail de thèse. Cette combinaison s’inspire du contraste entre une approche analytique et une approche synthétique, et souligne la particularité du processus éditorial dans lequel se trouvent l’auteur (Zola), les éditeurs médiatiques et les lecteurs (forme concrétisée de la « foule-public »). C’est la « foule-public » qui contribue au processus nommé « la littérature au quotidien », et qui se concrétise, à travers notre recherche, par certaines formes de poétique journalistiques et littéraires au XIXe siècle. / Our interest lies in the treatment of Zola’s crowd questions in adopting a pluridisciplinary methodology and studying the various genres of writings. Our research is conducted under the two following hypotheses. The first hypothesis concerns the application of chronological framing to compare the evolution processes shown in the Zola’s ideas on crowd, published in various newspaper articles (investigations, interviews, private journals released posthumously) and in his fictional works. Our constant focus on his journalistic activities shows us that it was during the so-called “journalistico-literary period” which he could develop his own strategies for the crowd taking shape throughout three chosen fictional works: Thérèse Raquin (1867-1868), Nana (1879-1880) and Paris (1897-1898). The second hypothesis interests in the dialectics of “crowdpublic”, a keyword to summarize the dissertation. This word was inspired by a contrast between an analytical approach and a synthetic approach to and puts an emphasis on the characteristics detected inside the editorial process where the author (Zola), the media editors and readers (a form which the “crowd-public” can take) can communicate with each other. It is the “crowd-public” who contributes to a process called “daily literature” and, as reveals our research, this is realized in certain forms of journalistic and literary poetics in the Nineteenth-Century.

Entre 1853 et 1870, de multiples quartiers de la ville sont éventrés pour permettre la mise en place de nouveaux boulevards par le baron Haussmann, préfet de Paris sous Napoléon III. Ces travaux majeurs ont frappé l’imaginaire social et constitué un objet de fascination pour la littérature. Le mémoire se situe sur le terrain de la sociocritique. La chercheuse cherche à comprendre comment des textes de Verne, Hugo et Zola lisent la nouvelle configuration urbaine parisienne. Dans Paris au XXe siècle (1863), Jules Verne projette la destruction dans le futur et, en retour, imagine les rémanences d’un passé étrangement constructif. Bien qu’il soit en exil, Victor Hugo est très au courant des changements urbains et sociaux en cours. Dans Paris (1867), son écriture travaille à rendre compatibles les idées de ruine et de progrès. Émile Zola, avec Paris (1898), exprime les contradictions accompagnant le changement urbain par le biais de métaphores médicales et organiques proches de « l’esprit de décadence » qui caractérise la fin du siècle. En conformité avec les visées de l’approche sociocritique, c’est à partir d’une lecture interne des oeuvres, mettant à profit les ressources de l’analyse de texte, de la poétique et de la narratologie, que la recherche se développe. L’étude mobilise également les ressources des travaux consacrés aux relations de la littérature et de la ville, ainsi que celles des ouvrages de synthèse produits dans les champs de l’histoire générale et de l’histoire de l’urbanisme. / Between 1853 and 1870, many areas of the French capital are torn down to allow the establishment of new avenues by Baron Haussmann, Paris’ prefect under Napoleon III. These major urban projects have struck the social imaginary and became an object of fascination for literature. This essay is located on the grounds of sociocriticism and seeks to understand how Verne’s, Hugo’s and Zola’s texts interpret the Paris’ new urban conformation. In Paris au XXe siècle (1863) Jules Verne is planning future destructions and, in turn, imagines the strange constructiveness of residual past. Although in exile, Victor Hugo is very aware of urban and social changes under way. In Paris (1867) his writing works to make compatible the ideas of ruin and progress. Émile Zola with Paris (1898) reflects the contradictions accompanying urban change through medical and organic metaphors close to "the decadence’s spirit" that characterizes the end of the century. In accordance with the aims of the sociocriticism’s approach, the research develops itself from an internal reading of works, drawing on the resources of texts’ analysis, poetics and narratology. The essay also mobilizes diverse works on relations between literature and the city, as well as works of synthesis produced in the fields of general history and of urban planning history.

A publicação de La Terre, em 1887, provoca, na França, uma avalanche de ataques a Zola e ao Naturalismo. O romance, que dá continuidade à saga dos Rougon-Macquart, aborda não apenas a vida do campo e dos camponeses mas também questões sociais ligadas à realidade agrícola do país no final do século XIX. Ao ser lançado em capítulos, o romance é objeto de severas críticas, como o Manifesto dos Cinco, que ataca violentamente a obra e acusa o autor de obscenidade doentia. Críticos de renome como Anatole France e Brunetière também priorizam a dimensão moral em sua avaliação do romance e deploram o que qualificam de crueza naturalista. A crítica francesa utiliza o romance La Terre para decretar a bancarrota do Naturalismo . No Brasil, o prestígio de Zola e do Naturalismo encontra-se em momento de ascensão como parte do movimento mais amplo de adoção dos moldes literários franceses como recurso para consolidar a independência cultural em relação à literatura portuguesa. Romero, Veríssimo e Araripe Jr. se valem repetidamente do autor francês para discutir seus projetos para a literatura nacional. Araripe Jr. - que por certo período havia se afastado de Zola imputandolhe um pessimismo inadequado ao Brasil encontra, em La Terre, tema para trazer novamente Zola para o centro de suas reflexões. O presente trabalho busca refletir sobre o sentido dessa recepção diversa de La Terre na França e no Brasil, examinando o modo como Araripe Jr. transforma o romance em argumento para discutir questões relativas à formação da literatura brasileira. / Zolas La Terre,(1887) causes an uproar in France and triggers a series of violent attacks against its author and Naturalism, the literary school he represented. The novel, part of the Rougon-Macquart saga, focuses not only on country life and peasants but addresses also the loaded social issues shaking rural France at the end of the 19th century. Published in episodes, the novel is the object of fierce criticism, epitomized by Le Manifeste des Cinq, a heavy invective against the novel and its author, who is accused of inexcusable obscenity. Major critics such as Anatole France and Brunetière also highlight the moral dimension in their censure, and most French critics denounce La Terre as proof that literary Naturalism was dead. In Brazil, however, Zolas prestige and that of Naturalism are on the rise, as they seem apt to help foster a national literature finally rid of Portuguese models. Romero, Veríssimo e Araripe Jr. repeatedly refer to Zola when discussing their projects for Brazilian literature. Araripe Jr., who had for a moment detached himself from Zola due to what he saw as the authors objectionable pessimism, finds in La Terre a good opportunity to reconcile himself with Zolas works. The present dissertation discusses these different responses to the novel, in France and in Brazil, focusing on the way Araripe Jr. makes the novel a powerful argument to buttress his views on the ideal path for Brazilian literature.

Dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, la médecine génésique et la psychiatrie s’intéressent à l’homosexualité, appelée inversion sexuelle à l’époque. Les médecins tentent de comprendre cette tare qui ronge la société. C’est pourquoi ils ont recueilli plusieurs témoignages provenant de ceux qu’ils considéraient comme « malades » pour valider leurs thèses scientifiques. Parmi plusieurs documents de nature autobiographique, le Roman d’un inverti-né (1889) et la Suite du roman d’un inverti-né (1896) sont particuliers, adressés sous l’impulsion de leur auteur à un romancier naturaliste, Émile Zola, et à un médecin, le Dr Laupts. Publiées dans des revues médicales (les Archives d’anthropologie criminelle) et dans un recueil (Tares et poisons), ces lettres ont été lues et analysées en tant que cas médical, autobiographie ou roman. Ces documents n’ont curieusement pas été encore lus comme appartenant au genre de la correspondance, important au XIXe siècle : c’est cet oubli révélateur que ce mémoire cherche à combler. Après un récapitulatif des différentes éditions (chapitre 1), les caractéristiques épistolaires seront examinées (chapitre 2). Les travaux de Brigitte Diaz (2002) et de Judith Lyon-Caen (2006) seront exploités pour souligner l’utilisation par l’auteur du Roman d’un inverti-né des codes épistolaires et de l’univers romanesque zolien. Enfin, l’analyse de l’histoire d’amour entre l’auteur des lettres et le sergent est au cœur du dernier chapitre qui accorde une attention particulière à la manière dont l’épistolier narre ce récit de l’amour entre hommes, en utilisant des codes érotiques et initiatiques. Ainsi, l’originalité du Roman d’un inverti-né et de la Suite du roman d’un inverti-né réside à la fois dans l’histoire particulière de sa publication, dans la nature ambivalente de son genre épistolaire et dans l’histoire d’amour, narrée à un médecin et un écrivain. C’est cette triple originalité qui est étudiée dans ce mémoire. / In the second half of the Nineteenth century, psychiatrists and doctors studied homosexuality, male and female inverts. They tried to understand this bane that afflicts society. Hence, they collected multiple testimonies from those they considered “sick” to validate their scientific theories. Amongst these numerous autobiographic documents, the Novel of an Invert (1889-1896) is the most peculiar. While most of these documents exist under the impulse of doctors and judges, this one was sent to naturalist novelist Émile Zola by a young man. Published in medical journals (the Archives d’anthropologie criminelle) and books (Tares et poisons), the literary genre of this text has been distorted; instead of being called letters, this text has been named novel, medical case, autobiography or confession. Peculiarly, these documents were never studied as a correspondence, an important genre in the Nineteenth century. After going through the different editions and modifications of these letters (chapter 1), we examine the epistolary characteristics of this text (chapter 2). To do so, we used Brigitte Diaz’s (2002) works, along with those of Judith Lyon-Caen (2006), underlining the use by the writer of both epistolary codes and the zolian universe. Finally, the last chapter focuses on the love story between the Italian and the sergeant, with a particular attention to the way the letter writer uses erotic and ritualistic codes to narrate the story. The Novel of the Invert’s originality resides in the peculiar publication history, in the ambivalence of its genre and in the narration of a love story to a novelist and a doctor. This thesis shall study this triple originality.

Le mot " intime " en français suggère à la fois la convivialité au sein du cercle familial et la conscience intérieure de l'individu. Cette dualité essentielle de l'" intime ", qui attire de nombreux écrivains français depuis des siècles, englobe un large éventail de thématiques littéraires, caractérisées par deux courants : la représentation de la vie familiale et les écrits autobiographiques. En règle générale, l'esthétique du naturalisme établie par Zola est considérée comme indifférente à l'égard de la littérature intime, développée par les écrivains romantiques. Cependant, certains de ses romans présentent les caractéristiques de l'écrit de l'intime du XIXe siècle. Dans cette étude, nous nous attacherons à établir le lien intérieur entre La Joie de vivre (1884), L'Oeuvre (1886) et Le Docteur Pascal (1893), trois romans exceptionnellement chargés d'éléments autobiographiques dans la série des Rougon-Macquart. L'intrigue de ces œuvres se déroule au sein du foyer et se concentre sur la psychologie des protagonistes, qui pourraient être définis comme alter ego de l'auteur. Dans La Joie de vivre, Zola projette son angoisse personnelle sur Lazare, jeune pessimiste souffrant de névrose. Dans L'OEuvre, l'auteur exprime sa vision esthétique à travers la création douloureuse du peintre Claude. Dans Le Docteur Pascal, véritable synthèse de la série, Zola manifeste enfin sa croyance optimiste à la vie à travers Pascal, son porte-parole. Le discours de l'" intime " chez Zola, aspect essentiel mais pourtant négligé de son œuvre romanesque, montre ainsi une mise en pratique du roman psychologique que l'auteur semble pourtant vouloir rejeter dans ses écrits " naturaliste ".