>Magister Scientiae - MSc / MAGISTER SCIENTlAE IN THE FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE. This thesis focuses on Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA's) as prepared in the Western Cape Province. The thesis attempts to summarise the legal requirements for EIA's and then to analyse two recent assessmentsin the light of the concern raised by Alex Weaver, at the South African chapter of the International Association for Impact Assessment National Conference in 1999, that EIA's~l§_cLI>listoricaily _gisadvantag~and do not give sufficient attention to social impacts. The thesis also attempts to analyse the EIA's and to critically assess whether they comply with the intention of the legal requirements. The applicable legislation and regulations are analysed to determine whether there are sufficient guidelines for practitioners to assessthe socio-economic impacts of development in an equitable manner to the assessmentof the biophysical impacts. It was found that the legislation and the regulations do not provide clear guidance for the consideration of the socia-economic aspects of the environment or impacts in the preparation of EIA's. The EIA's regarding the Relocation Of The Informal Settlement At Stanford and for the Koringberg-Platvlei-MiddelburgWater Supply Pipeline required to provide potable water to rural communities are analysed, as both have socio-economicgoals. In the Stanford case, an informal settlement located on the town's water source has to be relocated to the town, where there is a shortage of land available for development and site-specific impacts on a major employer, with the threat of a potential loss in employment opportunities. In the Koringberg-Platvlei-Middelburg case, the rural community has insufficient potable water and a supply scheme is proposed in a potentially sensitive environment. In order to analyse the two assessments,the ideal EIA and recent trends are first established from literature. Criteria for the assessment of the EIA's are determined and then used to ascertain whether the concern raised by Weaver is correct. In the analysis of the subject EIA's it was found that both address the social issues of concern, albeit without clear guidance from the applicable legislation and regulations. Following on the critical assessmentof the recent EIA's, the thesis provides proposals and stepby-step guidelines for the drafting of EIA's for use by students and inexperienced practitioners in the field of environmental management. Weaver's concern is found to be correct and recommendations are made to adjust the relevant regulations, to give clear guidance for the consideration of seclo-economic concerns in the preparation of EIA's.

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Sweden's aging population makes the need for a viable health care urgent and telemedicine can be a solution to enable older people to receive or give themselves care in their homes. Furthermore, implementation of telemedicine has the potential to realise profits in society by increasing the accessibility of health care and minimizing travel costs. Sweden’s low population density and geographical configuration makes the advantages of telemedicine even more appealing.   To illustrate the differences between the county councils’ use of telemedicine and thus increasing the possibility for coordinated care between them, the authors have on behalf of the Innovation Centre at the Karolinska University hospital mapped the amount of telemedicine technologies that are available in the Swedish county councils’ today. To collect information an electronic survey and video or telephone interviews were used. This report answers the question of how the use of telemedicine differ between Sweden's county councils in terms of techniques used, how well implemented the technologies are and to what extent the guidelines for development, implementation and use of telemedicine is available. The report also investigated whether the county councils geographic characteristics, in terms of population density and the number of hospitals and health centers, influenced the development of telemedicine.   Of the 21 regional councils information has been collected from 10 counties in seven weeks and the results that were collocated indicated that there are major differences between the county councils' use of telemedicine. It is clear that the northern region and especially Västerbotten and Norrbotten County Council have come a long way in implementing telemedicine technology.   When the results of the electronic survey and interviews were compared with the county councils’ geographical features no correlation could be detected between population density and the use of telemedicine. This can be a result of the low number of participating counties and that we have not examined all departments in health care. The county councils which have university hospitals use multidisciplinary rounds more so than others. In summary, the Swedish county councils are at different stages in the implementation of telemedicine due to several external and internal factors that makes it possible for counties to benefit a lot from collaboration and sharing each other's knowledge. / Sveriges åldrande befolkning gör behovet av en fungerande vård stor och telemedicin kan vara en lösning för att ge äldre möjlighet att få eller ge sig själva vård i hemmet. Genom implementering av telemedicin har Sverige på grund av sin låga befolkningstäthet och geografisk utformning potential att öka tillgängligheten av vård och minska resekostnader.   För att belysa skillnader mellan landstingens användning av telemedicin och på så sätt öka möjligheten för samordnad vård mellan landstingen har författarna på uppdrag av Innovationsplatsen på Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset med hjälp av elektronisk enkät och video- eller telefonintervjuer kartlagt hur mycket telemedicinsk teknik som finns tillgänglig på Sveriges landsting idag. I rapporten besvaras frågeställningen hur användningen av telemedicin skiljer sig mellan Sveriges landsting i avseende på vilka tekniker som används, hur väl implementerade i verksamheten teknikerna är samt i vilken omfattning riktlinjer för utveckling, implementering och användning av telemedicin är tillgängliga. Rapporten har även undersökt om landstingens geografiska egenskaper i form av befolkningstäthet samt antal sjukhus och vårdcentraler påverkat utvecklingen av telemedicin inom landstingen.   Av Sveriges 21 landsting har information samlats in från 10 landsting under sju veckor och resultatet som sammanställdes tydde på att det finns stora skillnader mellan landstingens användning av telemedicin. Det är tydligt att norra regionen och speciellt Västerbottens- och Norrbottens läns landsting har kommit långt i implementering av telemedicinsk teknik.   Då resultaten från den elektroniska enkäten och intervjuerna jämfördes med landstingens geografiska egenskaper drogs slutsatsen att inget tydligt samband kunde upptäckas mellan befolkningstäthet och användandet av telemedicin. Slutsatsen kan bero på för få deltagande landsting och att undersökningen inte utfördes på varje avdelning. En annan slutsats som var tydlig var att landsting som har universitetssjukhus i större utsträckning använder multidisciplinära ronder via videokonferensteknik. Sammanfattningsvis har Sveriges landsting kommit olika långt i utvecklingen av telemedicin på grund av flera yttre och inre faktorer vilket gör det möjligt för landstingen att dra stor nytta av varandras kunskap vid samarbete.

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The psychological literature consistently finds strong associationsbetween self-compassion, difficulties in emotion regulation, and occupational burnout, especially in populations with high amountsof occupational stress. In healthcare, clinician health and performance are implicated by these variables. Downstream effects are also detected, where increasing clinician burnout diminishestreatment efficacy. This reduced efficacy compounds on pre-existing issues of the treatment community, and generates additional barriers to achieving stability and health. This effect has been indirectly implicated in the Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health (IECMH) workforce, which includes professionals who engage and serve children and families, many of whom have high psychosocial risk. One way that the IECMH field has worked to address this pathway, is through the provision of RS/C (Reflective Supervision and Consultation). A key tenet of the IECMH practice, RS/C is designed to curb off the negative psychological aftermath ofoccupational stress. However, RS/C is largely unstudied, and requires additional evidence to gain traction as an intervention forhigh-stress occupations. As such, this study explored how RS/C interacts with self-compassion, difficulties in emotion regulation, and burnout in a population of IECMH professionals. Interest in protective factors led to test whether RS/C amplifies the protective capacity of self-compassion in the context of burnout (model 1), and whether of RS/C acts as a protective factor in the context of difficulties in emotion regulation and burnout (model 2). 141 clinicians who work in the IECMH field completed self-report measures of self-compassion, difficulties in emotion regulation, and occupational burnout, in the summer of 2020. Bivariate correlation indicated significant relationships between self-compassion and difficulties in emotion regulation (r = -.71, p < .01), self-compassion and burnout (r = -.57, p < .01), and difficulties in emotion regulation and burnout (r = .66, p < .01). Two simple moderation models were tested using Hayes’ PROCESS macro to determine if the relationships between X (self-compassion, in model 1, and difficulties in emotion regulation, in model 2) and Y (occupational burnout, in both models) were influenced by the presence of W (RS/C, in both models). Model 1 was not significant. For Model 2, the overall model was significant F(3, 93) = 27.51, R2 = .35, p < .001 and the interaction term was also significant (R2 change = .03, p = .02). Specifically, the relationship between X and Y remained significant across all levels of RS/C, and the strength of the relationship between X and Y was weakest when engagement in RS/C was highest, and strongest when engagement in RS/C was lowest. These results suggest that the reflective and supportive nature of RS/C may hold promising implications for protecting workforces from burnout via emotion regulation difficulties in high stress contexts.

Samråd har en central roll i samhällsplaneringen och används för att skapa visioner och mål, kommunicera till invånare och påverka beslut. Samråd genomförs av kommunen för att informera medborgare om vad som är planerat att byggas och hur det kommer påverka boende inom området samt hur planen kommer påverka miljön. Under samråd kan berörda medborgare som påverkas/berörs av den nya detaljplanen lämna synpunkter om hur de tror detaljplanen kommer påverka området och hur planen kan förbättras.  Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka i vilken grad medborgarna kan påverka detaljplanprocessen genom att lämna synpunkter under samråd. För att kunna besvara frågeställningar föregås arbetet av litteraturstudier om utvecklingen av plan och bygglagen, utvecklingen av samrådslagstiftningen samt en del om inflytande i planering och hur inflytandet kan mätas samt vem som har rätt att lämna synpunkter vid samråd. Sedan följer en empirisk studie som baseras på fyra bostadsprojekt inom Stockholmsområdet och två bostadsprojekt från Tyskland, Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart för en internationell utblick.  Huvudresultatet, som presenteras i slutsatsen, är att medborgarna har ett inflytande i planeringen, men utan egen beslutsrätt. Kommunen försökte anpassa detaljplanen efter vad som har sagts under samråd, även om det normalt inte betyder att kommunen gör exakt som medborgarna säger. Det visas också att kommunen fortfarande har svårt att tolka lagstiftningen när det kommer till vem som är sakägare och berörd vid framtagande av en ny detaljplan. / Consultation plays a central role in social planning and is used to create visions and communication to residents and influence decisions. Consultations are being carried out by the municipality to inform citizens about what is planned to be built and how it will affect housing in the area and how the plan will affect the environment. During consultations, affected citizens can comment on how they believe that the detailed development plan will affect the area and how it can be improved. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the extent to which citizens can influence the detailed development planning process by submitting comments during consultation. In order to answer this, this paper begins with literature studies on the development of the plan and building law, the development of consultation legislations and a part about the influence in planning, how influence can be measured and who has the right to comment on consultations. An empirical study is performed based on four housing projects in the area of Stockholm and two housing projects from Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart for an international understanding. The main result presented in the conclusion, is that citizens have an influence in planning but without their own right of decision making. The municipality tried to adapt the detailed development plan according to what has been said during consultations but it does not usually mean that the municipality does exactly what citizens say. It is also shown that the municipality still has difficulty interpreting the legislation when it comes to who is a business owner and who is a concerned citizen to the development plan.

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