Paper 1 - Consultation is a widely used model of practice amongst Educational Psychology Services (EPS) in the United Kingdom (UK) as evidenced in the amount of research carried out on this practice (Leadbetter, 2006, p. 246). This paper attempts to supplement the limited evidence on how and why consultation is used. This paper provides an account of Educational Psychologists (EPs) perceptions of using consultation in a Welsh Educational Psychology Service (EPS). The study uses a thematic analysis of interviews with EPs and 3 accounts of the practice of consultation are provided as examples of how consultation is used. Data analysis revealed that EPs’ practice is dominated by the influence of Wagner’s model of consultation, which is a result of both university, and service based training and not because they feel it is necessarily the best way of working and were vague about their reasons for using this approach. Evidence emerged to suggest EPs were only aware of one model of consultation, which is the Wagner model. Evidence also emerged to suggest that EPs confused service delivery models with models of consultation and that EPs are unclear about their unique skills and role when using consultation and feel that schools do not understand the work they are trying to achieve when working in this way. EPs also considered that schools want more time with them, but burdensome bureaucracy hinders this. These findings are discussed in more detail at the end of Paper 2 where the overall findings suggest there is a systemic problem in Pantysgawn EPS, where the dominance of the EP role to provide statutory assessments prevents EPs from working in a truly consultative way. The paper ends by discussing the key element of the EP’s role, whether a consistent and rigid adherence to one practice model is practicable or desirable, and the various ways that EP services can monitor outcomes to alleviate some of the bureaucratic processes. Paper 2 - Paper 1 of this study looked at EPs’ perceptions of using consultation. Very few studies have looked at service users experiences in consultation based EP services. Paper 2 therefore looks at schools’ perceptions of the EP service and considers the benefits and barriers to effective service delivery using a thematic analysis of interviews with staff from 5 primary and 3 secondary schools. Findings suggest that schools continue to regard the expertise of the EP as being a provider of individual assessments, but they also revealed an awareness of the wider systemic role that EPs can provide. This traditional view of the role of the EP is discussed in terms of a wider systemic pressure for schools to seek this kind of EP intervention due to the Local Authority’s (LA) focus on statutory assessments. Schools appreciated a greater continuity of EPS staff as this helped them to develop more productive working relationships and they wanted more time with the EP. The findings suggest that the level of bureaucracy and the statutory assessment requirements to gain access to targeted resources were a barrier to working more effectively with schools. The paper ends by integrating these findings with the paper 1 findings and discussing the key element of the EP’s role, whether a consistent and rigid adherence to one practice model is practicable or desirable, and the various ways that EP services can monitor outcomes to alleviate some of the bureaucratic processes.

Applications of Telehealth in the practice, upgrading of knowledge, and communication of physicians with their colleagues and patients in Canada was explored in this study. The research used exploratory-grounded theory to investigate the opinions of practicing clinicians regarding the use of Telehealth. The study involved conducting semi-structured interviews with physicians who were using or might in the future use Telehealth in their practice. This study was designed to assess the major advantages and shortcomings that Telehealth has to offer in the field of medicine. The research found that clinicians predominantly had a very positive view of Telehealth, although some minor concerns were expressed with respect to the use of Telehealth in private offices and the home (rather than in the hospital). The data indicated that Telehealth can improve overall patient care by bettering the speed and accuracy of communication and diagnosis and the subsequent treatment of patients, saving physicians and patients time and money, reducing waiting lists, aiding the environment, reducing emergency visits and hospitalizations, addressing shortages of physicians (particularly in rural areas), increasing access to specialists, and enabling convenient distance education. These are just some of the many benefits of Telehealth which outweigh its disadvantages. This study also was designed to extract clinicians’ opinions on avenues for improving Telehealth, which thus led to implications for future research. Barriers to the use of Telehealth were found to include concerns about security and IT support, lack of public knowledge of Telehealth’s existence, and installation and maintenance costs for the necessary equipment in the private sector. The study suggests that Telehealth will become more widely available and accessible to the general public. The study also proposes that, through increased governmental support and funding, Telehealth should be advertised and promoted, researched in more depth (in part, to discourage misconceptions regarding Telehealth), collaborated on by stakeholders, and expanded. / Graduate

The starting point of the present thesis is nurses’ reported experiences of disagreements with physicians for pushing life sustaining treatment too far. The overall aim was to describe and compare nurses’ and physicians’ perspectives on the boundaries for life-sustaining treatment and to evaluate whether ethics rounds could promote mutual understanding and stimulate ethical reflection. A mixed methods design with qualitative and quantitative data was used, including interviews and questionnaires. The health professionals’ experiences/perceptions were based on known patients foremost from general wards, but also intensive care units, at four Swedish hospitals. The first two studies treated the perspective on boundaries for life-sustaining treatment and the last two evaluated philosopher- ethicist led ethics rounds. Analysis of data was performed using a phenomenological approach and content analysis as well as comparative and descriptive non-parametric statistics. In the first study, the essence of the physicians’ decision-making process to limit life-sustaining treatment for ICU patients, was a process of principally medical considerations in discussions with other physicians. In the second study, there were more similarities than differences between nurses’ and physicians’ opinions regarding the 714 patients studied. The physicians considered limited treatment as often as the nurses did. The ethics rounds studies generated mixed experiences/perceptions. It seemed that more progress was made toward the goal of promoting mutual understanding than toward the goal of stimulating ethical reflection. Above all, the rounds seemed to meet the need for a forum for crossing over professional boundaries. The most salient finding was the insight to enhance team collaboration, that the interprofessional dialogue was sure to continue. Predominating new insights after rounds were interpreted as corresponding to a hermeneutic approach. One of nurses’ negative experiences of the ethics rounds was associated with the lack of solutions. Based on the present findings, one suggestion for improvement of the model of ethics rounds is made with regard to achieving a balance between ethical analyses, conflict resolution and problem solving. In conclusion, the present thesis provides strong evidence that differences in opinions regarding boundaries for life-sustaining treatment are not associated with professional status. The findings support the notion of a collaborative team approach to end-of-life decision-making for patients with diminished decisionmaking capacity. There is an indication that stimulation of ethical reflection in relation to known patients may foremost yield psychosocial insights. This could imply that social conflicts may overshadow ethical analysis or that ethical conflicts and social conflicts are impossible to distinguish.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Uma sistemática de teleconsulta para o processo de programação, verificação e adaptação dos aparelhos de amplificação sonora individuais (AASI) foi desenvolvida e sua eficácia avaliada por meio de um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e cego. Participaram do estudo 50 deficientes auditivos (30 homens; 20 mulheres) candidatos ao uso do AASI, com idades variando entre 39 e 88 anos e média ISO dos limiares audiométricos entre 30 e 68,75dB. Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos (randomização estratificada): controle (n=25), submetidos aos procedimentos face a face (F) e experimental (n=25) submetidos à teleconsulta (T). O procedimento F foi realizado pelo avaliador 1 em todos os participantes, incluindo: programação do AASI, medidas com microfone sonda (equipamento Unity PC Probe, estímulo speech noise, apresentado em 50, 65 e 80dBNPS) e orientação quanto ao uso e cuidados com o AASI. Para a teleconsulta o participante e um facilitador se posicionaram na sala junto aos equipamentos (ambiente de teste). O avaliador 1 posicionou-se em outra sala (ambiente remoto) com um notebook conectado à LAN USP. Webcams e headsets capturaram áudio e vídeo, transmitidos em tempo real pelo software Polycom PVX (384 kbps), também utilizado para compartilhamento de aplicativos. Por meio desse compartilhamento o avaliador 1 realizava todos os procedimentos diretamente no participante, com auxílio do facilitador. O tempo despendido para as consultas F e T foi cronometrado. Após as consultas o avaliador 2, cego quanto aos grupos, realizou a avaliação de percepção da fala (Hearing in Noise Test - HINT Brasil) para obter o limiar de reconhecimento de fala no silêncio (LRF) e a relação sinal/ruído (S/R) em que os participantes reconheciam 50% das sentenças apresentadas. Aproximadamente um mês após as consultas foi realizada (avaliador 2) a análise do tempo diário de uso do AASI (via datalogging do dispositivo) e do benefício e satisfação em vida diária (questionário International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids - IOI-HA). Maior tempo para a programação e verificação e menor tempo para orientação foi observado para o grupo experimental, sendo este estatisticamente significativo (teste t de Student). Não houve diferença entre grupos no tempo total do atendimento em minutos (82,2 controle e 81,3 experimental). A equiparação das medidas com microfone sonda aos respectivos targets foi similar para os dois grupos. Não houve diferença significativa (teste t) entre as médias do LRF no silêncio (56,24 controle e 51,78 experimental) e da relação S/R (4,94 controle e 4,17 experimental), o tempo médio de uso do AASI em horas (7,26 controle e 7,44 experimental) e das pontuações total e dos itens do questionário IOI-HA. Houve correlação (Spearman) positiva forte e significativa entre o tempo de uso do AASI e o tempo de uso informado pelo participante, para ambos os grupos. Para alguns participantes durante a teleconsulta houve interrupção da transmissão de áudio e vídeo que foi prontamente solucionada. Concluiu-se que a teleconsulta é um procedimento eficaz para a realização da programação, verificação do AASI e orientação de usuários quando, por algum motivo, serviços face a face não estiverem disponíveis. / A teleconsultation system for hearing aid (HA) programming, verification and fitting has been developed and its efficacy assessed through a prospective, randomized and blind study. Fifty hearing impaired individuals (30 men; 20 women), HA candidates, in the age range 39 - 88 years and ISO mean of audiometric thresholds between 30 and 68.75dBNA, participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups (stratified randomization): control (n=25), submitted to face to face procedures (F) and experimental (n=25), submitted to teleconsultation (T). Procedure F was performed by evaluator 1 in all participants: HA programming, probe microphone measures (Unity PC Probe equipment, speech noise stimulus presented at 50, 65 and 80dBSPL) and HA use and care orientation. For the teleconsultation, the participant and a facilitator positioned themselves in the room with the equipment (test environment). Evaluator 1 stayed in another room (remote environment) with a notebook connected to the LAN USP. Webcams and headsets captured audio and video, transmitted in real time by software Polycom PVX (384 kbps), utilized as well for application sharing, through which evaluator 1 performed all the procedures directly in the patient, aided by the facilitator. The time spent for consultations F and T was recorded. Following the consultations, evaluator 2, blind to the groups, performed the speech perception assessment (Hearing in Noise Test - HINT Brazil) so as to obtain the speech reception threshold (SRT) in silence and the signal/noise ratio (S/N) in which the participants recognized 50% of the sentences presented. Nearly a month following the consultations the evaluator 2 carried out the analysis of daily time of HA use (via datalogging of the device) as well as benefit and satisfaction (questionnaire International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids - IOI-HA). An statistically significant (Students t test) greater time for the programming and verification and a smaller one for HA orientation were observed for the experimental group. No difference was found between the groups for the total consultation time in minutes (control: 82.2; experimental: 81.3). The real ear measures matching to targets were similar for the both groups. No significant difference was observed (Students t test) between the means of SRT in silence (56.24 control and 51.78 experimental) as well as the S/N ratio (4.94 control and 4.17 experimental), the daily amount HA use in hours (7.26 control and 7.44 experimental) and the IOI scores. For both groups there was a positive, strong and significant correlation (Spearman) between the daily amount of HA use (datalogging) and the reported HA use. For some participants, during the teleconsultation, the transmission of audio and video was interrupted, but readily restored. Conclusion: teleconsultation is an effective procedure for hearing aid programming, verification and fitting when face to face services are not available.

A Interconsulta Psiquiátrica é considerada por muitos pesquisadores como sendo a área prática e aplicada da Medicina Psicossomática, de conhecimento concernente à investigação da interação entre fatores biológicos e psicossociais no desenvolvi-mento, curso e resultado de todas as doenças. A prevalência de transtornos psiqui-átricos em hospitais gerais pode variar de 20 a 40% entre pacientes internados, po-rém uma reduzida parcela é assistida pela Interconsulta e consequentemente recebe tratamento psiquiátrico. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivos: a) obter informações dos dados sociodemográficos dos pacientes e seus históricos em sa¬úde mental (tratamentos anteriores e tentativa de suicídio); b) analisar o uso do ser¬viço de Interconsulta Psiquiátrica, tais como as clínicas solicitantes, função dos pro¬fissionais solicitantes, motivos de solicitação, tempo de internação dos pacientes assistidos, tempo de solicitação do PI e de sua resposta, e o número de atendimen-tos realizados; c) descrever os diagnósticos clínicos e psiquiátricos dos pacientes avaliados através dos critérios estabelecidos pela CID-10; d) analisar intervenções farmacoterapêuticas e não medicamentosas, tais como as condutas sugeridas pelo interconsultor, profissionais solicitados durante a internação, as medicações psico-trópicas em uso e prescritas; e) caracterizar aspectos relacionados aos médicos clí-nicos, aos profissionais de saúde e aos interconsultores; e f) avaliar a qualidade es-trutural da solicitação psiquiátrica realizada pelo profissional clínico e a resposta dada pelo interconsultor. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de todas as solicitações consecutivas realizadas entre janeiro de 1981 a dezembro de 2010 para a Psiquiatria do Serviço de Interconsulta em Saúde Mental do Hospital das Clí-nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo assim como a consulta dos prontuários de todos os pacientes assistidos pelo serviço para obter outras informações. Foram realizadas 4882 solicitações psiquiátricas e a taxa de encaminhamento variou de 0,7 a 1,1%. Dados sociodemográficos dos paci-entes que foram atendidos com mais fre¬quência relacionados ao sexo, cor e/ou et-nia, estado civil, com quem os pacientes residiam (somente para os homens), situa-ção laboral (somente para as mulheres), escolaridade e procedência tenderam a permanecer relativamente estáveis ao longo dos anos. As mulheres apresentaram idade média menor que os homens e foram atendidos com mais frequência: homens e mulheres casados (e mais homens soltei¬ros quando comparados com as mulhe¬res), homens que residiam com seus pais e mulheres que residiam com seus cônju¬ges e filhos, homens afastados de seus tra¬balhos e mulheres responsáveis pelos cuidados da casa, e também pacientes de ambos os sexos com idades entre 21 e 50 anos, pacientes caucasianos, pacientes procedentes do estado de São Paulo e pacientes com escolaridade até ensino fun¬damental completo. As mulheres foram mais frequentemente assistidas pelo serviço de Intercon¬sulta Psiquiátrica ao longo de todos os anos, assim como ficaram menos tempo in¬ternadas e também tiveram solicitações psiquiátricas realizadas em um menor inter¬valo de tempo após a admis¬são hospitalar. Em trinta anos, a Clínica Médica Geral foi a clínica que mais realizou solicitações psiquiátricas, o motivo de solicitação mais frequente foi a presença de sintomas psiquiátricos e o tempo de internação dos pacientes assistidos pela Inter¬consulta foi maior quando comparado aos pacientes internados no hospital de modo geral. Os transtornos neuróticos, somatoformes e relacionados ao estresse foram os diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais comuns entre as mulheres e homens atendidos pelo SISMen, seguido pelos transtornos de humor e transtornos mentais orgânicos nas mulheres e transtornos mentais orgânicos e transtornos devido ao uso de substân¬cias nos homens. Já em relação ao diagnóstico clínico, foram atendidos com mais frequência mulheres com doenças endócrinas, metabólicas e nutricionais e homens com doenças infecciosas e parasitárias; e casos de múltiplas comorbidades clínicas se tornaram mais frequentes com o passar dos anos. As principais condutas sugeri¬das pelos interconsultores foram: atendimento individual, orientação à equipe e prescrição de psicofármacos para ambos os pacientes, permanecendo frequentes ao longo dos anos, com destaque para um aumento progressivo de casos em que medicações psicotrópicas foram prescritas a partir de meados dos anos 90. E com o passar dos anos, os planos de tratamento se tornaram mais complexos e abran¬gentes e houve um aumento progressivo no número de encaminhamentos para atendimento psiquiátrico ambulatorial. Em relação à qualidade estrutural das solici¬tações psiquiátricas e das respostas dadas pelos interconsultores, ambas foram consideradas aceitáveis ou boas na maioria dos casos, sendo um indicativo positivo na qualidade de comunicação entre os profissionais. Pode-se dizer que este foi o primeiro estudo longitudinal a analisar consecutivamente trinta anos e também toda a população assistida por um serviço de Interconsulta Psiquiátrica / Consultation-liaison Psychiatry is considered by many researchers as the practical and applied area of psychosomatic medicine, which is an area of knowledge concerning the investigation of the interaction between biological and psychosocial factors in the development, course and outcome of all diseases. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in general hospitals range from 20 to 40% of hospitalized patients, but a small portion is assisted by the consultation-liaison and consequently receives psychiatric treatment. Considering this background, this study aimed: a) to obtain information about sociodemographic characteristics of patients and their mental health history (previous treatment and attempted suicide); b) to analyze the referral patterns of consultation-liaison psychiatry, such as referral sources, reasons for referral, length of stay, lagtime and other; c) to describe clinical and psychiatric diagnoses according by ICD-10; d) to analyze pharmacotherapeutic and non-drug interventions; e) to describe aspects related to physicians, health professionals and psychiatrists; and f) to analyze the structural quality of the request made by the physicians and psychiatrists. For this purpose, it was performed a retrospective analysis of all consecutive referrals made between January 1981 and December 2010 to consultation-liaison psychiatry of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo as well as the review of medical charts of all patients assisted by the service. 4882 referrals were made and consultation rate ranged from 0.7 to 1.1%. Sociodemographic characteristics related to sex, color or ethnicity, marital status, patients who lived (for men), employment status (for women), education and origin tended to remain relatively stable over the years. Women had a lower average age than men and were seen more frequently: married men and women (and more single men compared with women), men who lived with their parents and women who lived with their spouses and children, and also patients of both sexes aged between 21 and 50 years, caucasian patients and patients from the state of Sao Paulo. Women were more often assisted by the consultation-liaison service over the years and the length of stay and lagtime were lower than men. In thirty years, internal medicine was the most frequent referral source, presence of psychiatric symptoms was the common reason for referral and the length of stay of patients assisted by consultation-liaison psychiatry was higher compared to those admitted to the hospital in general. The main clinical diagnoses for women and men were endocrine, nutritional and metabolic, cardiovascular diseases and infectious and parasitic diseases and cases with multiple morbidities have become more frequent over the years. One third of patients were diagnosed with neurotic disorders, stress related and somatoform disorders in women and men, followed by mood disorders and organic mental disorders in women, and organic mental disorders and due to substance use in men. The main interventions were individual therapy, guidelines for staff and prescription of psychotropic drugs for women and men. There was a increase in the number of referrals to outpatient psychiatric care. Psychiatric referrals and responses by psychiatrist were considered acceptable or good in most cases, a positive indicative on the quality of communication between professionals. This was the first longitudinal study to examine thirty years consecutively and also the entire population assisted by Consultation-liaison Psychiatry.

A presente tese teve por objetivo compreender as repercussões da condição da criança autista, na vida familiar e conjugal dos pais. Interrogamo-nos, ainda, acerca da utilização da entrevista clínica não-dirigida, seguindo o modelo da consulta terapêutica. Utilizamos também dados de prontuário como recurso auxiliar para obtenção de informações da criança e de seus pais. Participaram deste estudo cinco casais (dez participantes), pais de crianças autistas, cujo filho tinha sido diagnosticado recentemente, tendo iniciado as atividades em uma instituição para tratamento educacional especializado, localizada em um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. O critério de inclusão empregado foi a participação de ambos os membros do casal nas entrevistas. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa de metodologia clínico-qualitativa, em que a Psicanálise foi a teoria de referência, especialmente a abordagem de Donald W. Winnicott. Além disso, apoiamo-nos nos estudos da Psicanálise familiar e de casal, para a análise do material clínico. O estudo pormenorizado das entrevistas estimulou reflexões a partir de três núcleos temáticos levantados: parentalidade e o lugar ocupado pela criança na dinâmica familiar; interface entre parentalidade e conjugalidade; a entrevista como um espaço de holding aos pais, diante da experiência de sofrimento vivenciado. De acordo com as narrativas dos casais, os resultados apontaram que pais e mães foram afetados pela problemática da criança, assim como a relação conjugal foi suplantada pela necessidade iminente de cuidados com o filho autista. Emergiram sentimentos de impotência frente à precariedade dos serviços de saúde, tanto em termos materiais como humanos. Observou-se que, como a descoberta do diagnóstico era recente, muitas angústias surgiram, principalmente por parte das mães, com referência ao tratamento institucional. Dentre elas, estavam as incertezas sobre o atendimento, a problemática da medicação e a inclusão escolar. O reconhecimento dessa condição do filho alterava a autoestima dos pais, levando-os a oscilarem entre momentos de crença e de descrença em face do desenvolvimento do filho, predominando sentimentos ambivalentes de desamparo e de esperança. Cada casal utilizou o setting proposto de forma singular e única, configurando-o de acordo com suas necessidades. Percebemos que a situação da entrevista favoreceu a criação de uma demanda que estava latente, tendo sido adotada como um espaço de escuta e de holding aos pais. Predominou um sentimento de urgência concernente à criança autista que tomava o lugar da vida conjugal e do cuidado com os outros filhos, quando existiam. Diante da complexidade das situações e da variedade de temas emergentes, verificamos que alguns casais puderam se questionar sobre a criação do filho, todavia, manifestaram-se pouco sobre o tipo de conjugalidade construída. Acreditamos que o modelo da consulta terapêutica representa uma proposta ampla e flexível de atendimento aos pais que pode ajudá-los no alívio de suas angústias. Preconizamos que essa modalidade possa servir como um dispositivo de atenção à saúde mental, nos serviços relacionados à problemática em questão / The objective of this thesis is to comprehend the impact of the condition of autistic children on family life and the conjugal relationship of the parents. We also explore the use of the clinical, non-directed interview, following the model of therapeutic consultation. We use data from medical records as an additional resource to obtain information about the child and its parents. Five couples (ten participants), parents of autistic children, whose child had recently been diagnosed and had commenced activities in an educational institution for specialist educational treatment, located in a municipality in the interior of the state of Sao Paulo, participated in this study. The inclusion criterion was the participation of both members of the couple in the interviews. This was a clinical-qualitative study in which psychoanalysis was the theory of reference, especially the approach of Donald W. Winnicott. In addition, we rely on studies of psychoanalysis of families and of couples for the analysis of the clinical material. The detailed study of the interviews prompted reflections on three core themes that emerged: parenting and the space occupied by children in family dynamics; the interface between parenthood and the conjugal relationship; the interview as a holding space for parents on the experience of suffering. According to the narratives of the couples, the results indicated that fathers and mothers were affected by the childrens problem and the conjugal relationship has been superseded by the urgent need to care for the autistic child. Feelings of powerlessness in the face to the precariousness of Health Services, in both material and human terms, emerged. It was observed that, as the discovery of the diagnosis was recent a lot of anguish has arisen, principally for mothers, in relation to institutional treatment. Among them were the uncertainties about the service, the issue of medication and of school inclusion. The recognition of the child\'s condition altered the self-esteem of parents causing them to oscillate between moments of belief and disbelief in the face of the development of the child, predominantly ambivalent feelings of helplessness and hope. Each couple used the setting proposed in a singular and unique way, according to their needs. We perceived that the interview situation favored the creation of a demand that was latent and this was taken as a listening and holding space for the parents. A feeling of urgency prevailed concerning the autistic child, who took the place of the conjugal relationship and the care of other children, when they existed. Given the complexity of the situations and the variety of emerging themes, we found that some couples might question the creation of the child, however, reveal little about the type of conjugal relationship construction. We believe that the model of therapeutic consultation represents a comprehensive and flexible proposal for the assistance of parents which can help to alleviate their anguish. We advocate that this method can serve as a means of care for mental health in the services related to the issue in question

Este trabalho tem como objeto de pesquisa o processo de consulta pública online para elaboração do Marco Civil da Internet, nova lei que dispõe sobre os direitos dos usuários de Internet no Brasil. Ele busca responder às seguintes perguntas: (i) como foi idealizado processo de consulta pública online do Marco Civil da Internet? (ii) Como a consulta foi gerenciada e executada? (iii) Quais foram os resultados da consulta em termos de soluções jurídicas aos conflitos políticos do setor da Internet? A proposta é realizar uma descrição desta experiência de participação social pela Internet a partir de um mapeamento das contribuições dos cidadãos e instituições, de informações em fontes variadas (imprensa especializada ou não e outros trabalhos acadêmicos) e do confronto deste levantamento com entrevistas dadas pelos gestores do projeto sobre seu planejamento e execução. A pesquisa trabalhou com a hipótese de que a consulta pública online que elaborou o Marco Civil da Internet se colocou como alternativa a um debate instaurado dentro do Congresso Nacional e bloqueado por propostas de lei de enfoque penal. O resultado da pesquisa sugere a confirmação dessa hipótese, bem como a relevância da experiência analisada para o sucesso uma estratégia política de reversão dessa agenda legislativa anterior. / Between 2009 and 2011 the Office of Legislative Affairs of the Ministry of Justice (SAL/MJ), in partnership with the Center for Technology and Society at Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV-CTS), organized a virtual platform to collect peoples comments and insights for a new bill that promises to establish a regulatory framework for the Internet: the Marco Civil da Internet. This work aims to describe this experience, addressing the following issues: (i) how the process was created; (ii) how it was managed and operationalized; and (iii) which outputs it produced in terms of legal solutions solving Internet regulation dilemmas. The research tested the hypothesis that the public consultation process revealed a turning point of the Brazilian Internet regulation debate, which was dominated by criminal-related approaches. The study suggests that the hypothesis was correct and that the analyzed experience was relevant in a reexamination of that previous political agenda.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaves 150-158. / by Ramesh Shrikrishna Patil. / Ph.D.

Aims The aims of this study were to increase community pharmacists’ willingness and confidence to provide consultations for people with depression, and to enhance patients’ awareness of the pharmacists’ developing role. Research Design To observe pharmacist-patient consultations, the researcher developed a patient scenario. Pharmacist knowledge and attitude questionnaires were adapted, and a skills observation checklist was developed. Assessments of patient satisfaction levels took place before and after pharmacist training, which included a simulated consultation and action planning. The consultations were both video recorded and observed. Participants undertook a short interview with the researcher and each pharmacist developed his/her own plan for continuing professional development (CPD). An exploration of the interview transcripts was undertaken qualitatively. A University Ethics Panel approved the project. Results There were twenty-two pharmacists who took part in the study, comprising eighteen males and four females. MPharm students comprised one female and two males, and community pharmacists made up three females and sixteen males. The quantitative results: It was found that pharmacists possessed appropriate knowledge (the mean score was 75%, which showed that the pharmacists were aware of the safety and action of anti-depressants). The mean score for attitude was 54%, which tends towards the positive. When observing the simulated consultations, the mean score for initiating a consultation session was recorded at 28%. This indicates that the pharmacists were not very interested in initiating rapport with patients. However, the highest mean score calculated was 61%, which corresponded with closing a consultation. For data collection and action, the mean scores were 42% and 35%, respectively, and this indicates the need for improvement in these areas. The qualitative findings: The pharmacists demonstrated good knowledge about anti-depressants and held positive attitudes towards people with depression. However, the pharmacists were not very willing to exercise the responsibilities of their extended role or provide additional services for patients. The pharmacists lacked certain skills and opportunities to be able to enhance the patients’ satisfaction. The pharmacists in this study needed to improve their soft skills in some areas and engage in mutual discussion with patients in order to enhance patients’ expectations with the service provided. Conclusion/discussion The knowledge and attitude of pharmacists were good, but their consultation skills could be improved. Although simulated consultation allowed pharmacists to review their skills and practice the apparent impact on patient care was limited. This study has enable greater understanding of pharmacist strategies when consulting people with depression, and the findings could be used by those developing training programmes for enhancing pharmacists skills.