Este trabalho apresenta os principais conceitos e resultados de Geometria Euclidiana Plana, apresentando as definições básicas, os axiomas, bem como os principais resultados desta teoria. Neste trabalho, apresentamos também diferentes formas de abordar estes conceitos no ensino básico, usando ferramentas tecnológicas (como o geogebra), bem como ferramentas lúdicas (tais como dobraduras e geoplano). Esta dissertação está dividida em dez capítulos. Os capítulos 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 têm como principal finalidade apresentar os principais conceitos e resultados desta teoria. No capítulo 9, apresentamos atividades, utilizando a ferramenta tecnológica geogebra envolvendo os principais conceitos e resultados em geometria plana. As atividades descritas foram realizadas com os alunos da escola Profa. Dolores Martins de Castro, no Departamento de Computação e Matemática da Universidade de São Paulo, campus Ribeirão Preto. No capítulo 10, apresentamos diversas propostas de atividades envolvendo ferramentas lúdicas. As ferramentas utilizadas foram dobraduras e geoplano. Também, estas atividades foram realizadas com os alunos da escola Profa. Dolores Martins de Castro na própria escola. Este trabalho se apresenta como um roteiro e um material complementar, que poderá ser seguido pelo professor ao longo do ensino básico com propostas pedagógicas para serem aplicadas em sala de aula. Nosso objetivo é oferecer ao leitor um trabalho contextualizado, apresentado de maneira detalhada com diversas ilustrações que pode facilmente ser seguido. / In this work, we present the main concepts and results of the Euclidean Plane Geometry, presenting the basic definitions, axioms, as well the main results of this theory. Also, we bring some ways to present these concepts in the elementary education, using technological tools (as geogebra) as well ludic tools (such as folding and geoplane). This dissertation is divided into ten chapters . Chapters 2, 3 , 4, 5 , 6, 7 and 8 are devoted to present the basic concepts and the main results of this theory. In Chapter 9, we present proposals of activities using the technological tool called geogebra which treats about the main concepts and results in Euclidean Plane Geometry. The described activities were made with the students of the school Profa. Dolores Martins de Castro at the Department of Computation and Mathematics of the University of São Paulo, campus Ribeirão Preto. In Chapter 10, we present several proposals for activities using ludic tools. The used tools were folding and Geoplane. This work is presented as a script, which can be followed by the professor throughout elementary education and presents several pedagogical proposals to be applied in classrooms. Our goal is to offer to the reader a contextualized and didatical approach of the contents, which can be easily followed.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / "MBA professional report"--Cover. Joint authors: Robert K. DeGuzman Jr., Thomas S. Fulford III, Jesse E. Porter Sr. Thesis advisor(s): Donald R. Eaton, Kevin R. Gue, Mary A. Malina. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73). Also available online.

Submitted by SILVANA ROCHA DA SILVEIRA null (silvana.silveira@anhanguera.com) on 2017-11-29T13:04:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Análise do comportamento do centro de pressão (CoP) na posição ereta quieta em situação de aclive, declive e horizontal diante da movimentação cefálica..pdf: 2182243 bytes, checksum: fd39ef1b65f1cbb09db1e3c1d618854b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2017-11-29T14:23:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_sr_dr_guara.pdf: 2182243 bytes, checksum: fd39ef1b65f1cbb09db1e3c1d618854b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-29T14:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_sr_dr_guara.pdf: 2182243 bytes, checksum: fd39ef1b65f1cbb09db1e3c1d618854b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / O controle postural é um requisito imprescindível para a execução das habilidades motoras durante as tarefas das atividades de vida diária, logo, há a necessidade constante de ajuste dos segmentos corporais para garantir a autonomia e independência da mobilidade humana, dentro da conjuntura da acessibilidade. Os ajustes posturais são resultantes da interação do sistema sensório–motor e da sua correlação com o meio ambiente, produzindo orientação e estabilidade postural esperada durante a execução das atividades diárias, sendo ela estática ou dinâmica. Deste modo, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar e comparar o comportamento do centro de pressão na posição ereta quieta em situação de aclive, declive e horizontal diante da movimentação cefálica, entre três grupos com faixas etárias diferentes. O estudo transversal foi composto de 28 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, divididos em três grupos por faixas etárias (20 a 29 anos, 30 a 59 anos e acima de 60 anos), de acordo com os critérios de inclusão. O instrumento de avaliação constituiu-se por uma plataforma de força acoplada numa rampa com 15° e em um platô horizontal. A coleta dos dados seguiu um protocolo pré-determinado, envolvendo a posição ereta quieta com olhos abertos (OA), em quatro condições cefálicas, em três situações: aclive, declive e horizontal. Os dados obtidos foram trabalhados por meio do programa Matlab® e para a análise estatística foi aplicado o programa Action Start, utilizando a análise descritiva dos dados e o Teste Anova: fator único, Teste-t: duas amostras em par para média e Teste-t: duas amostras presumindo variâncias diferentes. Os resultados do presente estudo apontaram que a oscilação do CoP na posição ereta quieta com olhos abertos, se alteram diante das condições em que o segmento cefálico encontra – se em movimento, independente das situações de aclive, declive e horizontal, principalmente nos grupos com faixa etária igual ou superior a 60 anos / Postural control is an essential requirement for the performance of motor skills during daily activities, so there is a constant need to adjust the body segments to ensure the autonomy and independence of human mobility, within the context of accessibility. Postural adjustments result from the interaction of the sensor - motor system and its correlation with the environment, producing orientation and postural stability expected during the execution of daily activities, being static or dynamic. Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze and compare the behavior of the pressure center in the standing upright position in slope, slope and horizontal situation in front of the head movement, between three groups with different age groups. The cross-sectional study consisted of 28 individuals of both genders, divided into three groups by age group (20 to 29 years, 30 to 59 years and above 60 years), according to the inclusion criteria. The evaluation instrument consisted of a force platform coupled on a ramp with 15 ° and a horizontal plateau. Data collection followed a predetermined protocol, involving the standing upright position with open eyes (OA), in four cephalic conditions, in three situations - slope, slope and horizontal. The data obtained were worked through the Matlab® program and for the statistical analysis the Action program was applied using descriptive data analysis and the Anova test: single factor, t-test: two samples in pairs for mean and t-test: Two samples assuming different variances. The results of the present study pointed out that the oscillation of the CoP in the quiet standing position with open eyes, are altered by the conditions in which the cephalic segment is in motion, independent of slope, slope and horizontal situations, Aged 60 years or over

Este trabalho apresenta os principais conceitos e resultados de Geometria Euclidiana Plana, apresentando as definições básicas, os axiomas, bem como os principais resultados desta teoria. Neste trabalho, apresentamos também diferentes formas de abordar estes conceitos no ensino básico, usando ferramentas tecnológicas (como o geogebra), bem como ferramentas lúdicas (tais como dobraduras e geoplano). Esta dissertação está dividida em dez capítulos. Os capítulos 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 têm como principal finalidade apresentar os principais conceitos e resultados desta teoria. No capítulo 9, apresentamos atividades, utilizando a ferramenta tecnológica geogebra envolvendo os principais conceitos e resultados em geometria plana. As atividades descritas foram realizadas com os alunos da escola Profa. Dolores Martins de Castro, no Departamento de Computação e Matemática da Universidade de São Paulo, campus Ribeirão Preto. No capítulo 10, apresentamos diversas propostas de atividades envolvendo ferramentas lúdicas. As ferramentas utilizadas foram dobraduras e geoplano. Também, estas atividades foram realizadas com os alunos da escola Profa. Dolores Martins de Castro na própria escola. Este trabalho se apresenta como um roteiro e um material complementar, que poderá ser seguido pelo professor ao longo do ensino básico com propostas pedagógicas para serem aplicadas em sala de aula. Nosso objetivo é oferecer ao leitor um trabalho contextualizado, apresentado de maneira detalhada com diversas ilustrações que pode facilmente ser seguido. / In this work, we present the main concepts and results of the Euclidean Plane Geometry, presenting the basic definitions, axioms, as well the main results of this theory. Also, we bring some ways to present these concepts in the elementary education, using technological tools (as geogebra) as well ludic tools (such as folding and geoplane). This dissertation is divided into ten chapters . Chapters 2, 3 , 4, 5 , 6, 7 and 8 are devoted to present the basic concepts and the main results of this theory. In Chapter 9, we present proposals of activities using the technological tool called geogebra which treats about the main concepts and results in Euclidean Plane Geometry. The described activities were made with the students of the school Profa. Dolores Martins de Castro at the Department of Computation and Mathematics of the University of São Paulo, campus Ribeirão Preto. In Chapter 10, we present several proposals for activities using ludic tools. The used tools were folding and Geoplane. This work is presented as a script, which can be followed by the professor throughout elementary education and presents several pedagogical proposals to be applied in classrooms. Our goal is to offer to the reader a contextualized and didatical approach of the contents, which can be easily followed.

No description available.

Un mur de soutènement en pierre sèche (MSPS) est un ouvrage vernaculaire construit par empilement de blocs rocheux sans liant. Ce type de mur a fortement sculpté les campagnes françaises mais a aussi été utilisé par le passé dans des ouvrages de soutènement que ce soit routier ou ferroviaire. Pourtant, l’utilisation de cette technologie a disparu au cours du 20e siècle au profit de solutions industrialisées comme le béton armé. Face à ce patrimoine vieillissant, il est très difficile de proposer des protocoles de réparation alors que la réglementation associée à ces ouvrages est inexistante. Pour les mêmes raisons, alors que cette technologie répond parfaitement aux questions soulevées par le développement durable, elle est rarement envisagée ou retenue par les prescripteurs. La rupture des MSPSs neufs peut apparaître à cause de : (1) une poussée excessive du remblai soutenu par le mur, (2) un effort concentré excessif présent sur la surface du remblai et proche de la tête du mur. Ces deux causes induisent deux types de rupture très différents, respectivement : (1) rupture en déformation plane, (2) rupture par apparition d’un ventre. Trois expériences récentes à l’échelle 1 des MSPSs chargés par : (1) une poussée hydrostatique, (2) un remblai, (3) un remblai avec une force concentrée sur la surface de ce dernier, ont permis d’identifier certains phénomènes mis en jeu dans ces ruptures. Ce travail de thèse contribuera alors au développement de nouveaux outils scientifiques mais aussi à valider des outils existants pour dimensionner les MSPSs. Les expériences réalisées à l’échelle 1 serviront alors de cadre à ce travail pour valider les outils développés. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser une approche aux éléments discrets (MED) où chaque bloc de pierre du mur est modélisé individuellement, respectant ainsi la nature-Même de l’ouvrage réel. Dans un premier temps, une rupture de type déformation plane est modélisée par une approche discrète pure et une approche discrète-Continue. Les atouts et inconvénients de chacune des méthodes sont mis en avant. Une validation quantitative des modèles numériques est faite en comparant la hauteur critique de chargement avec les expériences à l’échelle 1. Ensuite, on étudie la sensibilité de plusieurs paramètres géométriques et mécaniques sur la hauteur critique de chargement, tout comme l’influence de la cohésion du remblai. Enfin, une première modélisation 3D de type qualitative sur la rupture des MSPS par un chargement concentré en surface du remblai est présentée. Les problèmes de modélisation sont soulevés et l’influence de la forme des blocs dans le processus de rupture est étudiée. / A dry-Stone retaining wall (DSRW) is a vernacular structure constructed by stacking the stone blocks without using any binder. In the past, this wall has been extensively used, shaping the French countryside area, built either for road or railroad retaining wall. However, the use of this technology has disappeared during 20th century, due to the emergence of more industrialized materials such as reinforced concrete. Confronted by these ageing heritage structures, it is very difficult to propose a proper reparation procedure since the building codes associated with this structure are nonexistent. For the same reason, though this technology perfectly answers the questions raised by the concept of sustainable development, in practice this structure is rarely considered or used by the engineering advisors. The failure of the newly built DSRWs can be attributed to the following reasons: (1) an excessive pressure of backfill retained by the wall, (2) a presence of an excessive concentrated load on the backfill surface, close to the top part of the wall. These two types of loading lead to two very different types of failure, respectively: (1) plane strain failure, (2) bulging failure. Three recent experimental campaigns of DSRWs loaded with: (1) hydrostatic pressure, (2) backfill, (3) backfill with a concentrated on its surface, provided a better understanding of phenomena involved in these failures. The work presented in this PhD thesis contributes to the development of new scientific tools capable to help design the DSRWs, as well as validating existing tools. The recent full-Scale experimental campaign will serve as a basis to the validation of the developed numerical tools. We have chosen to use a discrete element method (DEM) where each stone block of the wall is modeled individually, complying with the nature of real DSRW. In the first place, the plane strain failure is modeled by a purely discrete approach and a discrete-Continuum approach. The advantage and inconvenient of each method will be presented in advance. A quantitative validation of numerical models is provided by comparing the critical height of loading with results derived from the full-Scale experimental campaign. Thereafter, a 3D qualitative model of DSRWs loaded with a concentrated load on the backfill surface is presented. The modeling problem is noted and the influence of the block form in regards of the related failure mechanism is studied.

No description available.

This thesis introduces two ortho-planar MEMS devices that can be used to position microcomponents: the XZ Micropositioning Mechanism and the XYZ Micromanipulator. The displacement and force relationships are presented. The devices were fabricated using surface micromachining processes and the resulting mechanisms were tested. A compliant XYZ Micromanipulator was also designed to reduce backlash and binding. In addition, several other MEMS positioners were fabricated and tested: the Micropositioning Platform Mechanism (MPM), the Ortho-planar Twisting Micromechanism (OTM), and the Ortho-planar Spring Micromechanism (OSM).

Le problème initial traité dans cette thèse relève du cadre général de la modélisation des tunnels profonds. Pour cela, on a adopté l'approche basée sur la mécanique linéaire de la rupture. L'étude s'est appuyée sur le critère mixte de Leguillon. Suite à cette étude, on a pu tirer que ce n'est pas le critère mixte qui est insuffisant mais plutôt la façon d'aborder le problème. D'où le passage à la prise en compte de l'hétérogénéité du matériau constitutif et la possibilité d'amorçage d'une fissure sous une contrainte de compression. Une première approche a été entreprise par l'étude d'une bicouche périodique sous contrainte de compression verticale. La couche de grande raideur s'est apparue le siège d'une traction transversale. Effectivement la possibilité d'amorçage d'une fissure est tout à fait probable grâce toujours à la vérification des critères d'énergie et de contrainte. Une deuxième approche consistait à observer au plus près la microstructure du matériau ; on a considéré le problème d'une inclusion elliptique dans une matrice infinie. Par la méthode des variables complexes et la technique de la transformation conforme, on a analysé le champ de contrainte autour de l'inclusion et on a mis en évidence la présence d'une traction qui dépend fortement des paramètres choisis. Par la méthode des éléments finis étendus, on a calculé la variation de l'énergie potentielle mise en jeu par la création d'une fissure. Par une démarche semblable à l'approche précédente, à savoir la vérification des critères d'énergie et de contrainte, on a conclu à la possibilité d'amorçage d'une fissure. Mots clefs : mécanique linéaire de la rupture, critère mixte de Leguillon, énergie potentielle, taux de restitution d'énergie, méthode des éléments finis étendus, bicouche périodique, méthode des variables complexes / The initial problem treated in this thesis falls within the general framework of modeling deep tunnels. For this reason, the approach based on linear fracture mechanics was adopted. The study was based on the mixed criterion of Leguillon. Following This study, the mixed criterion was not insufficient but the way to approach the problem was. Where the transition to the consideration of the heterogeneity of the material component and the possibility of initing a crack under a compressive stress. A first approach was undertaken the study of periodic bilayer under the stress of vertical compression. The layer of the highest stiffness has appeared the seat of a transverse traction. Indeed the possibility to initiate a crack is quite likely always through the verification of the energy and the stress criteria. A second approach was to observe more closer the microstructure of the material; we have considered the problem of elliptic inclusion in an infinite matrix. By the method of complex variables and the technique of conformal mapping, we analyzed the stress field around the inclusion and were revealed the presence of a traction which depends strongly of the selected parameters. By the extended finite element method, we calculated the variation of the potential energy involved by creating a fracture. In a similar approach to the previous one, namely verification of the energy and the stress criteria, we concluded the possibility of initiating a crack. Keywords: linear fracture mechanics, mixed criterion of Leguillon, potential energy, energy release rate, extended finite element method, periodic bilayer, method of complex variables

Les diagnostics cliniques des maladies cardio-vasculaires sont principalement effectués à l’aide d’échographies Doppler-couleur malgré ses restrictions : mesures de vélocité dépendantes de l’angle ainsi qu’une fréquence d’images plus faible à cause de focalisation traditionnelle. Deux études, utilisant des approches différentes, adressent ces restrictions en utilisant l’imagerie à onde-plane, post-traitée avec des méthodes de délai et sommation et d’autocorrélation. L’objectif de la présente étude est de ré-implémenté ces méthodes pour analyser certains paramètres qui affecte la précision des estimations de la vélocité du flux sanguin en utilisant le Doppler vectoriel 2D. À l’aide d’expériences in vitro sur des flux paraboliques stationnaires effectuées avec un système Verasonics, l’impact de quatre paramètres sur la précision de la cartographie a été évalué : le nombre d’inclinaisons par orientation, la longueur d’ensemble pour les images à orientation unique, le nombre de cycles par pulsation, ainsi que l’angle de l’orientation pour différents flux. Les valeurs optimales sont de 7 inclinaisons par orientation, une orientation de ±15° avec 6 cycles par pulsation. La précision de la reconstruction est comparable à l’échographie Doppler conventionnelle, tout en ayant une fréquence d’image 10 à 20 fois supérieure, permettant une meilleure caractérisation des transitions rapides qui requiert une résolution temporelle élevée. / Clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease is dominated by colour-Doppler ultrasound despite its limitations: angle-dependent velocity measurements and low frame-rate from conventional focusing. Two studies, varying in their approach, address these limitations using plane-wave imaging, post-processed with the delay-and-sum and autocorrelation methods. The aim of this study is to re-implement these methods, investigating some parameters which affect blood velocity estimation accuracy using 2D vector-Doppler. Through in vitro experimentation on stationary parabolic flow, using a Verasonics system, four parameters were tested on mapping accuracy: number of tilts per orientation, ensemble length for single titled images, cycles per transmit pulse, and orientation angle at various flow-rates. The optimal estimates were found for 7 compounded tilts per image, oriented at ±15° with 6 cycles per pulse. Reconstruction accuracies were comparable to conventional Doppler; however, maintaining frame-rates more than 10 to 20 times faster, allowing better characterization of fast transient events requiring higher temporal resolution.