Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem por objeto o tema da negatividade ontológica constitutiva da existência humana na obra Ser e Tempo de Martin Heidegger. Na primeira parte é analisada as descrições efetuadas por Heidegger na primeira seção de Ser e Tempo sobre a dinâmica existencial do homem compreendido como ser-aí (Dasein). Nesse primeiro momento é evidenciado o caráter negativo da existência. Para tanto, partiremos da reconstrução dos conceitos de existência e deu seu caráter intencional e poder-ser (Seinkonnen) em Ser e Tempo. Na segunda parte, a análise da tonalidade afetiva da angústia é o ponto de partida para se chegar ao modo de ser do homem, descrito por Heidegger como cuidado (Sorge). Argumentaremos também, que o cuidado é o único modo de ser compatível com um ente que em seu modo de ser mais próprio é marcado por uma negatividade (incompletude) radical. Por último, em nosso terceiro capítulo, apresentaremos, em seus traços gerais, a possibilidade compatível com o caráter de poder-ser do ser-aí: a possibilidade da morte, compreendida ontologicamente como ser-para-a-morte. Na conclusão, apontaremos o interesse maior de Heidegger em investigar a dinâmica existencial do ser-aí. Esse interesse consiste, em visualizar, por meio do que Heidegger chama de crise existencial do ser-aí (proporcionada pela angústia) o ponto de gênese das ontologias. / The present dissertation aims the theme of ontological negativity constitutive of human existence in the work Being and Time of Martin Heidegger. In the first part, we examine the descriptions made by Heidegger in the first section of Being and Time about the dynamics of the existential man understood as being-there (Dasein). Initially is shown the negative character of existence. To do that, we start with the reconstruction of existence concepts and its intentional characteristcs and able to be (Seinkonnen) in Being and Time. In the second part, the analysis of the affective tone of anguish is the starting point to get to the mode of being of man, described carefully by Heidegger (Sorge). We also argue that caution is the only way to be compatible with an entity that in its own way of being is marked by an radical negativity (incomplete). Finally, in the third chapter, we present, in its general features, the possibility compatible with the character of able to be of the being-there: the possibility of death, ontologically understood as being-for-death. In the conclusion, we pointed the greatest interest of Heidegger in his investigation of existential dynamics of the being-there. This interest consist in to visualize, through what Heidegger calls of existential crisis of being-there (provided by the anguish) the genesis point of the ontologies.

Sacred texts authored in antiquity present a challenge for contemporary religious practitioners because there is always a question regarding how to interpret and apply the message today. Prominent Pentecostal theologian and disability theorist Amos Yong faces this challenge concerning the Bible as it relates to disabilities and those who have them. As I argue in this thesis, Yong succeeds in challenging the Pentecostal perceptions of disability without compromising on the over-all Pentecostal view of scripture. The Hebrew Bible, which, according to Yong, "...serves as the foundation of the Christian scriptures," contains multiple passages that portray disability in a negative light. For example, the Old Testament contains laws and regulations governing the priestly liturgical cult that place very strict guidelines on who is allowed to fulfill what duties based on one's lineage and physical condition. The Old Testament also contains passages in which the God of the Hebrews makes a covenant linking obedience with health and disobedience with sickness. The second part of the Christian scriptures (the New Testament) also includes multiple narratives that portray disability as (at the very least) an undesirable phenomenon. For example, the healing narrative and miracles attributed to Jesus and his followers are used by Pentecostals to stress the importance of physical healing. Consider also the Pentecostal understanding of the cross event. According to Pentecostal scholar Keith Warrington, the cross is used to emphasize triumph over suffering, sin, and the devil. The challenge for contemporary religious practitioners, then, is deciding how one is to interpret and apply the message of a given text today. For example, (a) how does a contemporary Pentecostal (that utilizes the Bible as a sacred text) view the phenomenon of disability and passages of scripture that marginalize the differently-able today? Furthermore, (b) how does Yong successfully arrive at non-Pentecostal convictions concerning the differently-able while maintaining his Pentecostal beliefs about scripture? In order to explain how Yong succeeds in justifying his non-Pentecostal perceptions of the differently-able one must first understand the overall Pentecostal convictions concerning scripture which inform the Pentecostal perception of disability. The authority of, and use for, the Bible as it informs the perception of disability within Pentecostalism (a variant of (a)) will be the focus of Chapter One. Chapter Two will introduce Yong's theological hermeneutic which articulates his understanding of the purpose of scripture. By examining the hermeneutical approach utilized by Yong in his earlier work Spirit-Word-Community, on biblical interpretation, one can gain a clearer picture of how he relates methods of interpretation to his perception of disability in his later work The Bible, Disability, and the Church (a variant of (b)). The final task, then, is to demonstrate how Yong successfully solves the problem of exclusion experienced by the differently-able while maintaining his Pentecostal beliefs about scripture. Chapter Three articulates Yong's hermeneutical solution to the problem of exclusion justified within the Pentecostal understanding of scripture. This is done through understanding Yong's `disability hermeneutic. This chapter explicates Yong's assertion that the way Pentecostals have misinterpreted scripture is to blame for exclusive and oppressive perceptions of disability.

A movement in literature has evolved out of the aftermath of 9/11 to confront the spectacle of terrorism perpetuated by the corporate news media and find a way to respond to terrorism in a more ethical manner. In this dissertation, I examine the influence of the media on literary production in the post-9/11 environment and how writers push back against the foreclosure of the media spectacle of terrorism. I examine a particular practice, infotainment, which crosses over from television news into literature that focuses on terrorism, and I lay out the theoretical framework for understanding literary responses to this practice. Since 9/11, the corporate media has been fixated with terrorism, and the vast amount of literature produced since the tragedy that focuses on terrorism demonstrates terrorism?s influence on literary production. I expose a theoretical basis for how literature intervenes in the spectacle of terrorism, offering a challenge to media foreclosure through an ethical engagement. Then, I examine texts in both the American and global contexts to determine how they intervene in the foreclosure and form more ethical responses. Writers like Don DeLillo and Moshin Hamid confront the unified definition of terrorism the corporate media presents by opening the subject to unanswered questions and in-depth examinations from all angles that enable responses rather than close off diverse perspectives. Literary writers strive to respond to the singular nature of each event, while positing an understanding of the plight of victims and perpetrators alike. The texts I examine each engage the foreclosure of the media spectacle of terrorism, creating a critical discourse by opening gaps, imposing ethical hesitation, reinstituting singularity, and responding to terrorism in an ethical manner. Don DeLillo posits an exemplary challenge to writers issued by terrorism in an often quoted line from Mao II: ?What terrorists gain, novelists lose. The degree to which they influence mass consciousness is the extent of our decline as shapers of sensibility and thought.? DeLillo, along with other contemporary writers, takes up this challenge in order to ethically respond to the spectacle of terrorism.

Inspired by feminist post-structural thinking and with a discourse analytic approach, this study’s main theme is gendered identity, disability and sport. It consists of four separate, but interrelated, empirical studies and focuses on two research questions. Firstly, how do female and male wheelchair racers construct and perform their identities? Secondly, how are female and male wheelchair racers represented in Swedish sports media? To answer the research questions, semi-structured interviews with wheelchair racers, and a critical analysis of sports media texts from the Paralympics in Sydney, 2000 have been conducted. In this dissertation the composition of unwritten regulations produced by the media texts, that shaped the practice of wheelchair athletes was conceptualized as the discourse of able-ism. Findings indicate that the sports media texts constructed the subject of ‘disabled sportsman/sportswoman’, which indirectly reproduced the conception of a copy and not an original. The exclusion was, however, concealed and neutralized through the regulation and differentiation that the discourse of able-ism legitimated. Although sports media still seems to reinforce negative stereotypes of disabled athletes, the wheelchair racers themselves are challenging the gender, sport and disability discourses and establishing new ways of being physically powerful and excellent in and outside the sports arena. In fact, when the athletes got the opportunity to make their voices heard in media, they re-dressed the twisted picture of wheelchair racing as passive rehabilitation training into elite sport. Consequently, it seems that wheelchair racing and its high status in disability sports empowers both male and female racers which increases their possibility to be represented as ‘real’ sportsmen and sportwomen. Finally, although, the athletes have shown that wheelchair racing has a given place in modern sport, ‘being able’ as an athlete and being a gendered individual are still strongly connected to the appearance and performance of the un-impaired body.

A movement in literature has evolved out of the aftermath of 9/11 to confront the spectacle of terrorism perpetuated by the corporate news media and find a way to respond to terrorism in a more ethical manner. In this dissertation, I examine the influence of the media on literary production in the post-9/11 environment and how writers push back against the foreclosure of the media spectacle of terrorism. I examine a particular practice, infotainment, which crosses over from television news into literature that focuses on terrorism, and I lay out the theoretical framework for understanding literary responses to this practice. Since 9/11, the corporate media has been fixated with terrorism, and the vast amount of literature produced since the tragedy that focuses on terrorism demonstrates terrorism?s influence on literary production. I expose a theoretical basis for how literature intervenes in the spectacle of terrorism, offering a challenge to media foreclosure through an ethical engagement. Then, I examine texts in both the American and global contexts to determine how they intervene in the foreclosure and form more ethical responses. Writers like Don DeLillo and Moshin Hamid confront the unified definition of terrorism the corporate media presents by opening the subject to unanswered questions and in-depth examinations from all angles that enable responses rather than close off diverse perspectives. Literary writers strive to respond to the singular nature of each event, while positing an understanding of the plight of victims and perpetrators alike. The texts I examine each engage the foreclosure of the media spectacle of terrorism, creating a critical discourse by opening gaps, imposing ethical hesitation, reinstituting singularity, and responding to terrorism in an ethical manner. Don DeLillo posits an exemplary challenge to writers issued by terrorism in an often quoted line from Mao II: ?What terrorists gain, novelists lose. The degree to which they influence mass consciousness is the extent of our decline as shapers of sensibility and thought.? DeLillo, along with other contemporary writers, takes up this challenge in order to ethically respond to the spectacle of terrorism.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem por objeto o tema da negatividade ontológica constitutiva da existência humana na obra Ser e Tempo de Martin Heidegger. Na primeira parte é analisada as descrições efetuadas por Heidegger na primeira seção de Ser e Tempo sobre a dinâmica existencial do homem compreendido como ser-aí (Dasein). Nesse primeiro momento é evidenciado o caráter negativo da existência. Para tanto, partiremos da reconstrução dos conceitos de existência e deu seu caráter intencional e poder-ser (Seinkonnen) em Ser e Tempo. Na segunda parte, a análise da tonalidade afetiva da angústia é o ponto de partida para se chegar ao modo de ser do homem, descrito por Heidegger como cuidado (Sorge). Argumentaremos também, que o cuidado é o único modo de ser compatível com um ente que em seu modo de ser mais próprio é marcado por uma negatividade (incompletude) radical. Por último, em nosso terceiro capítulo, apresentaremos, em seus traços gerais, a possibilidade compatível com o caráter de poder-ser do ser-aí: a possibilidade da morte, compreendida ontologicamente como ser-para-a-morte. Na conclusão, apontaremos o interesse maior de Heidegger em investigar a dinâmica existencial do ser-aí. Esse interesse consiste, em visualizar, por meio do que Heidegger chama de crise existencial do ser-aí (proporcionada pela angústia) o ponto de gênese das ontologias. / The present dissertation aims the theme of ontological negativity constitutive of human existence in the work Being and Time of Martin Heidegger. In the first part, we examine the descriptions made by Heidegger in the first section of Being and Time about the dynamics of the existential man understood as being-there (Dasein). Initially is shown the negative character of existence. To do that, we start with the reconstruction of existence concepts and its intentional characteristcs and able to be (Seinkonnen) in Being and Time. In the second part, the analysis of the affective tone of anguish is the starting point to get to the mode of being of man, described carefully by Heidegger (Sorge). We also argue that caution is the only way to be compatible with an entity that in its own way of being is marked by an radical negativity (incomplete). Finally, in the third chapter, we present, in its general features, the possibility compatible with the character of able to be of the being-there: the possibility of death, ontologically understood as being-for-death. In the conclusion, we pointed the greatest interest of Heidegger in his investigation of existential dynamics of the being-there. This interest consist in to visualize, through what Heidegger calls of existential crisis of being-there (provided by the anguish) the genesis point of the ontologies.

The present study reflects upon the identification process for gifted or highly able children through a systematic study of the literature, with the aim of providing them with an adequate and stimulating education beginning at an early age. The identification process requires an adequate diagnostic process of giftedness, and creativity is an important determining factor. Creativity, however, is a very complex construct due to differences in definition in the psychology field. This study aims to make a valuable contribution by discussing how to measure creativity in gifted or highly able children, as well as proving recommendations in the diagnostic process. / El presente estudio busca reflexionar acerca del proceso de identificación de los niños superdotados o talentosos, a partir de un estudio sistemático de la literatura especializada, con el fin de brindarles una educación adecuada y estimulante desde edades tempranas. El procesode identificación demanda un proceso diagnóstico adecuado de la superdotación, enel que la creatividad es un factor determinante. La creatividad como concepto psicológico,es una categoría especialmente compleja, debido a que existen diferentes aproximaciones y definiciones de la misma. Este estudio contribuye a dar respuesta a la mejor manera en que se puede medir la creatividad en niños superdotados o talentosos, proponiendo recomendaciones al respecto.

O pensamento ocidental entrou, em seus primórdios fundantes, em um beco, sem saber que se tratava de uma via sem saída. Quando chegado o tão esperado acabamento, não houve a recompensa sonhada, algum tipo de conhecimento pleno, mas o desânimo de uma obra não concluída. Foi necessário buscar uma saída, a qual não poderia ser outra senão a própria entrada. Assim, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Arendt e outros redesenharam todo o percurso da filosofia até os que com desdém foram chamados poetas, os pré-socráticos, a estabelecer novas possibilidades para a já tão íntima relação entre verdade e liberdade, bem como novas possibilidades para o ser e seu modos, o dever-ser e o poder-ser, e, ainda, novas possibilidades para o próprio pensamento. / Western thought has entered, in its infancy founding, in an alley, not knowing that it was a dead end. When it reached the awaited end, there was no dreamed reward, some kind of full knowledge, but the dismay of a work not completed. It was necessary to find a way out, which could not be other than the entry itself. Thus, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Arendt and others redesigned all the way of philosophy until those who were scornfully called poets, the pre-Socratics, to establish new possibilities for the already intimate relationship between truth and freedom, as well as new possibilities to the being and its modes, the being-ought and the being-able, and also new possibilities for thought itself.

Hur vi pratar och skriver konstituerar våra kunskaper och verklighetsuppfattningar och därmed kan en inte betrakta mänsklig kommunikation som en neutral handling. Språket utgör ett redskap som vidmakthåller ability privilege, sociala relationer och maktstrukturer. Många gånger är detta något som inte belyses i forskning inom Sverige och inom Sveriges rådande socialpolitik. Hur och utifrån vilka sammanhang rådande politiken väljer att belysa ett visst fenomen formar dock människors uppfattningar och förhållningssätt till fenomenet. Målet med detta arbete är att studera hur individer med normbrytande funktioner kan representeras på kommuners webbsajter. Främsta fokuseringen i arbetet är att tydliggöra vilka begrepp, perspektiv och kontexter kommunerna representerar normbrytande funktioner utifrån. Detta kommer att göras utifrån en belysning av förhållandet mellan skriftligt språk och samhälle. Studien har även i syfte att framhäva om normativa verklighetsuppfattningar och kunskapsbildningar används och framhävs i kommunernas skriftliga information om individer med normbrytande funktioner. I studien har fyra kommuner inom Skåne valts ut och utefter deras material har länkar med relevans för normbrytande funktioner och detta arbete valts ut. Blicken i detta arbete vilar på able som teori och på diskurs som teori, en blick som används för att kunna få en förståelse över normativa mönster, strukturer och historiska-och sociala konstruktioner i representationer av normbrytande funktioner. Många gånger kan konstruktioner av beteende och handlingsmönster m.m., genom diskurser upplevas som något självklart och absolut. Genom Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys kommer data i detta arbete analyseras utifrån Faircloughs tredimensionella modell i syfte om att kunna identifiera diskurser som utgör en konstituerande funktion i bildningen och reproduceringen av ojämlika maktförhållanden. Utifrån analysens resultat framgick det att representationer av individer med normbrytande funktioner övergripande gånger gjordes med begreppet “funktionsnedsättning” och utifrån en medicinsk förståelse för normbrytande funktioner. Vid enstaka tillfällen kan en se representationsformer av kommuner som grundar sig i en individ och omgivnings kontext. Individen blir i materialet konstruerad till ett objekt med problem, svårigheter som är i behov av stöd och hjälp för att klara av sitt vardagsliv och roll i samhället. I materialet framgick ett tydligt fokus på individens funktioner och vid enstaka gånger ålder medan kön och etnicitet inte belystes i texten. Beskrivningar av normbrytande funktioner vilar övergripande gånger på ett karaktäristiskt tänkt för able och dess normativa förväntningar på beteende mönster och funktionella funktioner. / How we speak and write constitutes our knowledge and perceptions of reality and because of this, human communication cannot be understood as a neutral act. Even though language is a tool that maintains ability privileges, social relationships and power structures, language is continued to stay in the shadow in Swedish research and within Sweden's current social policy. How and from what context prevailing policies choose to highlight a particular phenomenon, however, shape people's perceptions and approaches to the phenomenon. The aim of this work is to study how individuals that live with functions that do not classify as a norm can be represented on municipalities’ public websites. The main focus of the work is to clarify what concepts, perspectives and contexts the municipalities represent individuals that lives with functions that doesn't classified as a norm, from. This will be based on an explanation of the relationship between written language and society. The study also aims to emphasize how normative perceptions of reality and knowledge images are used and highlighted in the municipalities written information about individuals with functions that doesn't classified as a norm. For this study, websites with information about individuals with functions that doesn't classified as a norm and with relevance to this study, were selected from four municipalities in the county of Skåne. The look of this work rests on able as theory and discourse as theory, a glance used to gain an understanding of normative patterns, structures and historical and social constructions in representations of functions that doesn't classified as a norm. Many times, constructions of behavior and action patterns, etc., through discourses, are perceived as something clear and absolute. Through Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, the data in this work will be analyzed based on Fairclough's three-dimensional model in order to identify discourses that constitute a constituent function in the formation and reproduction of unequal power relationships. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that representations of individuals with norm breaking functions were repeatedly made with the term “disability” and based on a medical understanding of norm breaking functions. On occasional occasions one can see forms of representation of municipalities and cities based on an individual and surrounding context. The individual are being constructed as an object with problems, difficulties that are in need of support and help to cope with their daily life and role in society. The material showed a clear focus on the individual's functions and at times of age, while gender and ethnicity are not highlighted in the text. Descriptions of norm breaking features do at all times rest in a characteristic thinking of the able and its normative expectations of behavior patterns and functional functions.

This thesis is a thematic content analysis, looking at how compulsory able-bodiedness affects Zimbabwean disabled women’s ability to practice their reproductive- and sexual rights. Zimbabwe is an optimal case to apply this study in, due to its contradictory legislation and high amounts of human rights violations. This study is therefore based in feminist disability studies with the aim to fill the research gap in acknowledging the consequences compulsory able-bodiedness can have on disabled citizens if found in governmental policy. By analysing interviews conducted with 39 different disabled women aged 18-65 through the theoretical framework of compulsory able-bodiedness and Othering, this thesis contributes with suggestions of how these social structures are affecting the respondents’ everyday lives. The theoretical framework is operationalized into themes and criterias which are then applied to analyse the conducted interviews. This thesis shows that there is a discrepancy between government policy and the practical experiences of the respondents. The respondents experienced a lack of accessibility to reproductive healthcare, to the law, and to sex education – which are all rights ensured by government policy. Identified consequences included: discouragement in seeking health treatment, discouragement in reporting crimes, and receiving false sex education information from secondhand sources. This study therefore concludes that the Othering of the respondents consequently prohibits them from practicing their reproductive and sexual rights.