This thesis aims to examine the performance of Stockbridge dampers used to suppress aeolian vibrations on overhead transmission lines arising from the wind. In this respect, a computer program, based on the Energy Balance Method, is developed using MATLAB. The developed computer program has also a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows the program to interactively simulate Stockbridge damper performance for vibration control of overhead transmission lines. Field tests results obtained from literature are used in various case studies in order to validate and evaluate the developed software. Moreover, sample Stockbridge damper characterization tests, which then could be introduced to the software, are performed. A custom test fixture is designed due to its unavailability of commercial alternatives in the market. In the design of the test fixture, modal and transmissibility analyses are done by using ANSYS Workbench. To further validate the test setup, transmissibility test is done and consistent results with the transmissibility analyses are observed in the range of expected aeolian vibration frequencies. Finally, the stepped-sine and swept-sine tests are performed with and without damper for the characterization test, where the latter one is performed to eliminate the negative effects of the test setup. Both tests yield almost same damper power dissipation curves.

Absorption profiles are found in the observed spectra from quasars, and the most prominent of these are the Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers (DLAs). They are caused by large collections of neutral hydrogen (HI) gas, which are thought to be housed in galaxies that lie along the line-of-sight to quasars. HI gas associated with DLAs contains most of the HI gas in the Universe during 2 < z < 5, and hence details about DLAs are important for understanding the history of star formation, as well as the formation and evolution of galaxies. Wyithe (2008) proposed a method of determining the characteristic mass of dark matter haloes that host DLAs. This involves generating an analytic power spectrum of the fluctuations in 21cm brightness temperature caused by the HI gas in the Universe. Calculating this analytic 21cm power spectrum requires a formalism for the HI mass weighted clustering bias of DLAs on both large and small scales. We include this DLA clustering bias by firstly generating an analytic galaxy power spectrum using the halo model of Peacock & Smith (2000), as well as including the occupation of haloes by galaxies -- using the Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) weighting of Peacock (2003). This weighting is then adapted to account for the occupation of haloes by HI gas. / We then fit the analytic 21cm power spectrum generated using this formalism to a simulated 21cm power spectrum, with the characteristic mass of DLA host haloes being used as a fitting parameter. The DLA host halo mass is in turn dependent upon two parameters in our model: the minimum mass of haloes M_{min} included in our formalism, and the HI weighting index alpha_{HI}. The neutral hydrogen fraction is another parameter, which we can choose to be the same as that from our simulation volume. If we also choose a value for alpha_{HI} that is motivated by analysis of the dark matter and HI gas content of the haloes in the simulation, then we are able to fit the 21cm power spectrum at both large and small scales, with an M_{min} that is the same or similar to the lowest mass in the simulation's halo catalogue. This in turn gives a similar value for the DLA host halo mass that is known to be the case in the simulation. This demonstrates the viability of the Wyithe (2008) method for determining the DLA host halo mass using observations of 21cm fluctuations. However, degeneracies in the free parameters of our analytic formalism would hinder an accurate determination of the DLA host halo mass from actual future observations. This is due to the fact that the real space, spherically averaged 21cm power spectrum is used throughout this thesis. However, extending our analytic formalism to the redshift space, angular-dependent 21cm power spectrum should be capable of breaking the degeneracy between DLA host halo mass and neutral hydrogen fraction.

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Submitted by DIOGO BATISTA FERNANDES null (engenheiromecanicodiogofernandes@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-04T19:52:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Batista Fernandes.pdf: 2792299 bytes, checksum: 5116207f259278f6ab47f3ab60f0c3e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-09T14:25:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_db_me_ilha.pdf: 2792299 bytes, checksum: 5116207f259278f6ab47f3ab60f0c3e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T14:25:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_db_me_ilha.pdf: 2792299 bytes, checksum: 5116207f259278f6ab47f3ab60f0c3e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Uma das formas de eliminar as vibrações excessivas em uma estrutura é através de um controle passivo com o uso de amortecedores de massas sintonizados (AMS), ou também denominados, absorvedores dinâmicos. Um sistema passivo típico não tem suas propriedades mecânicas modificadas, em função da excitação de entrada. O sistema passivo utiliza o movimento da estrutura para produzir um movimento relativo nos dispositivos de amortecimento, pelo qual a energia é dissipada. Neste trabalho, destaca-se que o dispositivo considerado apresenta dependência cúbica do deslocamento proporcional à sua rigidez. O problema é modelado através de equações diferenciais ordinárias não lineares que são linearizadas em torno de seu ponto de equilíbrio. Mediante simulação numérica, utilizando o software Octave, demonstra-se a eficiência de um AMS aplicado a uma estrutura sob influência de oscilações sísmicas inseridas através do modelo de Kanai-Tajimi, que simulam uma situação real, em que as propriedades de solos são introduzidas. Estas oscilações promovem alterações nas propriedades dinâmicas, causando assim uma instabilidade na estrutura, em que foram utilizados parâmetros para encontrar o comportamento caótico no sistema. Como forma de minimizar as vibrações causadas pela excitação sísmica foi proposto um controle híbrido estrutural. Basicamente o controle estrutural se dá pela adição de dispositivos e/ou forças externas que promovem alterações nas propriedades de rigidez e amortecimento da estrutura. Com o objetivo de minimizar as vibrações e reduzir o movimento caótico do sistema a um ponto estável, foi empregada a técnica de controle semiativo com o amortecedor magneto reológico acoplado ao AMS. Comprovou-se que a estratégia de controle híbrido adotado demonstra eficiência para este tipo de situação e pode ser utilizada como forma de auxiliar na atenuação de danos provocados à estruturas, evitando prejuízos econômicos, perdas biológicas e materiais. / One of the ways to eliminate excessive vibrations in a structure is through a passive control with the use of shock absorbers tuned mass (ATM) or also called, dynamic absorbers. A typical passive system does not have its mechanical properties modified in function of an excitation input. The passive system uses the movement of the structure to produce a relative movement in the absorbers device, where by the energy is dissipated. In this work, it is noteworthy that the considered device introduces a cubic dependence of the proportional displacement to its rigidity. The problem is modeled through out nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are linearized around their equilibrium point. By numerical simulations, using Octave software, it demonstrates the efficiency of a ATM applied to a structure under the influence of seismic oscillations inserted over Kanai-Tajimi’s model, that simulates a real situation in which the properties of the soils are introduced. These oscillations promote changes in the dynamic properties, thus causing an instability in the structure where there were used parameters to find chaotic behavior in the system. In order to minimize the vibrations caused by seismic excitation it is proposed a hybrid structural control. Basically structural control takes place by addition devices and/or external forces that promote alterations in the stiffness properties and the structure absorber. For minimize vibrations and reduce the chaotic motion of the system to a stable point, it was used a technique of semiactive control, the magneto rheological absorber coupled to the ATM. It has been shown that the strategy of hybrid control adopted demonstrates efficiency for this kind of situation and can be used as a way in attenuating damage caused for the structures, avoiding economic, biological and material losses.

Orientador: Fábio Roberto Chavarette / Resumo: Uma das formas de eliminar as vibrações excessivas em uma estrutura é através de um controle passivo com o uso de amortecedores de massas sintonizados (AMS), ou também denominados, absorvedores dinâmicos. Um sistema passivo típico não tem suas propriedades mecânicas modificadas, em função da excitação de entrada. O sistema passivo utiliza o movimento da estrutura para produzir um movimento relativo nos dispositivos de amortecimento, pelo qual a energia é dissipada. Neste trabalho, destaca-se que o dispositivo considerado apresenta dependência cúbica do deslocamento proporcional à sua rigidez. O problema é modelado através de equações diferenciais ordinárias não lineares que são linearizadas em torno de seu ponto de equilíbrio. Mediante simulação numérica, utilizando o software Octave, demonstra-se a eficiência de um AMS aplicado a uma estrutura sob influência de oscilações sísmicas inseridas através do modelo de Kanai-Tajimi, que simulam uma situação real, em que as propriedades de solos são introduzidas. Estas oscilações promovem alterações nas propriedades dinâmicas, causando assim uma instabilidade na estrutura, em que foram utilizados parâmetros para encontrar o comportamento caótico no sistema. Como forma de minimizar as vibrações causadas pela excitação sísmica foi proposto um controle híbrido estrutural. Basicamente o controle estrutural se dá pela adição de dispositivos e/ou forças externas que promovem alterações nas propriedades de rigidez e amortecimento da estrutu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the ways to eliminate excessive vibrations in a structure is through a passive control with the use of shock absorbers tuned mass (ATM) or also called, dynamic absorbers. A typical passive system does not have its mechanical properties modified in function of an excitation input. The passive system uses the movement of the structure to produce a relative movement in the absorbers device, where by the energy is dissipated. In this work, it is noteworthy that the considered device introduces a cubic dependence of the proportional displacement to its rigidity. The problem is modeled through out nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are linearized around their equilibrium point. By numerical simulations, using Octave software, it demonstrates the efficiency of a ATM applied to a structure under the influence of seismic oscillations inserted over Kanai-Tajimi’s model, that simulates a real situation in which the properties of the soils are introduced. These oscillations promote changes in the dynamic properties, thus causing an instability in the structure where there were used parameters to find chaotic behavior in the system. In order to minimize the vibrations caused by seismic excitation it is proposed a hybrid structural control. Basically structural control takes place by addition devices and/or external forces that promote alterations in the stiffness properties and the structure absorber. For minimize vibrations and reduce the chaotic motion of the system t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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O presente trabalho consiste no projeto de um modelo em elementos finitos de um absorvedor dinâmico rotativo utilizando-se um material viscoelástico como componente dissipador do sistema. O absorvedor é composto por um anel de material viscoelástico interposto entre dois anéis de aço, o qual é fixado na extremidade livre de um sistema rotativo representado por um eixo flexível, suportado por dois rolamentos, no qual estão fixos dois discos igualmente espaçados do centro entre os dois mancais. O modelo em elementos finitos do sistema rotativo é validado com os dados experimentais do modelo real e suas velocidades críticas são determinadas baseadas no diagrama de Campbell e na resposta ao desbalanço em um dos discos. O modelo inicial do absorvedor dinâmico rotativo é replicado de um modelo da literatura e as respostas a uma excitação na forma de impulso são comparadas. O modelo desenvolvido equipara-se ao da literatura para frequências até 600 Hz, intervalo que compreende as velocidades críticas a serem amortecidas. A otimização do absorvedor é realizada através de variações da geometria do mesmo e são traçadas curvas de influência de cada parâmetro sobre suas frequências naturais. Com base nestas curvas são realizadas análises de influência conjunta dos parâmetros geométricos sobre tais frequências. Pelos resultados obtidos verifica-se a possibilidade da obtenção de um modelo que atue sobre modos de flexão específicos do sistema rotativo, atenuando as amplitudes de vibração das velocidades críticas correspondentes a cada modo. Uma vez obtidos os modelos de absorvedores dinâmicos correspondentes aos dois primeiros modos de flexão do sistema rotativo, ambos são acoplados ao sistema e se observa grande redução dos picos de amplitude do primeiro modo de flexão, enquanto os picos do segundo modo sofrem baixa alteração. / The present work concerns the development, optimization and validation of a finite element model of a dynamic vibration absorber using a viscoelastic material as the damping component. The dynamic absorber consists of a ring of viscoelastic material interposed between two rings of steel, which is fixed to the free end of a rotary system represented by a flexible shaft supported by two bearings, on which are fixed two discs equally spaced in the center of both bearings. The finite element model of the rotating system is validated with experimental data from the actual model and its critical speeds are determined based on the Campbell diagram and in its response to the imbalance. The initial model of the dynamic absorber is replicated from a model of the literature and the responses to an impulse excitation are compared. The developed model matches the literature one for frequencies up to 600 Hz, range comprising the critical speeds to be damped. The absorber\'s optimization is accomplished through variations of its geometry and influence curves of each parameter over its natural frequencies are drawn. Based on these curves, combined influence analyzes of the geometrical parameters over such frequencies are performed. From the results obtained, it can be seen the possibility of achieving a model that acts on specific bending modes of the rotation system, reducing the vibration amplitudes of the critical speeds corresponding to each mode. Once obtained the dynamic absorbers models corresponding to the first two modes of vibration of the rotatative system, both models are coupled to the system and it is observed great reduction of the amplitude of the first bending mode peaks, while the second mode suffer low peaks reduction.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The limited supply of fossil hydrocarbon resources and the negative impact of CO2 emission on the global environment dictate the increasing usage of renewable energy sources. Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems are the most likely candidate for providing the majority of the renewable energy. For efficient photo-thermal conversion, these systems require spectrally selective solar absorber surfaces with high solar absorbance in the solar spectrum region and low thermal emittance in the infrared region. In this thesis, a spectrally selective AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer solar absorber was designed and deposited onto copper substrate using electron beam evaporation at room temperature. The employment of ellipsometric measurements and optical simulation was proposed as an effective method to optimize and deposit the multilayer solar absorber coatings. The optical constants measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, showed that both AlxOy layers, which used in the coatings, were dielectric in nature and the Pt layer was semi-transparent. The optimized multilayer coatings exhibited high solar absorptance ~ 0.94±0.01 and low thermal emittance ~ 0.06 ± 0.01 at 82oC.The structural and optical properties of the coatings were investigated. It was found that the stratification of the coatings consists of a semitransparent middle Pt layer sandwiched between two layers of AlxOy. The top and bottom AlxOy layers were nonstoichiometric with no crystalline phases present. The Pt layer is in the fcc crystalline phase with a broad size distribution and spheroidal shape in and between the rims of AlxOy. The surface roughness of the stack was found to be comparable to the inter-particle distance. To study the thermal stability of the multilayer solar absorber coatings, the samples were annealed at different temperatures for different duration in air. The results showed changes in morphology, structure, composition, and optical properties depend on both temperature and duration of annealing. The XRD pattern showed that the intensity of Pt decreased with increasing annealing temperature and therefore, disappeared at high temperature. With increasing annealing temperature, an increase in the size of Pt particles was observed from SEM. The AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer solar absorber coatings deposited onto Cu substrate were found to be thermally stable up to 500oC in air for 2 h with good spectral selectivity of 0.951/0.09. At 600oC and 700oC, the spectral selectivity decreased to 0.92/0.10 and 0.846/0.11 respectively, which is attributed to the diffusion of Cu and formation of CuO and Cu2O phases. Long term thermal stability study showed that the coatings were thermally stable in air up to 450oC for 24 h. To elucidate the degradation mechanism beyond 500oC, HI-ERDA has been used to study depth-dependent atomic concentration profiles. These measurements revealed outward diffusion of the copper substrate towards the surface and therefore, the decrease in the constituents of the coating. Hence, to prevent copper from diffusing towards the coatings, a thin Tantalum (Ta) layer was deposited between the base AlxOy layer and the copper substrate.The effect of a thin Ta layer on the thermal stability of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer solar absorber coatings was investigated. The Cu/Ta/AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer solar absorber coatings were found to be thermally stable up to 700oC in air for 2 h with good spectral selectivity of 0.937/0.10. At 800oC, the spectral selectivity decreased to 0.870/0.12, which is attributed to the diffusion of Cu and formation of CuO phase. The formation of CuO phase was confirmed by XRD, EDS and Raman spectroscopy. Long term thermal stability study showed that the coatings were thermally stable in air up to 550oC for 24 h. Therefore, the Cu/Ta/AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy spectrally selective solar absorber coatings can be used for high temperature solar-thermal applications.

All-purpose wheat flour is a useful long-term storage commodity, but is subject to off-odor formation. Although flour stored in a low oxygen atmosphere should inhibit rancid odor formation, it elicits consumer complaints about odor. The purpose of this study was to examine off-odor development in all-purpose wheat flour during ambient and elevated storage by determining the effect of low oxygen atmosphere and enrichment-bleaching on quality as measured by, free fatty acids (FFA), flour descriptive sensory analysis, conjugated dienes, headspace volatiles, bread consumer sensory analysis, color, loaf volume, and vitamin analysis. Enriched, bleached (EB) and unenriched, unbleached (UU) flour was stored in a low and normal oxygen atmosphere in no. 10 cans at 22, 30, and 40°C for 24 weeks. Moisture remained constant throughout the study. Headspace oxygen was < 0.1% in flour stored in a low oxygen atmosphere and decreased in flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere. FFA increased with storage time and temperature. The "fresh flour" descriptive aroma of flour decreased during storage and decreased more rapidly in a low oxygen atmosphere. The "cardboard/stale" aroma increased in flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere. The "acid-metallic" aroma increased in flour stored in a low oxygen atmosphere and was determined to be the off-odor from consumer complaints. Conjugated dienes and volatiles generally increased more rapidly in flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere and in EB flour, suggesting that the acid-metallic odor did not result from lipid oxidation. Bread consumer sensory analysis identified EB flour stored in a normal oxygen atmosphere to have the lowest acceptance scores for aroma, overall acceptability, and flavor. The acid-metallic odor dissipated within 24 hours when the container was opened and was not detrimental to consumer acceptance of bread made from the flour. Oxygen absorbers prevented the darkening of flour but not the reddening or yellowing. A low oxygen atmosphere resulted in higher bread loaf volumes. Vitamin degradation is not a concern under normal storage conditions. Bleaching appears to increase flour oxidative rancidity more than enrichment. Although storage at a low oxygen atmosphere results in an off-odor present in newly opened cans, it gave higher quality flour and bread. A low oxygen atmosphere should continue to be used in flour stored long-term, and consumers should be made aware that the off-odor present in cans of flour dissipates after opening.

Damper performance is most commonly characterized by the damper’s forcevelocity behaviour. Different damper layouts and valving methods for creating oil flow constrictions bring different physical properties, outside of this conventional measure. The objective of this report is to find which parameters outside of the conventional force/velocity measure can be used to add better comfort and/or control to road- or track-going vehicles. To fulfil the objectives, vehicle comfort and control needed to be defined. Following this, an extensive parameter study was performed, using a full vehicle model in the software CarSim in combination with an Öhlins-written damper model in MATLAB, which was run through a Simulink model connecting the two. The study was performed for two vehicles: a BMWM4 GT4 and a VW ID.3, with five parameters proposed by Öhlins, varied in compression and rebound (giving a total of 10 parameters). Further on, some results were evaluated based on recorded data from a track test with the BMW, where the conclusions from the parameter study were evaluated through physical changes to the dampers. The parameter study showed that parameters P1-2, P9-10, and P5-6 has significant effect, in that order of magnitude. P1-2 and P9-10 all affect comfort and control, whilst P5-6 has minimal effect on control but a larger effect on comfort. The others, P3-4 and P7-8 have minimal effect on almost all metrics used in this study, with merely a few exceptions. In future studies, an analysis of data in time series format could be done. Moreover, a well prepared verification of the parameter study results could also be done. / Dämparprestanda beskrivs oftast av kraft-hastighetsbeteende. Olika ventillayouter och ventilmetoder för att skapa oljeflödesförträngningar ger olika fysikaliska egenskaper, utanför detta konventionella mått. Syftet med denna rapport är att ta reda på vilka parametrar utanför det konventionella kraft/hastighets-måttet som kan användas för att uppnå bättre komfort och/eller kontroll för väg- eller tävlingsbilar. För att uppfylla målen behövde fordonskomfort och kontroll definieras. Efter detta genomfördes en omfattande parameterstudie med en helbils-modell i mjukvaran CarSim i kombination med en Öhlins-utvecklad dämpar-modell i MATLAB, som utvärderades med hjälp av en Simulink-modell vilken sammankopplar de två. Studien utfördes för två fordon: en BMW M4 GT4och en VW ID.3, med fem parametrar föreslagna av Öhlins varierande i kompression och retur (som ger totalt 10 parametrar). Fortsatt utvärderades några resultat baserat på inspelad data från ett bantest med BMW:n, där slutsatserna testades genom fysiska förändringar av dämparna. Simuleringsresulten visade att parameter P1-2, P9-10 och P5-6 har tydligeffekt, i den storleksordningen. P1-2 och P9-10 påverkar både komfort och kontroll, medan P5-6 har minimal effekt på kontroll, men större effekt påkomfort. De andra, P3-4 och P7-8 har minimal effekt på nästan alla mätvärden som används i denna studie, med bara några få undantag. I framtida studier kan en analys av data i tidsserie-format utföras, samt en väl förberedd verifiering av resultaten från parameterstudien.