All professional organizations that have a publication component should have a strongly articulated position against plagiarism. Such a position has a solid foundation in common understandings of ethical principles including the encouragement of honesty and the discouragement of stealing. Having a strong, ethical position against plagiarism is different from the implementation of a strong, enforceable policy against plagiarism. This paper examines some practical challenges to enforcement policies, including legal liability. These challenges may complicate the development of a broad, enforceable policy against plagiarism that includes sanctions against authors found to be plagiarists. Additionally, such sanctions are needed to deter authors from submitting plagiarized works. One important aspect of discouraging plagiarism is a better use of computer applications that detect copying. Authors can use these applications to avoid unintentional plagiarism; reviewers and publishers can use these applications to keep plagiarized articles from being published.

Avec les progrès des technologies numériques et des réseaux, les archéologues sont appelés à réfléchir à la grande diversité des supports pour la consultation des connaissances archéologiques. L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre les caractéristiques de la publication scientifique en ligne et les solutions qu’elle apporte au travail de l’archéologue.La première partie de cette étude, dédiée à l’histoire de la recherche d’information et de la publication en archéologie, dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle en France, examine les expériences des précurseurs des bases de données, puis des pionniers du traitement des textes des publications, dans la mesure où ils furent des observateurs avisés des problèmes de lecture des publications archéologiques et de l’utilisation des informations contenues. Dans la seconde partie, l’étude aborde les questions de l’élaboration de la publication scientifique en ligne, de l’apparition de l’internet à aujourd’hui, dans le contexte d’une diffusion qui tend à mettre à la disposition de chacun une large partie de l'information (Libre accès). Elle définit le processus de l’édition scientifique en ligne pour l’archéologie, à partir d’une enquête sur les fréquents supports de diffusion en ligne des ouvrages et des revues scientifiques imprimés et sur la formation de publications numériques natives, suivie d’une analyse de conceptions au sein de l’UMR 7041 Archéologies et Sciences de l’Antiquité avec différents partenaires. Les résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les besoins fondamentaux de la communauté archéologique et de l’aider à organiser ces entreprises éditoriales. / The nature of publishing in archaeology is changing with the advancement of digital media, and archaeologists are deeply involved in the evolution of print and digital publication. This research aims to understanding the characteristics of digital publication and the solutions it offers to archaeological research.The first part of this study concerns the history of information retrieval and publication in the second half of the twentieth century in France. It examines the foundations of archaeological computing and the start of automatic documentation in the discipline (later becoming database applications and data processing), and how other past experiences have contributed to formalizing archaeological reflection and writing.The second part of the study surveys the development of digital publishing in archaeology through time and within the context of Open Access. Through an evaluation of websites that disseminate printed books and journals as well as those publishing only in digital form, the process of online dissemination is defined (and with reference to experiences from the Unit of “Archéologies et Sciences de l’Antiquité” with key publishing stakeholders). The results provide a key to better understand the needs of the archaeological community and assist in developing current approaches to archaeological publishing.

This thesis explores new forms of scholarly communication and the practice of open science among UK based academics. Open science broadly refers to practices that allow cost-free open access to academic research. Three aspects of open science are examined in this study: open access to research articles; open access to research data; and publishing ongoing research updates using social media. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a series of scoping studies using qualitative methods followed up by an Internet survey of 1,829 UK academics. Overall this thesis has shown that whilst there is support for open science, the use of open science by academics was limited. Many academics were not aware of RCUK's open access policy and had limited experience of making their research articles freely accessible online. Most academics did not share their primary research data online. Although some academics had used a range of social media tools to communicate their research, the majority had not used social media in their research work. Overall, male, older and senior academics were more likely to use open access publishing and share primary research data, but were less likely to use social media for research. Academics based in Medical and Natural Sciences were more likely to use open access publishing and share research data, but less likely to use social media for their research compared to academics from Humanities and Social Sciences. Academics who were aware of RCUK's open access policy and who recognised the citation advantages of open access were more likely to publish in open access journals. Academics that were aware of RCUK's open access policy and had used social media for research were more likely to self-archive research articles. Academics that had used secondary data collected by others and self-archived research papers were more likely to share their own primary research data. Academics seemed to be strongly influenced by their colleagues' recommendation for the adoption of social media in research. Those who considered that the general public should know about their research findings were more likely to share their research on social media. A group of academics were identified and described as super users who frequently communicated ongoing research on social media. These super users were more likely to use tablet computers and have received social media training organised by their institutions. It is clear that open science is going to be a major factor in future academic work and in relation to building an academic career. Many academics have recognised the importance of open science. However to date the use of the tools for open science has been limited. With the right guidance and reinforcement of relevant policies, the new forms of scholarly communication can provide a pathway to open science which would serve to benefit individual academics, research communities and the public good.

Artistic research is a relatively new and understudied topic in scholarly communication within Library and information science. This knowledge deficit, combined with ill-fitting systems and categories, maintains the status of artistic research as something mysterious and different. As a result, knowledge produced through artistic research may not be justly represented in the academic infrastructures, and not be made available with the same integrity as traditional research output. The aim of this study is to map the publishing landscape of artistic research in Sweden and to describe how outputs of artistic research relate to current academic infrastructures. An inductive analysis of the units of academic output listed by the researchers themselves as publications of research shows how they are represented in, and outside of, the archiving systems. The analysis is supported by document theory, Kuhn's theory of scientific paradigms, and the classification theory of Bowker and Star. Findings suggest that publishing practices on the level of each project are influenced by institutional affiliation. Researchers are forced to a trade-off between statistical visibility in institutional repositories and coherent content visualization in extra-institutional channels. The institutional infrastructures designed for traditional output lack guidance for artistic output, which results in in consistency in registration, poor quality of representation, and inconsistent metadata. Channels outside of the institution lack discoverability and statistical visibility.

A língua inglesa hoje permite acesso a práticas internacionais por ser a língua mais utilizada em interações entre falantes de diferentes línguas maternas, em inúmeros contextos. Essa disseminação do inglês globalmente fez surgir novas formas de se enxergar o status língua, entre elas, a abordagem do inglês como língua franca (ILF). Visto que a maioria das interações em inglês hoje acontecerem entre falantes não nativos, o ILF busca a descentralização do falante nativo e a aceitação das variedades linguísticas. Entre os diversos contextos em que o inglês é difundido, pode-se dizer que a academia é um dos principais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar qual o posicionamento de revistas científicas internacionais da área de Linguística Aplicada acerca das diretrizes para autores, sob a ótica do ILF. Para isso, fizemos um levantamento dos periódicos internacionais de Linguística Aplicada mais bem avaliados em um ranking nacional (Qualis Capes) e internacional (SCImago), reunindo assim um corpus de 36 periódicos. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas. Primeiramente, foram identificadas e analisadas as diretrizes para autores no que diz respeito às normas linguísticas relacionadas ao padrão nativo e aceitação das variedades. Foram encontradas três normas relacionadas a exigências linguísticas: língua de publicação, ortografia e revisão externa. Os resultados demonstram que a língua de publicação mais usada é o inglês, sendo exigência em 44% dos periódicos; que as principais variedades ortográficas aceitas são a americana e britânica; e que 58% das revistas solicitam que os autores tenham seus textos revisados por uma terceira pessoa, sendo que, dessas, aproximadamente a metade dirigem as normas apenas a autores falantes não nativos. A segunda etapa da pesquisa consistiu em comparar as diretrizes encontradas com os 139 textos sobre ILF nelas publicados entre os anos de 2011 e 2015. Foi feita uma análise do conteúdo dos textos, onde buscou-se identificar os posicionamentos dos autores. Os resultados da comparação indicaram que 71% dos textos são a favor da abordagem do ILF, mas que a maioria precisou seguir alguma norma que contradiz o defendido no ILF para ser publicado. Assim, os resultados gerais desta pesquisa demonstram que, apesar de a área de Linguística Aplicada estar orientada para uma abordagem do inglês que visa à diversidade linguística, são encontradas discrepâncias e inconsistências nas práticas das revistas da própria área, responsáveis por veicular essas ideias. / The English language today grants access to international practices, since it is the most used language in interactions between speakers of different languages in several contexts. The global spread of English has created new ways of understanding its status, such as the English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) approach. Since most interactions in English happen between nonnative speakers of English, ELF aims at native speaker decentralization and acceptance of linguistic varieties. Academia is one of the main contexts in which English is widely used. The objective of this study is to assess the stance of Applied Linguistics international journals regarding author guidelines, from the perspective of ELF. To do so, we surveyed the best-ranked international journals in Applied linguistics both at domestic (Qualis Capes) and international (SCImago) rankings, which resulted in a corpus of 36 journals. This study was conducted in two parts. First, author guidelines related to linguistic norms concerning native standards and acceptance of varieties were identified and analyzed. Three guidelines related to linguistic requirements were found: language of publication, spelling, and third-party review. The results showed that the most used language of publication is English, a requirement in 44% of the journals; that American and British spelling varieties are mostly the ones accepted; and that 58% of the journals ask authors to have their manuscripts checked by a third-party reviewer, from which approximately 50% direct these guidelines only to nonnative authors. The second part of the study consisted in comparing the guidelines found with 139 texts about ELF published by the same journals between 2011 and 2015. The content of the texts was analyzed aiming at identifying their authors’ point of views. The results of this comparison indicated that 71% of the texts are in line with the ELF approach, but most of them had to follow some guidelines which contradict those defended by ELF in order to be published. Hence, the general results of this study showed that, although the area of Applied Linguistics is oriented towards an approach that aims at linguistic diversity in English, discrepancies and inconsistencies are found in the practices of the journals of this same area, journals which are responsible for broadcasting these ideas.

A língua inglesa hoje permite acesso a práticas internacionais por ser a língua mais utilizada em interações entre falantes de diferentes línguas maternas, em inúmeros contextos. Essa disseminação do inglês globalmente fez surgir novas formas de se enxergar o status língua, entre elas, a abordagem do inglês como língua franca (ILF). Visto que a maioria das interações em inglês hoje acontecerem entre falantes não nativos, o ILF busca a descentralização do falante nativo e a aceitação das variedades linguísticas. Entre os diversos contextos em que o inglês é difundido, pode-se dizer que a academia é um dos principais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar qual o posicionamento de revistas científicas internacionais da área de Linguística Aplicada acerca das diretrizes para autores, sob a ótica do ILF. Para isso, fizemos um levantamento dos periódicos internacionais de Linguística Aplicada mais bem avaliados em um ranking nacional (Qualis Capes) e internacional (SCImago), reunindo assim um corpus de 36 periódicos. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas. Primeiramente, foram identificadas e analisadas as diretrizes para autores no que diz respeito às normas linguísticas relacionadas ao padrão nativo e aceitação das variedades. Foram encontradas três normas relacionadas a exigências linguísticas: língua de publicação, ortografia e revisão externa. Os resultados demonstram que a língua de publicação mais usada é o inglês, sendo exigência em 44% dos periódicos; que as principais variedades ortográficas aceitas são a americana e britânica; e que 58% das revistas solicitam que os autores tenham seus textos revisados por uma terceira pessoa, sendo que, dessas, aproximadamente a metade dirigem as normas apenas a autores falantes não nativos. A segunda etapa da pesquisa consistiu em comparar as diretrizes encontradas com os 139 textos sobre ILF nelas publicados entre os anos de 2011 e 2015. Foi feita uma análise do conteúdo dos textos, onde buscou-se identificar os posicionamentos dos autores. Os resultados da comparação indicaram que 71% dos textos são a favor da abordagem do ILF, mas que a maioria precisou seguir alguma norma que contradiz o defendido no ILF para ser publicado. Assim, os resultados gerais desta pesquisa demonstram que, apesar de a área de Linguística Aplicada estar orientada para uma abordagem do inglês que visa à diversidade linguística, são encontradas discrepâncias e inconsistências nas práticas das revistas da própria área, responsáveis por veicular essas ideias. / The English language today grants access to international practices, since it is the most used language in interactions between speakers of different languages in several contexts. The global spread of English has created new ways of understanding its status, such as the English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) approach. Since most interactions in English happen between nonnative speakers of English, ELF aims at native speaker decentralization and acceptance of linguistic varieties. Academia is one of the main contexts in which English is widely used. The objective of this study is to assess the stance of Applied Linguistics international journals regarding author guidelines, from the perspective of ELF. To do so, we surveyed the best-ranked international journals in Applied linguistics both at domestic (Qualis Capes) and international (SCImago) rankings, which resulted in a corpus of 36 journals. This study was conducted in two parts. First, author guidelines related to linguistic norms concerning native standards and acceptance of varieties were identified and analyzed. Three guidelines related to linguistic requirements were found: language of publication, spelling, and third-party review. The results showed that the most used language of publication is English, a requirement in 44% of the journals; that American and British spelling varieties are mostly the ones accepted; and that 58% of the journals ask authors to have their manuscripts checked by a third-party reviewer, from which approximately 50% direct these guidelines only to nonnative authors. The second part of the study consisted in comparing the guidelines found with 139 texts about ELF published by the same journals between 2011 and 2015. The content of the texts was analyzed aiming at identifying their authors’ point of views. The results of this comparison indicated that 71% of the texts are in line with the ELF approach, but most of them had to follow some guidelines which contradict those defended by ELF in order to be published. Hence, the general results of this study showed that, although the area of Applied Linguistics is oriented towards an approach that aims at linguistic diversity in English, discrepancies and inconsistencies are found in the practices of the journals of this same area, journals which are responsible for broadcasting these ideas.

A língua inglesa hoje permite acesso a práticas internacionais por ser a língua mais utilizada em interações entre falantes de diferentes línguas maternas, em inúmeros contextos. Essa disseminação do inglês globalmente fez surgir novas formas de se enxergar o status língua, entre elas, a abordagem do inglês como língua franca (ILF). Visto que a maioria das interações em inglês hoje acontecerem entre falantes não nativos, o ILF busca a descentralização do falante nativo e a aceitação das variedades linguísticas. Entre os diversos contextos em que o inglês é difundido, pode-se dizer que a academia é um dos principais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar qual o posicionamento de revistas científicas internacionais da área de Linguística Aplicada acerca das diretrizes para autores, sob a ótica do ILF. Para isso, fizemos um levantamento dos periódicos internacionais de Linguística Aplicada mais bem avaliados em um ranking nacional (Qualis Capes) e internacional (SCImago), reunindo assim um corpus de 36 periódicos. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas. Primeiramente, foram identificadas e analisadas as diretrizes para autores no que diz respeito às normas linguísticas relacionadas ao padrão nativo e aceitação das variedades. Foram encontradas três normas relacionadas a exigências linguísticas: língua de publicação, ortografia e revisão externa. Os resultados demonstram que a língua de publicação mais usada é o inglês, sendo exigência em 44% dos periódicos; que as principais variedades ortográficas aceitas são a americana e britânica; e que 58% das revistas solicitam que os autores tenham seus textos revisados por uma terceira pessoa, sendo que, dessas, aproximadamente a metade dirigem as normas apenas a autores falantes não nativos. A segunda etapa da pesquisa consistiu em comparar as diretrizes encontradas com os 139 textos sobre ILF nelas publicados entre os anos de 2011 e 2015. Foi feita uma análise do conteúdo dos textos, onde buscou-se identificar os posicionamentos dos autores. Os resultados da comparação indicaram que 71% dos textos são a favor da abordagem do ILF, mas que a maioria precisou seguir alguma norma que contradiz o defendido no ILF para ser publicado. Assim, os resultados gerais desta pesquisa demonstram que, apesar de a área de Linguística Aplicada estar orientada para uma abordagem do inglês que visa à diversidade linguística, são encontradas discrepâncias e inconsistências nas práticas das revistas da própria área, responsáveis por veicular essas ideias. / The English language today grants access to international practices, since it is the most used language in interactions between speakers of different languages in several contexts. The global spread of English has created new ways of understanding its status, such as the English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) approach. Since most interactions in English happen between nonnative speakers of English, ELF aims at native speaker decentralization and acceptance of linguistic varieties. Academia is one of the main contexts in which English is widely used. The objective of this study is to assess the stance of Applied Linguistics international journals regarding author guidelines, from the perspective of ELF. To do so, we surveyed the best-ranked international journals in Applied linguistics both at domestic (Qualis Capes) and international (SCImago) rankings, which resulted in a corpus of 36 journals. This study was conducted in two parts. First, author guidelines related to linguistic norms concerning native standards and acceptance of varieties were identified and analyzed. Three guidelines related to linguistic requirements were found: language of publication, spelling, and third-party review. The results showed that the most used language of publication is English, a requirement in 44% of the journals; that American and British spelling varieties are mostly the ones accepted; and that 58% of the journals ask authors to have their manuscripts checked by a third-party reviewer, from which approximately 50% direct these guidelines only to nonnative authors. The second part of the study consisted in comparing the guidelines found with 139 texts about ELF published by the same journals between 2011 and 2015. The content of the texts was analyzed aiming at identifying their authors’ point of views. The results of this comparison indicated that 71% of the texts are in line with the ELF approach, but most of them had to follow some guidelines which contradict those defended by ELF in order to be published. Hence, the general results of this study showed that, although the area of Applied Linguistics is oriented towards an approach that aims at linguistic diversity in English, discrepancies and inconsistencies are found in the practices of the journals of this same area, journals which are responsible for broadcasting these ideas.

Based on informal discussions with a range of scholars across the African continent, it was felt that there was a need for a scholarly publisher located in Africa, focusing on African content, and targeting an African audience. It had also been expressed by a number of researchers, and was of wider potential interest – given the author’s institutional situation and context at the time, as well as management imperatives – that the Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) could use its existing capacity and strengths in the area of African studies, specifically from a social science and development perspective, and its networks on the African continent, to form a possible institutional base for such a press, through the expansion of its publishing division. But there was no certainty as to whether this was in fact a viable business idea. Thus, this study carries out a feasibility study, to investigate and evaluate whether a scholarly press focusing on African material would be viable in the current South African, continental and international context. The study takes the form of a literature survey, questionnaire-based empirical survey, and business planning exercise. The key research question that is investigated is: Given the limitations of and challenges currently facing the South African (and wider African) scholarly publishing industry, could a scholarly publisher working according to the above vision be viably set up, and how could this be achieved? Broad support is found for the notion of a new scholarly publisher, and a business plan is developed to show how such a press could be set up, working within certain constraints and assumptions. / Dissertation (MIS)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Information Science / MIS / Unrestricted

The academic publishing sector in South Africa is facing many changes and challenges in a post- 1994 democracy. Most of these changes were brought about by the Higher Education Act No 101 of 1997. Challenges and new trends include new business and threats from multinational corporations; a limited buying market at higher education level; a need for localised content; new emerging technologies in publishing and knowledge distribution; the merging of 36 higher education institutions into 22; escalating book production costs and book prices; a non-book buying and book reading culture; illegal photocopying and widespread copyright infringement; changing student and lecturer profiles including the language of instruction; increasing pressure on academics to publish research; inefficient student loan schemes; decreasing library acquisition budgets and the transformation of the publishing industry itself in terms of BBBEE. Within the midst of all these challenges, publishers are faced with a new trend, that of selfpublishing of academic textbooks, which lecturers then prescribe to their own group of students. Self-publishing implies that authors undertake all processes related to publishing on their own, including the financial risk of publishing a book. There is a multitude of literature available on self-publishing, but very little focuses on this trend within the academic environment. A literature survey of self-publishing provided various reasons and conditions for the existence of the phenomenon. The researcher made use of two questionnaires that were sent to academic campus bookshops and academic self-publishing authors. From the results of these two surveys it is evident that academic self-publishing is an increasing trend in the higher education environment of South Africa. Reasons for self-publishing collected from the literature survey were supported by the empirical research findings from the two surveys. The main reasons for self-publishing in the academic environment include financial incentives; a volatile author-publisher relationship; issues of copyright and control; possible rejection suffered by authors; technological advances and a sense of community service among academics and lecturing staff. The study was able to prove the existence of academic self-publishing in the higher education environment of South Africa. Academic self-publishing is most apparent in the academic fields of Business, Economics and Management Sciences to the extent that it could have far-reaching financial impact on markets that are traditionally lucrative for commercial publishers. Commercial publishers are encouraged to engage with author associations and seek out possible new alternatives to satisfying author needs in a changing market place. / Dissertation (MIS)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Information Science / unrestricted

This research study looks at digital academic space, which is defined here as web-based digitally mediated artifacts produced by universities and their members. Open source software projects and the Open Access movement play large roles within digital academic space, not only because of their strong historical academic roots, but also because these projects are growing in prevalence in many universities. Framed by theories from the field of higher education and media studies, this research study is an analysis of the dynamics and effects of one open source software project that produces Open Access electronic journals. The software system, called the Open Journal Systems (OJS), originally developed by an education professor from a Canadian university, has been adopted by thousands of universities world- wide to publish electronic peer reviewed academic journals. OJS users distributed at universities throughout the world have contributed software code back to the system, by for example, creating translation modules enabling users to publish journals in a range of languages thus adding an interesting global dimension to the project. Based on interviews with the OJS software developers, administrators, and users, as well as a range of material culled from online, this situational analysis of the OJS sketches out the conditions, dynamics, discourses and professional identities that form the basis of an emerging phenomenon within universities that is named here the digitally mediated open research project (DMORP