Bakgrund: År 1992 trädde en ny kommunallag i kraft vilket innebar flera förändringar av den kommunala redovisningen. År 1997 kom en kommunal redovisningslag och begreppet god redovisningssed fördes in i kommuners redovisning. Seden kantas av särregler som balanskravet och blandmodellen som är politiska beslut och inte är redovisningstekniskt motiverade. Kommunallagens krav på ekonomisk balans trädde i kraft år 2000 och är en av hörnstenarna i kommuners krav på en god ekonomisk hushållning. Balanskravet innebär att kommuner ska visa ett positivt resultat. Sedan balanskravet trädde i kraft har kommuners intresse riktats mot balanskravet i stället för mot det mer långsiktiga kravet på en god ekonomisk hushållning. För att kommuner ska nå upp till balanskravet infördes år 2000 en modell för beräkning av kommunens pensionsskulder benämnd blandmodellen. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur kommuner hanterar kravet på en god ekonomisk hushållning i skenet av den dolda pensionsskulden. Beskriva balanskravet och blandmodellen gentemot kravet på att redovisningen ska visa en korrekt bild av kommunens verkliga ekonomiska ställning och resultat, den rättvisande bilden. Samt belysa redovisningens roll och användning i en kommun. Genomförande: Uppsatsen är genomförd med en kombination av en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ ansats. Studiens kvalitativa del bygger på besöksintervjuer hos fyra utvalda kommuner medan studiens kvantitativa del bygger på ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till 30 kommuner varav 18 svarade. Inom ramen för undersökningen har både primärdata och sekundärdata använts. Primärdata har inhämtas från besöksintervjuer, utskickade frågeformulär och expertiskunskap inom redovisningsområdet. Sekundärdata har bestått av litteratur, artiklar, tidskrifter, utredningar och årsredovisningar. Resultat: Studien visar att begreppet god ekonomisk hushållning har haft en positiv effekt på kommuners ekonomi och där balanskravet ses som det mest centrala. Stor osäkerhet råder dock om vilka mål och policies kommuner ska sätta upp för vad som utgör god ekonomisk hushållning. Blandmodellen är ett politiskt beslut som sätter vedertagna redovisningsprinciper ur spel och går emot några av redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper. Undersökningens respondenter sätter gärna likhetstecken mellan rättvisande bild och god redovisningssed men det skiljer sig mellan undersökningens fyra orter hur begreppen tolkas. Studien visar också att kommuner anser sig vara skuldfria när de har en ansvarsförbindelse för pensioner som i ett flertal fall uppgår till betydande belopp. Kommuner måste ta ansvar för sina pensionsåtaganden genom att fondera medel och inte skjuta över kostnader på nästa generation. / Background: In 1992, the new Local Government Act took effect, which implied several changes for municipal accounting. A municipal accounting law came in 1997, and the concept of generally accepted accounting principles entered into municipal accounting. This practice is marked by special rules such as the “balanced budget requirement” (balanskrav) and the “mixed model” of accounting (blandmodellen), which are political decisions not motivated by accounting. The Local Government Act’s requirement for financial balance took effect in 2000 and is one of the cornerstones in the municipalities’ requirements for good financial management. The balanced budget requirement means that municipalities should show that income exceeds costs. Since the balanced budget requirement took effect, the municipalities have focused their interest on it, instead of on the more long-term requirement for good financial management. In order for municipalities to fulfil the balanced budget requirement, the mixed model, which calculates the municipality’s pension liabilities, was introduced in 2000. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to (1) examine how municipalities manage the requirement for good financial management despite hidden pension liabilities, (2) to describe the balanced budget requirement and mixed model in relation to the requirement that accounting records should show an accurate view of the municipality’s true financial position and income/expenditures, the true and fair view, and (3) to illustrate the role and use of accounting in a municipality. Methods: This essay was carried out through a combination of a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The study’s qualitative component is based on interviews in four selected municipalities, whereas the quantitative component is based on a questionnaire that was sent to 30 municipalities, of which 18 submitted answers. Both primary and secondary data have been used within the framework of the study. The primary data were collected from interviews, mailed questionnaires, and expert knowledge in the accounting field. Secondary data consisted of literature, articles, journals, studies, and annual reports. Results: The study shows that the concept of good financial management has had a positive effect on the finances of municipalities, and the balanced budget requirement is viewed as the core. There is great uncertainty, however, as to which goals and policies the municipalities should set up to constitute good financial management. The mixed model is a political decision that eliminates generally accepted accounting principles and goes against some of the qualitative properties of accounting. The study’s respondents gladly equate the true and fair view with generally accepted accounting principles, but there are differences in interpretation of the concepts in the four selected municipalities. The study also shows that the municipalities consider themselves free from debt when they have contingent liabilities for pensions, which in several cases total significant amounts. The municipalities must take responsibility for their pension commitments by reserving funds for them, and not shift the costs to the next generation.

Univ., Diss.--Münster (Westf.), 2003.

The Diploma Thesis deals with an intangible assets reporting in different accounting systems. The purpose of the Diploma Thesis is a comparison of intangible assets in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Czech and Slovak accounting rules. It presents the impact of the found problematic scopes on the relevance of data reporting in the concrete companies. It points out the necessity of harmonization of national accounting legislations.

The topic of the diploma thesis „Reporting of intangible assets in accordance with Czech Accounting Standards, IFRS and US GAAP“ is a determination and presentation of intangible assets under Czech Accounting Standards and two predominant accounting frameworks in use – International Accounting Financial Standards and US Generally Acepted Accounting Principles. The analytical part of thesis is focused on impacts in a particular entity which arise from different accounting treatment.

This master‘s thesis aims to select significant differences in financial accounting methodologies used in the Czech Republic, the International Accounting Standards and US GAAP. Differences are highlighted by data from the accounting environment of the company TRANS-TECHNIK, spol. s.r.o. The first part defines the different conceptual frameworks in Czech accounting, continental and Anglo-Saxon. The analytical part focuses on the differences in the way of the capturing of selected accounting items featured in the accounting systems, including conditions prevailing in the company.

In conjunction with the progress of automation and digitalisation in the audit industry, the opportunities for a continuous audit have increased. There are indications that real-time updates of the audit process are becoming more common within the audit profession, which allows auditors to continuously analyse and control the audited company. Today, a clear change can be identified within the industry in the form of a more proactive audit, increased efficiency and more frequent audit and reporting. The purpose of this study is to investigate how certified public accountants in the four leading agencies in the auditing industry are affected by a continuous audit. The investigation is quantitative with a deductive approach. To test our assumptions, a survey was sent to certified public accountants belonging to PwC, KPMG, Ernst & Young and Deloitte. We use surveys to investigate whether implementation of a continuous audit affects the audit process, generally accepted auditing standards, risk assessment and quality in the audit as previous research shows. The results and conclusion of the study show that the quality of the audit has been positively affected by the implementation of a continuous audit. Specifically, the implementation of a continuous audit has improved the auditors' ability to identify essential errors in the client's accounting and reporting. Furthermore, the result indicates that auditors working in an agency, where a continuous audit has been implemented, ensure the quality of financial information in great extent. In addition, the results show that, the audit process and the risk assessment process become more continuous when implementing a continuous audit. A limitation of the study is that the sample only consists of certified public accountants in PwC, KPMG, Ernst & Young and Deloitte. A suggestion for further research is to implement a similar study with a selection of small or medium-sized audit agencies, with the aim of examining differences in relation to the size of the agencies. Another suggestion for further research is to use a qualitative method to gain a deeper insight into how certified public accountants’ reason about a continuous audit. / I samband med automatiseringens och digitaliseringens framfart inom revisionsbranschen har möjligheterna för löpande revision ökat. Det föreligger indikationer på att realtidsuppdateringar av revisionsprocesser blir allt vanligare inom revisionsyrket, vilket möjliggör för revisorer att löpande följa upp och kontrollera det granskade företaget. Idag kan en tydlig förändring identifieras inom branschen i form av en mer proaktiv revision, ökad effektivitet samt en mer frekvent granskning och rapportering. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur auktoriserade revisorer i de fyra ledande byråerna inom revisionsbranschen förhåller sig till löpande revision. Studien är av kvantitativt slag med en deduktiv ansats. För att testa våra antaganden har enkäter skickats ut till auktoriserade revisorer tillhörande PwC, KPMG, Ernst & Young och Deloitte. Undersökningen görs för att identifiera om implementering av löpande revision påverkar revisionsprocessen, god revisionssed, riskbedömning och kvalitet i revisionen, vilket tidigare forskning påvisar. Studiens resultat och slutsats visar att kvaliteten i revisionen påverkas positivt vid implementeringen av löpande revision. Implementeringen har förbättrat revisorernas förmåga att identifiera väsentliga felaktigheter i klientens redovisning och rapportering. Vidare indikerar resultatet på att revisorer som arbetar i en revisionsbyrå, där löpande revision implementerats, i stor utsträckning säkerställer kvaliteten i finansiell information. Resultatet visar dessutom att det framförallt är gransknings- och riskbedömningsprocessen som blir mer löpande vid implementering av löpande revision. En begränsning med studien är att urvalet endast består av auktoriserade revisorer i PwC, KPMG, Ernst & Young och Deloitte. Ett alternativ till vidare forskning är att utföra en liknande studie med ett urval bestående av små eller medelstora revisionsbyråer i syfte att undersöka skillnader i förhållande till byråernas storlek. Ett annat förslag till vidare forskning är att använda en kvalitativ ansats för att få en djupare insikt i hur auktoriserade revisorer resonerar kring löpande revision.

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ABSTRACT Title: Level: Author: Supervisor: Date: Aim: Method: Accepted price – An Analysis of Cooperation in the Real Estate Markets and its Pricing. Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Madeleine Gustafsson and Sofie Billstam Jonas Kågström 2012 - May The aim with this final assignment is to investigate if the introduction and the cooperation of accepted price was necessary to generate a more stable real estate market with marketable listing prices in Stockholm. The introduction of accepted price led to a cooperation with some of the most important real estate firms in Stockholm. This cooperation was opposed by a number of companies on the real estate market. This fact inspired to examine similarities and differences of being and not being part of the cooperation and thereafter comment on the outcome. The aim is to compare the pricing between companies within the cooperation of accepted price and external companies and the advantages and disadvantages of entering and not entering a collaboration. The main questions to be answered are: - Is the cooperation necessary to regulate listing prices to a marketable level? - What are the effects of higher listing prices on the Swedish real estate market? - What´s the best possible method when pricing listing price? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of entering and not entering a collaboration? The final assignment has been implemented in an abductive way. The essay is mainly based on secondary data in form of journals, websites, literature and qualitative empirical data collected trough three interviews with Erik Carlborg, Mats Uddare and Fastighetsmäklarnämnden. Quantitative empirical data has been collected trough a questionnaire sent to real estate agents working at Svensk Fastighetsförmedling in Stockholm. Theory and empirical evidence has been analyzed and linked together in the analysis chapter, where the essayists’ thoughts and opinions have been presented. Result & Conclusions: Suggestions for future research: Contribution of the thesis: Key words: The result of the study demonstrates that cooperation between competitors in the same industry in this case is positive since it does not involve a "win-lose situation". How a listing price is set can be affected by numerous factors. To conclude, it is important to keep the price at a marketable level in order to keep the real estate market stable. What the pricing is called is less significant. The pricing should only be called price. The study is delimited to two companies, Svensk Fastighetsförmedling and Karlsson&Uddare, and can therefore not represent the entire real estate market in Stockholm. The study has been limited to brokers at Svensk Fastighetsförmedling in order to compare the brokers’ views with the views of the management within the company. Since the accepted price is relatively new on the Swedish market, there is also a limitation in comparing similarities and differences over time. Suggestions for future research may therefore be to examine how the accepted price has affected the market for a longer period of time, and how the cooperation of accepted price is progressing. A larger study may also be performed where more firms and brokers could be included in order to generalize to the entire industry. This essay contributes whit the brokers’ opinion about the introduction of accepted price, which has not been examined earlier. In addition to this, the essay contributes with an analysis about cooperations and pricing, which are the main parts with accepted price. It also shows the advantages and disadvantages of being and not being part of the cooperation. Accepted price, Listing price, Time on market, competing cooperations, Svensk Fastighetsförmedling, Karlsson & Uddare.

The full text will be available at the end of the embargo period: 31st December 2024.