A presente pesquisa investigou frente às subjetividades apresentadas pelas normas contábeis do International Financial Report Standards (IFRS), cuja responsabilidade por traduzir, adaptar a situações locais e acompanhar a introdução no Brasil é do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC) e pela Legislação Tributária Brasileira, se há indícios de possibilidade de prática de Gerenciamento de Resultados (GR) via provisões relacionadas com o contencioso legal. Buscou-se também entender as singularidades da legislação tributária brasileira e os mecanismos usados na prática de GR. O procedimento Contábil, emitido pelo CPC, que disciplina a contabilização das provisões e dos ativos e passivos contingentes é o de nr. 25, uma tradução e adaptação do International Accounting Standard Nr. 37 (IAS 37), e foi o documento básico para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Buscou-se também entender se, após a introdução do CPC 25, houve aumento no disclosure de informações contábeis relativas a provisões e contingências pelas empresas. Como contribuição final foram explorados possíveis mecanismos para mitigar práticas de GR. A pesquisa é exploratória e triangula informações de advogados e auditores, explorando a existência e o mecanismo de GR via contencioso legal e as medidas a serem tomadas para sua mitigação. O período examinado compreende de 2006 - 2010, o qual inclui a introdução da Lei 11631 que muda a Lei das Sociedades por Ações e as normas do IFRS no Brasil. As provisões que têm origens em demandas fiscais administrativas e judiciais são elementos que podem ser manipulados pelas instituições utilizando de subjetividades existentes no entendimento e aplicação da legislação, no sentido de melhorar ou piorar o resultado contábil. A pesquisa mostrou que devido ao intrincado sistema tributário nacional, existe a possibilidade de gerenciamento de resultados via constituição ou não de provisões. Também foi confirmado que após a emissão do CPC 25, as empresas aumentaram o disclosure de informações sobre provisões, passivos e ativos contingentes. / Given the subjectivity inherent in the accounting standards of the International Financial Report Standards (IFRS) that are translated into Portuguese, adapted to local situations and monitored by the Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (Accounting Standards Board - ASB) and the Brazilian tax legislation, the present study investigated whether there is evidence of the possible occurrence of earnings management practice through provisions related to a litigation process. Since it was an exploratory study, we also tried to understand the peculiarities of the Brazilian tax legislation and the mechanisms used in earnings management practices. The accounting procedure No 25 issued by the Accounting Standards Board (ASB), that is, ASB No 25 regulates the accounting of provisions and contingent assets and liabilities and is a translation and adaptation of the International Accounting Standard No. 37 (IAS 37). It is the document upon which this study was based. We also sought to understand whether after the introduction of the Accounting Standards Board No. 25 there was an increase in the disclosure of accounting information on provisions and contingencies by companies. As a final contribution we explored possible mechanisms to constrain earnings management practices. The study is exploratory and triangulates information from lawyers and auditors, exploring the existence and the mechanism of earnings management through a litigation process and the actions to be taken for its mitigation. The study period is 2006 - 2010, which includes the introduction of act 11631 that incorporates changes to the corporations law and IFRS standards in Brazil. The provisions originated in administrative and judicial tax demands are elements that can be handled by the institutions that use the subjectivity in the interpretation and application of legislation by users and in procedures, in order to improve or worsen the accounting result, thus configuring earnings management practice. The research has shown that due to the intricate tax system in Brazil there is the possibility of earnings management via the constitution of provisions or not. It was also confirmed that after the issuance of ASB No. 25 the companies increased the disclosure of information on provisions, liabilities, assets and contingents.

A presente pesquisa investigou frente às subjetividades apresentadas pelas normas contábeis do International Financial Report Standards (IFRS), cuja responsabilidade por traduzir, adaptar a situações locais e acompanhar a introdução no Brasil é do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC) e pela Legislação Tributária Brasileira, se há indícios de possibilidade de prática de Gerenciamento de Resultados (GR) via provisões relacionadas com o contencioso legal. Buscou-se também entender as singularidades da legislação tributária brasileira e os mecanismos usados na prática de GR. O procedimento Contábil, emitido pelo CPC, que disciplina a contabilização das provisões e dos ativos e passivos contingentes é o de nr. 25, uma tradução e adaptação do International Accounting Standard Nr. 37 (IAS 37), e foi o documento básico para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Buscou-se também entender se, após a introdução do CPC 25, houve aumento no disclosure de informações contábeis relativas a provisões e contingências pelas empresas. Como contribuição final foram explorados possíveis mecanismos para mitigar práticas de GR. A pesquisa é exploratória e triangula informações de advogados e auditores, explorando a existência e o mecanismo de GR via contencioso legal e as medidas a serem tomadas para sua mitigação. O período examinado compreende de 2006 - 2010, o qual inclui a introdução da Lei 11631 que muda a Lei das Sociedades por Ações e as normas do IFRS no Brasil. As provisões que têm origens em demandas fiscais administrativas e judiciais são elementos que podem ser manipulados pelas instituições utilizando de subjetividades existentes no entendimento e aplicação da legislação, no sentido de melhorar ou piorar o resultado contábil. A pesquisa mostrou que devido ao intrincado sistema tributário nacional, existe a possibilidade de gerenciamento de resultados via constituição ou não de provisões. Também foi confirmado que após a emissão do CPC 25, as empresas aumentaram o disclosure de informações sobre provisões, passivos e ativos contingentes. / Given the subjectivity inherent in the accounting standards of the International Financial Report Standards (IFRS) that are translated into Portuguese, adapted to local situations and monitored by the Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (Accounting Standards Board - ASB) and the Brazilian tax legislation, the present study investigated whether there is evidence of the possible occurrence of earnings management practice through provisions related to a litigation process. Since it was an exploratory study, we also tried to understand the peculiarities of the Brazilian tax legislation and the mechanisms used in earnings management practices. The accounting procedure No 25 issued by the Accounting Standards Board (ASB), that is, ASB No 25 regulates the accounting of provisions and contingent assets and liabilities and is a translation and adaptation of the International Accounting Standard No. 37 (IAS 37). It is the document upon which this study was based. We also sought to understand whether after the introduction of the Accounting Standards Board No. 25 there was an increase in the disclosure of accounting information on provisions and contingencies by companies. As a final contribution we explored possible mechanisms to constrain earnings management practices. The study is exploratory and triangulates information from lawyers and auditors, exploring the existence and the mechanism of earnings management through a litigation process and the actions to be taken for its mitigation. The study period is 2006 - 2010, which includes the introduction of act 11631 that incorporates changes to the corporations law and IFRS standards in Brazil. The provisions originated in administrative and judicial tax demands are elements that can be handled by the institutions that use the subjectivity in the interpretation and application of legislation by users and in procedures, in order to improve or worsen the accounting result, thus configuring earnings management practice. The research has shown that due to the intricate tax system in Brazil there is the possibility of earnings management via the constitution of provisions or not. It was also confirmed that after the issuance of ASB No. 25 the companies increased the disclosure of information on provisions, liabilities, assets and contingents.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner Schmidt.pdf: 8727051 bytes, checksum: 9669cd75306633dfdd1a2d712ce4d2a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-28 / This study is the result of the present observation of the movement of civil lawsuits that are growing every day on the market of financial institutions. Nowadays, especially in financial institutions, significant civil lawsuits has been a concern of executives. The main objective of this study is to propose a model of risk management for contingent liabilities in financial institutions, since the difficulty of managing such numbers in the deal result. This is an adaptation of the instruments used in the management of credit risk for the legal area. The models used are the Behaviour Scoring and Credit Scoring. The first model is based on the curve behavioral processes, in this work are denominated like variables. These variables are known industry products offered by financial institutions. On a second level is taken into account the reasons, known as triggering events that led to the civil suits. The second model, Credit Scoring, based on a statistical study of values, which serve as the basis in determining the historical losses. The proposed study is to assist the risk management of these liabilities, eliminating the subjectivity of analysis and allowing greater speed in information. The present results prove that it is possible to use the instruments in question to the risk management of contingent liabilities, reducing the subjectivity of analysis, as greater adherence to criteria and faster responses for managers. The top ten products analyzed shows the results of Credit Scores, for the respective taxable events, termed here as Behaviour Scores. This work, in addition to demonstrating the applicability of the models Credit Scoring and Behavior Scoring also allows us to expand this study to other fields of activities, such as telecommunications, energy, companies that handle large volumes of civil lawsuits, as well as expanded discussion of risk allocation of contingent liability for the product / Este estudo é o resultado da observação atual do movimento de ações cíveis que vem crescendo a cada dia no mercado de instituições financeiras. Nos dias atuais, principalmente nas instituições financeiras, volumes significativos de ações judiciais cíveis tem sido motivo de preocupação dos executivos. O principal objetivo deste estudo é propor um modelo de gestão de risco para passivos contingentes nas instituições financeiras, visto a dificuldade de gestão desses números dentro do resultado do negócio. Trata-se de uma adaptação dos instrumentos utilizados na área de gestão de risco de crédito para a área jurídica. Os modelos utilizados em questão são o Behaviour Scoring e o Credit Scoring. O primeiro modelo baseia-se na curva comportamental dos processos, que neste trabalho denominam-se como variáveis. Estas variáveis são os conhecidos produtos ofertados pela indústria das instituições financeiras. Em um segundo nível é levado em consideração os motivos, ou seja, fatos geradores que geraram as ações cíveis. O segundo modelo, o Credit Scoring, baseia-se em um estudo estatístico de valores, os quais servirão de base na apuração das perdas históricas. A proposta do estudo é auxiliar a gestão do risco desses passivos, eliminando a subjetividade de análise e permitindo maior velocidade nas informações. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho provam que é possível utilizar os instrumentos em questão para a gestão do risco do passivo contingente, diminuindo a subjetividade de análise, visto maior aderência nos critérios e respostas mais rápidas para os gestores. O top ten de produtos analisados mostra os resultados dos Credit Scores, para os respectivos fatos geradores, denominado neste trabalho como Behaviour Scores. Este trabalho, além de evidenciar a aplicabilidade dos modelos Credit Scoring e Behaviour Scoring, também permite expandir este estudo para outros ramos de atividades, como telefonia, energia, empresas que operam com grandes volumes de ações cíveis, além de expandir discussões como alocação de risco de passivo contingente por produto

Submitted by Luís Felipe de Freitas Kietzmann (felipe.kietzmann@gmail.com) on 2016-02-24T18:03:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Provisionamento de Processos Judiciais F Kietzmann 22 02 16 v final.pdf: 904366 bytes, checksum: 7db9e2e608ffb321c33c77f98649f6ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-02-24T18:11:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Provisionamento de Processos Judiciais F Kietzmann 22 02 16 v final.pdf: 904366 bytes, checksum: 7db9e2e608ffb321c33c77f98649f6ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-25T15:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Provisionamento de Processos Judiciais F Kietzmann 22 02 16 v final.pdf: 904366 bytes, checksum: 7db9e2e608ffb321c33c77f98649f6ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / This paper focuses on Brazilian standards concerning the provision and the disclosure of contingent liabilities specifically aiming at their use in legal and managerial proceedings, which are the kind of contingent liability that most significantly impacts the results of the majority of national companies in all segments. The description of the standards, therefore, is compared to the market reality and the specifications pertaining to legal and managerial proceedings. In addition to contextualizing the applicable rules and explaining how they work, in special Technical Standard number 25, created by the Committee of Accounting Standards, which became mandatory for publicly-held corporations by CVM Decision number 594, as of September 15, 2009, their critical analysis is also performed, with the identification of any omissions that might make it difficult to perform the provision activities by the appropriate professionals, which leads to a lack of uniformity of these records in the company's financial statements, as well as making it possible to manage results. Next, solutions are assessed and proposed for the problems found, in special the adoption of percentage values for risk classification criteria and the definition of contingency value measurement and contingent liability mensuration criteria organized as standards of good practices of provision and disclosure of contingent liabilities arising from legal and managerial proceedings. / O presente trabalho examina as normas brasileiras relativas ao provisionamento e à divulgação de passivos contingentes com vistas especificamente à sua aplicação para processos judiciais e administrativos, que representam o tipo de passivo contingente que mais impacta o resultado da maior parte das companhias nacionais, de todos os segmentos. O texto das normas, portanto, é confrontado com a realidade prática do mercado e as especificidades inerentes aos processos judiciais e administrativos. Além de contextualizar e explicar o funcionamento das regras aplicáveis, com destaque para o Pronunciamento Técnico nº. 25, do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis, que se tornou obrigatório para as companhias abertas por meio da Deliberação CVM nº. 594, de 15 de setembro de 2009, é realizada sua análise crítica, identificando omissões que podem dificultar o desempenho das atividades de provisionamento de tais demandas pelos profissionais competentes, fomentando a falta de uniformidade desses registros entre as demonstrações financeiras das companhias, bem como possibilitando o gerenciamento de resultados. Em seguida, são avaliadas e propostas soluções para os problemas identificados, com destaque para o estabelecimento de valores percentuais aos critérios de classificação de risco e a definição de critérios para classificação de risco de perda e mensuração de valores de passivos contingentes, organizadas em forma de diretrizes de boas práticas de provisionamento e de divulgação de passivos contingentes decorrentes de processos judiciais e administrativos.

Submitted by Rodrigo Bernardes Ribeiro (rodrigo.bernardes@live.com) on 2017-01-12T02:12:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Completo_VF_Com_Ficha.pdf: 1319843 bytes, checksum: 1173593a6924491cb8937cbbba591670 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Rodrigo, boa tarde Por gentileza, retirar a acentuação do nome Getúlio para que possamos aceitar seu trabalho junto à biblioteca. Em seguida submeter o arquivo novamente. Grata. on 2017-01-12T15:21:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rodrigo Bernardes Ribeiro (rodrigo.bernardes@live.com) on 2017-01-12T16:46:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Completo_VF_Com_Ficha.pdf: 1317569 bytes, checksum: e3670ac2164fccd4740d66189fc68474 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-01-12T16:49:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Completo_VF_Com_Ficha.pdf: 1317569 bytes, checksum: e3670ac2164fccd4740d66189fc68474 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T17:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Completo_VF_Com_Ficha.pdf: 1317569 bytes, checksum: e3670ac2164fccd4740d66189fc68474 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / The present work aims to examine the risks and legal uncertainties and see how companies approach, treat and mitigate them, and how eventually this can be improved, especially in tax matters, considering the importance of its evaluation to record liabilities on financial reports, the practical effects of tax discussions and the impact of losing major litigation on taxpayers. It also seeks to elucidate the difficulties, mainly from the analysis of relevant tax discussions that are observed on the national scene and that occupy the most important courts in Brazil, and objectively point the accounting rules that must be observed by companies and the mechanisms which are usually used by them to ensure the quality of accounting judgments and consequently the information provided to external users. Given that accounting standards suggest that companies can rely on expert opinions and the perception that the opinions of lawyers have great relevance on legal risk evaluation, especially on tax matters, we analyze the way they are issued and what level of objectivity and accuracy can be expected from the loss or gain prognoses portrayed in them, to conclude that, although not as accurate, this tool is still the best mechanism available, given the peculiarities and uncertainties inherent in the law and the very indeterminacy of the future. Nevertheless, taking into account the basic characteristics of the risks, we beliebe that the knowledge of other areas on risk management, such as project management, can be adapted to law, in addition (and not replacement) to the legal opinions and the governance processes already implemented by the companies. Some tools that we consider capable of being applied to law are: (a) analysis of root causes and consequences; (B) numerical Linkert scale, combined with risks exposure in lists evaluated qualitatively; (C) Delphi technique. Finally, we present some practical effects of uncertainties and legal risks on tax matters and difficulties of its evaluation, to draw attention to the need of its management, as it is impossible to eliminate them. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo examinar os riscos e incertezas jurídicos e verificar como as empresas os abordam, tratam e mitigam e como, eventualmente, isso pode ser aprimorado, especialmente em matéria tributária, tendo em vista a importância da sua avaliação para registro das obrigações nas demonstrações financeiras, os efeitos práticos das discussões tributárias e os impactos das perdas dos grandes litígios para os contribuintes. Buscamos elucidar as dificuldades existentes, principalmente, a partir da análise de discussões tributárias relevantes que se observam no cenário nacional e que ocupam os mais importantes tribunais do País e apontar de forma objetiva as regras contábeis a serem observadas pelas empresas e os mecanismos usualmente utilizados por elas para assegurar a qualidade dos julgamentos contábeis e consequentemente das informações prestadas aos usuários externos. Diante da evidenciação de que a norma contábil sugere que as empresas se socorram das opiniões de especialistas e da percepção de que as opiniões dos advogados possuem grande relevância nas avaliações de riscos jurídico-tributários, buscamos analisar a forma como elas são emitidas e qual o nível de objetividade e precisão que se pode esperar dos prognósticos de perda ou ganho nelas retratados, para concluir que, embora não tão precisa, essa ferramenta ainda é o melhor mecanismo disponível, haja vista as peculiaridades e incertezas inerentes ao próprio Direito e a própria indeterminação do futuro. Não obstante, em atenção às características básicas dos riscos, verificamos que o conhecimento de outras áreas sobre o gerenciamento de riscos, como o gerenciamento de projetos, pode ser adaptado ao Direito, em adição (e não substituição) às opiniões jurídicas e aos processos de governança já implementados pelas empresas. Há algumas ferramentas que, para fins das conclusões a serem obtidas, são julgadas como aptas para serem aplicadas ao Direito, a saber: (a) análise de causa-raiz e de consequências; (b) escala Linkert numérica, com exposição dos riscos em listas avaliadas qualitativamente; (c) técnica Delphi. Por fim, apresentam-se alguns efeitos práticos das incertezas e riscos jurídico-tributários e das dificuldades de sua avaliação, para chamar a atenção para a necessidade de seu gerenciamento, em virtude da impossibilidade de sua efetiva eliminação.

<p>Bakgrund: År 1992 trädde en ny kommunallag i kraft vilket innebar flera förändringar av den kommunala redovisningen. År 1997 kom en kommunal redovisningslag och begreppet god redovisningssed fördes in i kommuners redovisning. Seden kantas av särregler som balanskravet och blandmodellen som är politiska beslut och inte är redovisningstekniskt motiverade. Kommunallagens krav på ekonomisk balans trädde i kraft år 2000 och är en av hörnstenarna i kommuners krav på en god ekonomisk hushållning. Balanskravet innebär att kommuner ska visa ett positivt resultat. Sedan balanskravet trädde i kraft har kommuners intresse riktats mot balanskravet i stället för mot det mer långsiktiga kravet på en god ekonomisk hushållning. För att kommuner ska nå upp till balanskravet infördes år 2000 en modell för beräkning av kommunens pensionsskulder benämnd blandmodellen.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur kommuner hanterar kravet på en god ekonomisk hushållning i skenet av den dolda pensionsskulden. Beskriva balanskravet och blandmodellen gentemot kravet på att redovisningen ska visa en korrekt bild av kommunens verkliga ekonomiska ställning och resultat, den rättvisande bilden. Samt belysa redovisningens roll och användning i en kommun.</p><p>Genomförande: Uppsatsen är genomförd med en kombination av en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ ansats. Studiens kvalitativa del bygger på besöksintervjuer hos fyra utvalda kommuner medan studiens kvantitativa del bygger på ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till 30 kommuner varav 18 svarade. Inom ramen för undersökningen har både primärdata och sekundärdata använts. Primärdata har inhämtas från besöksintervjuer, utskickade frågeformulär och expertiskunskap inom redovisningsområdet. Sekundärdata har bestått av litteratur, artiklar, tidskrifter, utredningar och årsredovisningar.</p><p>Resultat: Studien visar att begreppet god ekonomisk hushållning har haft en positiv effekt på kommuners ekonomi och där balanskravet ses som det mest centrala. Stor osäkerhet råder dock om vilka mål och policies kommuner ska sätta upp för vad som utgör god ekonomisk hushållning. Blandmodellen är ett politiskt beslut som sätter vedertagna redovisningsprinciper ur spel och går emot några av redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper. Undersökningens respondenter sätter gärna likhetstecken mellan rättvisande bild och god redovisningssed men det skiljer sig mellan undersökningens fyra orter hur begreppen tolkas. Studien visar också att kommuner anser sig vara skuldfria när de har en ansvarsförbindelse för pensioner som i ett flertal fall uppgår till betydande belopp. Kommuner måste ta ansvar för sina pensionsåtaganden genom att fondera medel och inte skjuta över kostnader på nästa generation.</p> / <p>Background: In 1992, the new Local Government Act took effect, which implied several changes for municipal accounting. A municipal accounting law came in 1997, and the concept of generally accepted accounting principles entered into municipal accounting. This practice is marked by special rules such as the “balanced budget requirement” (balanskrav) and the “mixed model” of accounting (blandmodellen), which are political decisions not motivated by accounting. The Local Government Act’s requirement for financial balance took effect in 2000 and is one of the cornerstones in the municipalities’ requirements for good financial management. The balanced budget requirement means that municipalities should show that income exceeds costs. Since the balanced budget requirement took effect, the municipalities have focused their interest on it, instead of on the more long-term requirement for good financial management. In order for municipalities to fulfil the balanced budget requirement, the mixed model, which calculates the municipality’s pension liabilities, was introduced in 2000.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to (1) examine how municipalities manage the requirement for good financial management despite hidden pension liabilities, (2) to describe the balanced budget requirement and mixed model in relation to the requirement that accounting records should show an accurate view of the municipality’s true financial position and income/expenditures, the true and fair view, and (3) to illustrate the role and use of accounting in a municipality.</p><p>Methods: This essay was carried out through a combination of a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The study’s qualitative component is based on interviews in four selected municipalities, whereas the quantitative component is based on a questionnaire that was sent to 30 municipalities, of which 18 submitted answers. Both primary and secondary data have been used within the framework of the study. The primary data were collected from interviews, mailed questionnaires, and expert knowledge in the accounting field. Secondary data consisted of literature, articles, journals, studies, and annual reports.</p><p>Results: The study shows that the concept of good financial management has had a positive effect on the finances of municipalities, and the balanced budget requirement is viewed as the core. There is great uncertainty, however, as to which goals and policies the municipalities should set up to constitute good financial management. The mixed model is a political decision that eliminates generally accepted accounting principles and goes against some of the qualitative properties of accounting. The study’s respondents gladly equate the true and fair view with generally accepted accounting principles, but there are differences in interpretation of the concepts in the four selected municipalities. The study also shows that the municipalities consider themselves free from debt when they have contingent liabilities for pensions, which in several cases total significant amounts. The municipalities must take responsibility for their pension commitments by reserving funds for them, and not shift the costs to the next generation.</p>

Bakgrund: År 1992 trädde en ny kommunallag i kraft vilket innebar flera förändringar av den kommunala redovisningen. År 1997 kom en kommunal redovisningslag och begreppet god redovisningssed fördes in i kommuners redovisning. Seden kantas av särregler som balanskravet och blandmodellen som är politiska beslut och inte är redovisningstekniskt motiverade. Kommunallagens krav på ekonomisk balans trädde i kraft år 2000 och är en av hörnstenarna i kommuners krav på en god ekonomisk hushållning. Balanskravet innebär att kommuner ska visa ett positivt resultat. Sedan balanskravet trädde i kraft har kommuners intresse riktats mot balanskravet i stället för mot det mer långsiktiga kravet på en god ekonomisk hushållning. För att kommuner ska nå upp till balanskravet infördes år 2000 en modell för beräkning av kommunens pensionsskulder benämnd blandmodellen. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur kommuner hanterar kravet på en god ekonomisk hushållning i skenet av den dolda pensionsskulden. Beskriva balanskravet och blandmodellen gentemot kravet på att redovisningen ska visa en korrekt bild av kommunens verkliga ekonomiska ställning och resultat, den rättvisande bilden. Samt belysa redovisningens roll och användning i en kommun. Genomförande: Uppsatsen är genomförd med en kombination av en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ ansats. Studiens kvalitativa del bygger på besöksintervjuer hos fyra utvalda kommuner medan studiens kvantitativa del bygger på ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till 30 kommuner varav 18 svarade. Inom ramen för undersökningen har både primärdata och sekundärdata använts. Primärdata har inhämtas från besöksintervjuer, utskickade frågeformulär och expertiskunskap inom redovisningsområdet. Sekundärdata har bestått av litteratur, artiklar, tidskrifter, utredningar och årsredovisningar. Resultat: Studien visar att begreppet god ekonomisk hushållning har haft en positiv effekt på kommuners ekonomi och där balanskravet ses som det mest centrala. Stor osäkerhet råder dock om vilka mål och policies kommuner ska sätta upp för vad som utgör god ekonomisk hushållning. Blandmodellen är ett politiskt beslut som sätter vedertagna redovisningsprinciper ur spel och går emot några av redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper. Undersökningens respondenter sätter gärna likhetstecken mellan rättvisande bild och god redovisningssed men det skiljer sig mellan undersökningens fyra orter hur begreppen tolkas. Studien visar också att kommuner anser sig vara skuldfria när de har en ansvarsförbindelse för pensioner som i ett flertal fall uppgår till betydande belopp. Kommuner måste ta ansvar för sina pensionsåtaganden genom att fondera medel och inte skjuta över kostnader på nästa generation. / Background: In 1992, the new Local Government Act took effect, which implied several changes for municipal accounting. A municipal accounting law came in 1997, and the concept of generally accepted accounting principles entered into municipal accounting. This practice is marked by special rules such as the “balanced budget requirement” (balanskrav) and the “mixed model” of accounting (blandmodellen), which are political decisions not motivated by accounting. The Local Government Act’s requirement for financial balance took effect in 2000 and is one of the cornerstones in the municipalities’ requirements for good financial management. The balanced budget requirement means that municipalities should show that income exceeds costs. Since the balanced budget requirement took effect, the municipalities have focused their interest on it, instead of on the more long-term requirement for good financial management. In order for municipalities to fulfil the balanced budget requirement, the mixed model, which calculates the municipality’s pension liabilities, was introduced in 2000. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to (1) examine how municipalities manage the requirement for good financial management despite hidden pension liabilities, (2) to describe the balanced budget requirement and mixed model in relation to the requirement that accounting records should show an accurate view of the municipality’s true financial position and income/expenditures, the true and fair view, and (3) to illustrate the role and use of accounting in a municipality. Methods: This essay was carried out through a combination of a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The study’s qualitative component is based on interviews in four selected municipalities, whereas the quantitative component is based on a questionnaire that was sent to 30 municipalities, of which 18 submitted answers. Both primary and secondary data have been used within the framework of the study. The primary data were collected from interviews, mailed questionnaires, and expert knowledge in the accounting field. Secondary data consisted of literature, articles, journals, studies, and annual reports. Results: The study shows that the concept of good financial management has had a positive effect on the finances of municipalities, and the balanced budget requirement is viewed as the core. There is great uncertainty, however, as to which goals and policies the municipalities should set up to constitute good financial management. The mixed model is a political decision that eliminates generally accepted accounting principles and goes against some of the qualitative properties of accounting. The study’s respondents gladly equate the true and fair view with generally accepted accounting principles, but there are differences in interpretation of the concepts in the four selected municipalities. The study also shows that the municipalities consider themselves free from debt when they have contingent liabilities for pensions, which in several cases total significant amounts. The municipalities must take responsibility for their pension commitments by reserving funds for them, and not shift the costs to the next generation.