Injection molding is widely used to manufacture plastic parts with good surface finish, dimensional stability and low cost. The common examples of parts manufactured by injection molding include toys, utensils, and casings of various electronic products. The process of mold design to generate these complex shapes is iterative and time consuming, and requires great expertise in the field. As a result, a significant amount of the final product cost can be attributed to the expenses incurred during the product’s design. After designing the mold segments, it is necessary to machine these segments with minimum cost using an efficient tool-path. The tool-path planning process also adds to the overall mold cost. The process of injection molding can be simplified and made to be more cost effective if the processes of mold design and tool-path generation can be automated. This work focuses on the automation of mold design from a given part design and the automation of tool-path generation for manufacturing mold segments. The hypothesis examined in this thesis is that the automatic identification of mold features can reduce the human efforts required to design molds. It is further hypothesised that the human effort required in many downstream processes such as mold component machining can also be reduced with algorithmic automation of otherwise time consuming decisions. Automatic design of dies and molds begins with the part design being provided as a solid model. The solid model of a part is a database of its geometry and topology. The automatic mold design process uses this database to identify an undercut-free parting direction, for recognition of mold features and identification of parting lines for a given parting direction, and for generation of entities such as parting surfaces, core, cavity and side-cores. The methods presented in this work are analytical in nature and work with the extended set of part topologies and geometries unlike those found in the literature. Moreover, the methods do not require discretizing the part geometry to design its mold segments, unlike those found in the literature that result in losing the part definition. Once the mold features are recognized and parting lines are defined, core, cavity and side-cores are generated. This work presents algorithms that recognize the entities in the part solid model that contribute to the design of the core, cavity and side-cores, extract the entities, and use them in the design of these elements. The developed algorithms are demonstrated on a variety of parts that cover a wide range of features. The work also presents a method for automatic tool-path generation that takes the designed core/cavity and produces a multi-stage tool-path to machine it from raw stock. The tool-path generation process begins by determining tool-path profiles and tool positions for the rough machining of the part in layers. Typically roughing is done with large aggressive tools to reduce the machining time; and roughing leaves uncut material. After generating a roughing tool-path for each layer, the machining is simulated and the areas left uncut are identified to generate a clean-up tool-path for smaller sized tools. The tool-path planning is demonstrated using a part having obstacles within the machining region. The simulated machining is presented in this work. This work extends the accessibility analysis by retaining the topology information and using it to recognize a larger domain of features including intersecting features, filling a void in the literature regarding a method that could recognize complex intersecting features during an automated mold design process. Using this information, a larger variety of new mold intersecting features are classified and recognized in this approach. The second major contribution of the work was to demonstrate that the downstream operations can also benefit from algorithmic decision making. This is shown by automatically generating roughing and clean-up tool-paths, while reducing the machining time by machining only those areas that have uncut material. The algorithm can handle cavities with obstacles in them. The methodology has been tested on a number of parts.

Injection molding is widely used to manufacture plastic parts with good surface finish, dimensional stability and low cost. The common examples of parts manufactured by injection molding include toys, utensils, and casings of various electronic products. The process of mold design to generate these complex shapes is iterative and time consuming, and requires great expertise in the field. As a result, a significant amount of the final product cost can be attributed to the expenses incurred during the product’s design. After designing the mold segments, it is necessary to machine these segments with minimum cost using an efficient tool-path. The tool-path planning process also adds to the overall mold cost. The process of injection molding can be simplified and made to be more cost effective if the processes of mold design and tool-path generation can be automated. This work focuses on the automation of mold design from a given part design and the automation of tool-path generation for manufacturing mold segments. The hypothesis examined in this thesis is that the automatic identification of mold features can reduce the human efforts required to design molds. It is further hypothesised that the human effort required in many downstream processes such as mold component machining can also be reduced with algorithmic automation of otherwise time consuming decisions. Automatic design of dies and molds begins with the part design being provided as a solid model. The solid model of a part is a database of its geometry and topology. The automatic mold design process uses this database to identify an undercut-free parting direction, for recognition of mold features and identification of parting lines for a given parting direction, and for generation of entities such as parting surfaces, core, cavity and side-cores. The methods presented in this work are analytical in nature and work with the extended set of part topologies and geometries unlike those found in the literature. Moreover, the methods do not require discretizing the part geometry to design its mold segments, unlike those found in the literature that result in losing the part definition. Once the mold features are recognized and parting lines are defined, core, cavity and side-cores are generated. This work presents algorithms that recognize the entities in the part solid model that contribute to the design of the core, cavity and side-cores, extract the entities, and use them in the design of these elements. The developed algorithms are demonstrated on a variety of parts that cover a wide range of features. The work also presents a method for automatic tool-path generation that takes the designed core/cavity and produces a multi-stage tool-path to machine it from raw stock. The tool-path generation process begins by determining tool-path profiles and tool positions for the rough machining of the part in layers. Typically roughing is done with large aggressive tools to reduce the machining time; and roughing leaves uncut material. After generating a roughing tool-path for each layer, the machining is simulated and the areas left uncut are identified to generate a clean-up tool-path for smaller sized tools. The tool-path planning is demonstrated using a part having obstacles within the machining region. The simulated machining is presented in this work. This work extends the accessibility analysis by retaining the topology information and using it to recognize a larger domain of features including intersecting features, filling a void in the literature regarding a method that could recognize complex intersecting features during an automated mold design process. Using this information, a larger variety of new mold intersecting features are classified and recognized in this approach. The second major contribution of the work was to demonstrate that the downstream operations can also benefit from algorithmic decision making. This is shown by automatically generating roughing and clean-up tool-paths, while reducing the machining time by machining only those areas that have uncut material. The algorithm can handle cavities with obstacles in them. The methodology has been tested on a number of parts.

Food is of great importance to daily life. Food stores and supermarkets are the key places to get food for both the urban and rural populations. This study presents the accessibility of urban and rural food stores in Västerbotten County. A GIS-based analysis created service areas around the food stores using the road network in Västerbotten. These service areas were created for two different forms of transport, driving and public transport. The public transport service areas made us of the GTFS tool within ArcGIS pro. The population within and not within these service areas were counted as having access and not having access to the food stores in the time cost model. Compared to the urban population, the rural population has less access to the food stores in both the driving and public transport service areas. For both the urban and rural populations, accessibility with the car is higher than when taking public transport options.

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There are many barriers and obstacles that need to be removed to make the urban environment more accessible for people with disabilities. There are currently no adequate tools for urban planners to assess and address these obstacles. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide powerful methods for the visualization and analysis of spatial data, including the kind of data important in studies of accessibility. This study suggests a method urban planners can use to identify accessibility obstacles and to propose future actions to fix them. A literature review was conducted to find out what has been done and what is new regarding the accessibility issues. Different methods were evaluated which in turn led to the construction of a multi-step analytical strategy. The proposed method identifies how urban planners can best work with accessibility issues given existing tools and where there is potential for even further improvement in areas such as data collection. Data only has value when it is used and if it is kept up-to-date. Web services or mobile applications would help municipalities receive and share information about obstacles with local residents, especially the disabled. / Stadsmiljön är i dagsläget inte anpassad för alla individer och innehåller många hinder. En del av dessa hinder räknas som så kallade enkelt avhjälpta hinder (EAH) och ska enligt regeringsbeslut åtgärdas. Det saknas ett verktyg för kommunala planerare att arbeta med tillgänglighetsanpassning där hindren visas på ett tydligt sätt. Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) är ett kraftfullt verktyg för visualisering och analysering och kan användas för att göra analyser av tillgängligheten. Syftet med examensarbetet är att föreslå ett arbetssätt som kommunala samhällsplanerare kan använda i arbetet med att identifiera EAH och planera åtgärder. En litteraturstudie gjordes för att ta reda på vad som redan har gjorts och om det finns pågående arbete inom tillgänglighetsområdet. Existerande metoder utvärderades och en strategi som är uppbyggd av flera steg utarbetades. Arbetssättet är ett förslag på hur kommunala samhällsplanerare kan arbeta med tillgänglighetsfrågor och metoden har potential att utvecklas ytterligare. Det är av yttersta vikt att informationen om hinder används efter att den hämtats in och informationen måste ständigt hållas uppdaterad. Genom att utveckla en webbtjänst eller mobilapplikation skulle kommunen kunna få hjälp att samla in information om hinder av kommuninvånarna, inklusive de hindrade.

Examensarbete undersöker rumslig tillgänglighet av livsmedelsbutiker inom Karlstads kommun. Studien fokuserar på butikskedjor som exempelvis Ica och Coop, som spelar en central roll i att tillhandahålla mat och andra nödvändigheter för befolkningen. Syftet med studien är att analysera tillgängligheten till livsmedelsbutiker genom gång- och cykeltrafik, med målet att förbättra folkhälsanoch värna grönare trafikalternativ.För att uppnå detta mål användes geografiska informationssystem (GIS) för att utföra rumsliga analyser. ArcGIS Pro användes för att skapa en nätverksdataset som möjliggjorde nätverksanalyser, inklusive OD-kostnadsmatrisen för att beräkna antalet tillgängliga butiker per stadsdelsområde ochtjänsteområden från livsmedelsbutikerna. Befolkning- och inkomstdata integrerades för att inkludera socioekonomiska aspekter i analysen.Resultaten visar att det finns betydande skillnader i tillgänglighet mellan olika stadsdelar och transportmedel. Tingvallastaden framstår som ett område med mycket god tillgång till livsmedelsbutiker inom både gång- och cykelavstånd, medan andra områden har lite till ingen tillgång. Studien finner att äldre personer oftare (5 %) bor närmare butiker inom gång- och cykelavstånd jämfört med den totala befolkningen.Arbetet belyser vikten av att använda GIS för att förstå och förbättra tillgängligheten tilllivsmedelsbutiker. GIS baserade nätverksanalyser har potentialen att integrera relevant geodata för en effektiv, informativ och mångpräglad analys som kan användas för att förbättra både folkhälsa och miljövänliga transportmedel. / The thesis investigates the spatial accessibility of grocery stores within the Karlstad municipality. The study focuses on retail chains such as Ica and Coop, which play a central role in providing food and other necessities for the population. The purpose of the study is to analyze the accessibility of grocery stores through walking and cycling traffic, with the goal of improving public health and promoting greener traffic alternatives.To achieve this goal, geographic information systems (GIS) were used to perform spatial analyses. ArcGIS Pro was utilized to create a network dataset that enabled network analyses, including the OD cost matrix to calculate the number of accessible stores per district and service areas from the grocery stores. Population and income data were integrated to include socioeconomic aspects in the analysis.The results show significant differences in accessibility between different districts and modes of transport. Tingvallastaden stands out as an area with very good access to grocery stores within both walking and cycling distance, while other areas have little to no access. The study finds that older people are more likely to live closer to stores within walking and cycling distance compared to the total population.The results show significant differences in accessibility between different districts and modes of transport. Tingvallastaden stands out as an area with very good access to grocery stores within both walking and cycling distance, while other areas have little to no access. The study finds that older people are more likely to live closer to stores within walking and cycling distance compared to the total population.The work highlights the importance of using GIS to understand and improve the accessibility of grocery stores. GIS based network analysis has the potential to integrate relevant geodata for an efficient, informative, and multifaceted analysis that can be used to enhance both public health and environmentally friendly transportation.

<p>The population of Sweden is ageing as in almost every European country. Improved medical progresses and treatment options lead to a decreasing mortality at older ages, increasing life expectance and an advanced health of the elderly. Due to these improvements and the so called ‘baby- boomers’, a great number of persons born in the 1940s that will reach retirement age the coming years, their total number will increase strongly in the near future all over Sweden. To enable these elderly to live a normal, active and independent life as long as possible activities, services and special housing with improved accessibility and meeting places for elderly has to be provided. Thus, for local authorities it is essential to know the actual and favoured living conditions as well as environments of elderly. This study aims therefore to investigate the characteristic of preferred residential neighbourhoods of the elderly in the city of Norrköping. The demographic, social and crime situation was examined for the districts of the city using several methods from both Statistics and GIS. Statistical methods included classifications, indexes or indicators and bivariate correlations. A model was developed to combine demographic and social data to characterise districts. GIS was to a major extent used as a visualisation tool. Choropleth mapping and Kernel density estimations were used to illustrate distribution of elderly and crime. Preliminary global statistical tests were used to verify clustering in the crime data set. An accessibility analysis was conducted with the help of the network analyst tool. Results indicate that districts experiencing the highest total numbers and proportion of elderly are very distributed throughout the city of Norrköping. They are, with some exceptions, characterised by lower social status. Four districts of the city show considerable evidences of demographic ageing, experiencing a population pyramid formed like an urn. Beside districts where elderly constitute a bigger proportion of the population, they tend to live in districts characterised by a relatively high proportion of young adults aged between 20 and 29. Crime analyses have shown crime clusters in different parts of the city. A high proportion of elderly faces a high crime level in the districts Gamla staden, Nordantill and Hageby. However, it has been proved that only some hot spots of crime within these areas contribute to the high crime level. Districts such as Skarphagen, Såpkullen, Smedby and Linö, all (except Såpkullen) situated on the outskirts of the city, hold high or middle elderly and a low crime level. Accessibility analyses have shown that elderly aged over 80 do not live significant closer to health centres and the public transport stops compared to the age groups 20 – 65 and inhabitants aged between 65 and 79.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T15:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4235200 bytes, checksum: 27d6eec67ee1dd074ed12eabe7bdf8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research analyzes the Government Portal of the State of Paraíba, considering accessibility for deaf users. This analysis is taken from the recommendations and guidelines of accessibility, associated to the principles of Information Architecture for the Web, both standards turn possible to identify barriers to access to information faced by these linguistic minorities. The problem corresponds to know whether the government portal of the State of Paraíba is in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations for web accessibility thus allowing accessibility for deaf users. To meet the overall objective, which is to analyze the Government portal of the State of Paraíba in the perspective of accessibility for deaf users, it was necessary to use the government Accessibility Model (e- MAG) created precisely in order to provide accessibility of Government portals of domain gov.br. The analysis results were confronted by the opinions of deaf users, so that it was possible to identify the main barriers of accessibility, that make such environments inaccessible, as well as it proposes suggestions to better meet the information needs of these users. The results indicated that the analyzed site constitutes as a unique place to give access to various knowledge entities and may be characterized as a system of cooperative information. It was also identified that it was structured according to the principles of AI for web, which contributes positively to access information quickly at least for the general users. However, with regard to access for deaf users, who have limited access to certain information, it was found that the main elements of accessibility appointed by the deaf users, are majority non existent, resulting in serious accessibility problems. Through the context of the inaccessibility of this Portal, which does not consist in a particular case, it is suggested that changes should be done in a way that allows the users access to information, especially through the strong presence of Libras. From the point of view of the objectives, the research is characterized as exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The encouragement the issue of accessibility in government portals consists of an Information Science concern, supported on the issue of the right to information, as a leading factor to the social responsibility practice inherent to this Science. Beyond the visible legal interest, as explained in the Brazilian legislation dealing with this issue, in which both understand the contribution of promoting accessibility, seizure, retention and reading speed with autonomy and independence of these linguistic minorities on web environments. / A presente pesquisa vislumbra analisar o Portal Governamental do Estado da Paraíba, considerando a acessibilidade para usuários surdos. A referida análise é feita a partir das recomendações e diretrizes de acessibilidade, aliados aos princípios da Arquitetura da Informação para a Web, ambas diretrizes, possibilitam identificar as barreiras de acesso à informação enfrentadas por estas minorias linguísticas. A problemática estabelecida corresponde a saber se o portal governamental do Estado da Paraíba está em conformidade com as diretrizes e recomendações de acessibilidade para a Web possibilitando dessa forma a acessibilidade para usuários surdos. Para atender ao objetivo geral que consiste em analisar o portal governamental do Estado da Paraíba na perspectiva da acessibilidade para usuários surdos, se fez necessário fazer uso do Modelo de Acessibilidade do Governo (e-MAG) criado justamente com o intuito de proporcionar a acessibilidade dos Portais governamentais de domínio.gov.br. Os resultados das análises foram confrontados pelas opiniões dos usuários surdos, de modo, que foi possível identificar as principais barreiras de acessibilidade, o que tornam tais ambientes inacessíveis, bem como propor sugestões para melhor atender as necessidades informacionais dos referidos usuários. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o Portal analisado se constitui como ponto único que dar acesso à várias entidades de conhecimento e pode ser caracterizado como um sistema de informação cooperativo. Identificou-se também que o mesmo foi estruturado de acordo com os princípios da Arquitetura da Informação para Web, o que contribui positivamente para o acesso à informação de forma rápida pelo menos para os usuários em geral. No entanto, no que se refere ao acesso por parte dos usuários surdos, que possuem limitações no acesso a determinadas informações, constatou-se que os principais elementos de acessibilidade apontados pelos próprios usuários surdos, são em sua maioria inexistentes, acarretando em sérios problemas de acessibilidade. Mediante o quadro da inacessibilidade do referido Portal, o que não consiste em um caso particular, sugere-se que haja modificações que privilegie a forma como tais usuários acessam as informações, especialmente através da presença marcante da Libras. Do ponto de vista dos objetivos a pesquisa se caracteriza como exploratória e descritiva, e no que tange a abordagem como quali-quantitativa. Incitar a acessibilidade nos portais governamentais consiste em uma preocupação da Ciência da Informação, respaldado na questão do direito ao acesso à informação, constituindo-se como fator preponderante para a prática da responsabilidade social inerente a esta Ciência. Além do visível interesse jurídico, explicitado na legislação Brasileira que trata desta temática, no qual ambos compreendem a contribuição da promoção da acessibilidade, na apreensão, retenção, rapidez de leitura com autonomia e independência por parte dessas minorias linguísticas frente aos ambientes Web.

The population of Sweden is ageing as in almost every European country. Improved medical progresses and treatment options lead to a decreasing mortality at older ages, increasing life expectance and an advanced health of the elderly. Due to these improvements and the so called ‘baby- boomers’, a great number of persons born in the 1940s that will reach retirement age the coming years, their total number will increase strongly in the near future all over Sweden. To enable these elderly to live a normal, active and independent life as long as possible activities, services and special housing with improved accessibility and meeting places for elderly has to be provided. Thus, for local authorities it is essential to know the actual and favoured living conditions as well as environments of elderly. This study aims therefore to investigate the characteristic of preferred residential neighbourhoods of the elderly in the city of Norrköping. The demographic, social and crime situation was examined for the districts of the city using several methods from both Statistics and GIS. Statistical methods included classifications, indexes or indicators and bivariate correlations. A model was developed to combine demographic and social data to characterise districts. GIS was to a major extent used as a visualisation tool. Choropleth mapping and Kernel density estimations were used to illustrate distribution of elderly and crime. Preliminary global statistical tests were used to verify clustering in the crime data set. An accessibility analysis was conducted with the help of the network analyst tool. Results indicate that districts experiencing the highest total numbers and proportion of elderly are very distributed throughout the city of Norrköping. They are, with some exceptions, characterised by lower social status. Four districts of the city show considerable evidences of demographic ageing, experiencing a population pyramid formed like an urn. Beside districts where elderly constitute a bigger proportion of the population, they tend to live in districts characterised by a relatively high proportion of young adults aged between 20 and 29. Crime analyses have shown crime clusters in different parts of the city. A high proportion of elderly faces a high crime level in the districts Gamla staden, Nordantill and Hageby. However, it has been proved that only some hot spots of crime within these areas contribute to the high crime level. Districts such as Skarphagen, Såpkullen, Smedby and Linö, all (except Såpkullen) situated on the outskirts of the city, hold high or middle elderly and a low crime level. Accessibility analyses have shown that elderly aged over 80 do not live significant closer to health centres and the public transport stops compared to the age groups 20 – 65 and inhabitants aged between 65 and 79.

The thesis deals with the analysis and development of responsive interface of online stores' websites. The work is divided into several chapters, which can be divided generally into two main parts, theoretical and practical. In the first theoretical part there are different perspectives and analyzes, that need to be defined for web development and possibilities of progression of the web sites along with testing the correctness of individual steps and procedures, explained. The practical part consists in the implementation of the proposals and creating designs typical for company based on informations gathered from the analysis of the accessibility and usabiity of original pages and pages of competition. Part of crafting proposals and graphics is user testing, processing comments and found bugs. Thanks to these aquired knowledge there is in the final part designed and implemented new look along with a basis for possible further development and expansion opportunities in the future.