Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States. However, evidence indicates that a proper diet abundant in fruits and vegetables may be protective against colon cancer development. Bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables, such as flavonoids and limonoids, have been shown to possess anti-proliferative and antitumorigenic effects in various in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. Since there are few animal studies involving flavonoids and limonoids and colon cancer, this experiment investigated the potentially protective effects of four citrus flavonoids and one limonoid mixture against the promotion stage of chemically-induced colon cancer in rats. Male SD rats (n =60; 10 rats/group) were assigned to receive diets containing 0.1% apigenin, 0.02% naringenin, 0.1% hesperidin, 0.01% nobiletin, 0.035% limonin glucoside/obacunone glucoside mixture, or a control diet (0% flavonoid/limonoid). Rats received the diets for 10 wk and were injected with azoxymethane (15 mg/kg) at wk 3 and 4. The excised colons were evaluated for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, cell proliferation (PCNA assay), apoptosis (TUNEL assay), and iNOS and COX-2 expression. When compared to the control diet, apigenin lowered the number of high multiplicity ACF (> 4 AC/focus) by 57% (P<0.05) and tended to lower the proliferative index (28%; P=0.07), while naringenin lowered both the number of high multiplicity ACF by 51% (P<0.05) and the proliferative index by 32% (P<0.05). Both apigenin and naringenin increased apoptosis of surface colon cells (78% and 97%, respectively; P<0.05) when compared to control diet. Hesperidin, nobiletin, and the limoninglucoside/obacunone glucoside mixture did not have any effects on the above variables measured in this model of colon carcinogenesis. The colonic mucosal protein levels of iNOS or COX-2 were not different among the six diet groups. Evidence suggests that high multiplicity ACF are indicative of future tumor development in both humans and rats. Furthermore, dysregulated proliferation and apoptosis may also lead to tumorigenesis. Therefore, the ability of dietary apigenin and naringenin to reduce high multiplicity ACF, lower proliferation, and increase apoptosis may contribute toward colon cancer prevention. However, their protection is not due to their influence on iNOS and COX-2 protein levels.

Abstract This thesis is based on a case study of the drawn out legal process on the question of establish a limestone quarry in Bunge Ducker in north Gotland (Sweden). The current fields are located next to areas that are protected by virtue of being EU-certified Natura 2000-areas. Despite this, the Swedish governments and courts have not agreed in witch national interest that should be prevail when decisions are made on this issue. This phenomenon are reflected in the judicial process and different court have evaluate information differently in the case. A change among governmental actors where priority is given to the importance of national interest have occur in the later part in the process. This bachelor thesis in political science will search for explanation for the policy change in the dispute of establish a limestone in Bunge Ducker with help from the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF).  Keywords: Bunge Ducker, policy change, ACF, national interest

Abstract Ammonia is one of valuable chemicals which are commonly used in various industrial factors. It is also a typical pollutant, and has a long-term impact on human health for toxicity characteristics. This study was to investigate the performance, product selectivity and kinetics in oxidation of ammonia solution in WAO process over Cu/ACF catalyst. The operation parameters in continuous WAO process were performed as follows: initial concentration of ammonia in ranging from 200 ppm to 1000 ppm, pH at 12, velocity of influent at below 3.0 ml/min, temperature ranging from 443K to 463K and pressure at 3.0 MPa. In the experiments of catalyst selection, we decided to use 5% Cu/ACF catalyst for its high conversion and selectivity in oxidation of ammonia. A conversion of 95.42% in oxidation of ammonia was achieved under 463K and the product selectivity of N2 was raised from 53% to 85%. We found that Cu/ACF and ACF catalysts both had the good conversion and selectivity in oxidation of ammonia in WAO process. In the long-term test of catalyst stability, Cu/ACF had a bad stability after 48 hours reaction in WAO process. The tests such as XRD, SEM and EA were also determined. The kinetics of WAO over Cu/ACF catalyst in oxidation of ammonia using Power-Rate Law was presented. The apparent reaction order and activated energy were obtained.

<p>I Jönköpings kommun har stora utvecklings- och ombyggnadsarbeten pågått under ett an-tal år. En av de största förändringarna är en bro som byggdes över Munksjön och stod fär-dig under år 2006. Bron kan ses som en katalysator för flera andra projekt som har löpt pa-rallellt med broprojektet. Uppsatsen fokuserar på processen som förlöpt från det att brons planeringsstadium inleddes 1990 till dess att det slutgiltiga byggnadsbeslutet togs 2004.</p><p>Bron var kontroversiell i bland annat miljöhänseende, men även ekonomiskt och i trafik-hänseende ansågs den vara en tveksam lösning på centrums problem. Första steget i upp-satsarbetet var att samla in information, främst från olika kommunfullmäktigedokument samt underlag som använts när beslut fattats i kommunfullmäktige. För att identifiera in-tressanta problem granskades dessa med hjälp av källkritiskt metod och delades kronolo-giskt in i sex faser, där varje fas representerade ett delbeslut i broprocessen.</p><p>För det fortsatta arbetet behövdes en analysmodell, som inkluderade multipla aktörer, och som kunde användas för en analys av den process som löpt under cirka 15 års tid. Detta ledde först till klassiska implementeringsmodeller, främst Top-down och Bottom-up-modellerna och därefter vidare till Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) som utgör en vi-dareutveckling av de båda implementeringsmodellerna. Fördelarna med ACF var många. Den hanterar multipla aktörer, tidspannet lämpar sig väl, och den innehåller ett antal krite-rier vilka ger underlag för intressanta diskussioner. Med analysramen och dokumentstudien som bas kunde problemområde, hypotes, samt beroende och oberoende variabler faststäl-las.</p><p>Valet av analysram föll således på ACF, vilken har använts mycket i USA bland annat för analys av miljöproblem. Ett av de största problemen med analysramen har då varit att mo-tivera varför olika koalitioner uppstått. Detta problem kringgås här genom att peka på de svenska partiernas större homogenitet än deras motsvarigheter i USA, detta beroende på att det där i princip endast finns två partier.</p><p>För att motivera valet av ACF som analysram testades de nio kriterier som denna innefat-tar, och genom att dessa uppfylldes kunde analysramens relevans för forskningsområdet valideras. Med hjälp av analysramen och dess kriterier, samt den källkritiska analysen, upp-ställdes hypotesen: De mest miljömedvetna koalitionerna har fått göra flest eftergifter under broproces-sens gång.</p><p>Innan analysen fortskred redovisas ytterligare två metoder: kvantitativ innehållsanalys och statistisk Chi-två metod. Den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen användes för att utifrån de svenska politiska partiernas höga grad av homogenitet motivera varför olika koalitioner uppstått. Chi-två metoden användes i resultatredovisningen för att ge statistiskt stöd för hypotesen.</p><p>Analysen började med att identifiera de tre koalitioner, som bildats under processen, nämli-gen: Pro-bro, Avvaktande och Anti-bro. De olika aktörerna indelades därefter i den koali-tion de tillhört under varje fas. Vidare fastställdes de tillfällen då en koalition fått göra en eftergift under processen. Totalt har den mest miljömedvetna koalitionen gjort sex eftergif-ter medan den mindre miljömedvetna inte behövt göra någon eftergift.</p><p>Med hjälp av den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen har det varit möjligt att visa hur det bilda-des två koalitioner varav en mer och en mindre miljömedveten. Den mest miljömedvetna koalitionen bestod av: Miljöpartiet, Centerpartiet och Vänsterpartiet medan den mindre miljömedvetna bestod av Folkpartiet, Socialdemokraterna, Kristdemokraterna och Moderaterna.</p><p>Ur koalitionsbildningarna och fördelningen av eftergifter kunde det utläsas att den mest miljömedvetna koalitionen fått göra flest eftergifter, sex mot noll. För att ge statistiskt stöd åt resultatet genomfördes även en Chi-två beräkning, vars utfall var statistiskt signifikant och gav stöd åt hypotesen.</p><p>I den slutliga diskussionen ställs frågan varför kommunen inte följt Agenda 21 och de stat-ligt uppsatta miljömålen. Slutsatsen dras att det är vanligt med konflikter mellan kommuna-la miljö- och tillväxtmål. I detta fall har det blivit en tveksam kompromiss, som varken löst trafikfrågan i Jönköpings centrala delar eller kommit tillrätta med de existerande miljöpro-blemen.</p><p>Uppsatsen avslutas med funderingar om hur ACF kan användas i framtida forskningspro-jekt på liknande områden. I en undersökning med mindre homogena aktörer behöver ana-lysramen kompletteras med bättre metoder för att beskriva hur koalitioner bildas utifrån gemensamma basala värderingar.</p>

Denna uppsats har studerat två propositioner kopplade till det svenska försvaret. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera två stora försvarsbeslut, ett från 1996 och ett från 2020, för att uppnå en fördjupad förståelse för de politiska motiven till att det skedde så stora förändringar inom försvarspolitiken på relativt kort tid. Advocacy Coalition Framework är det teoretiska ramverket som används i denna uppsats, hela ramverket har inte använts utan delar av det, det är främst externa faktorer, aktörer, idéer och secondary beliefs som har använts. Metoden som uppsatsen bygger på är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och idéanalys. Det uppsatsen kom fram till är att externa faktorer har en stor koppling till varför försvarsbesluten ser ut som de gör, vilket påverkar hur organisationen ser ut.

This project has been about creating a website for rehoming pets together with a team at the digital agency West Art. The company had identified a need for a pet rehoming service that feels safe for the user and does not violate laws and regulations. The website was developed with the CMS WordPress in the language PHP. A plugin was widely used called Advanced Custom Fields, this allows developers to create custom fields for creating posts or pages in WordPress. It is possible for a user to create an account on the website and they are able to post their own ads of their pets. The user have their own profile page on the website with information about them. Animal shelters can also create accounts on the website, which upon registration have the opportunity to enter an address for later placement on the website's animal shelter page on a map. The project is focused on complying with laws and regulations such as the GDPR, the DOS Act and copyright. Accessibility was also important for all people to be able to use the website. This was ensured by all elements being tabbable, it is good contrast on elements and text, there is no moving elements on the page and so on. / Detta projekt gick ut på att skapa en webbplats för omplacering av smådjurtillsammans med ett team på digitalbyrån West Art. Företaget hade identifieratett behov av en tjänst för omplacering av smådjur som känns trygg föranvändaren och som inte strider mot lagar och regler. Webbplatsen harutvecklats med CMS-verktyget WordPress i språket PHP. Ett plugin haranvändts i stor utsträckning vid namn Advanced Custom Fields, detta låterutvecklare skapa skräddarsydda fält för skapandet av inlägg eller sidor iWordPress. Det ska gå för en användare att skapa ett konto på webbplatsen ochkunna lägga upp egna annonser. Användaren har en egen profilsida påwebbplatsen med information om denne. Även djurhem kan skapa konton påwebbplatsen, som vid registrering får möjlighet att mata in en adress för attsenare på webbplatsens djurhemssida placeras ut på en karta. Projektet hadefokus på att följa lagar och regler som GDPR, DOS-lagen och upphovsrätten.Tillgänglighet har också varit viktigt för att alla människor ska kunna användawebbplatsen. Detta försäkras genom att alla element går att använda tab på, detär god kontrast på element och text, det finns inga rörliga element på sidan ochså vidare.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Weiqun Wang / Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that account for the purple color in many plant foods. It has been investigated that anthocyanins’ predominant occurrences in human diet and their health beneficial activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenetic effects. Based on those scientific evidences, anthocyanins are now recognized as potential therapeutic compounds. Particularly, the chemopreventive effect of anthocyanins has been widely studied by many researchers in nutrition. However, their bioactivities are diverse due to different chemical structures of anthocyanins from different sources. In this study, we discuss the chemopreventive activity of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato. Previously, we selected a purple-fleshed sweetpotato clone, P40, crossbred seeds obtained from the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru. We hypothesized that anthocyanins enriched P40 may provide health beneficial activities in cancer prevention. For the first part of this study, we analyzed nutrient compositions, dietary fiber content, anthocyanins contents, total phenolics contents and total antioxidant activity. Even thought P40 presents similar composition and amount of nutrients with the control cultivars, white-fleshed O’Henry and yellow-fleshed NC Japanese, HPLC-MS analysis confirmed that it possesses much higher anthocyanin content even up to 7.5g/kg dry matter. Also, dietary fiber, particularly soluble dietary fiber content, total phenolics content, and total antioxidant capacity of P40 were significantly higher. For the second part of the study, we tested the potential anticancer characteristic of P40 cultivar in human colonic SW480 cancer cells and in azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in mice. Treatment with 0 – 40 μM of peonidin-3-glucoside or P40 extract containing corresponding amount of anthocyanins resulted in inhibition of cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, even though the patterns of growth inhibition were similar in the two treatment groups, the cells treated with P40 extract tend to survive significantly less than those treated with peonidin-3-glucoside. Cell cycle analysis confirmed that the growth inhibition was not due to cytotoxicity, but cytostatic mechanism with increased number at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The cell cycle arrest was also significantly correlated with the anthocyanin contents in P40 cultivar when compared with the white-fleshed O’Henry and yellow-fleshed NC Japanese controls. After Azoxymethane (AOM) or saline injected mice were fed basal AIN-93M diet or diets containing 10~30% of P40, 20% O’Henry or 20% NC Japanese for 6 weeks, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) multiplicity was significantly inhibited by 10~30% P40 diet. Imunohistochemistry results of colonic mucosa showed that the expression level of apoptosis marker, caspase-3, was significantly induced in the mice treated with 10~20% P40 diet. Also, PCNA expression level, which is proliferation marker, was significantly inhibited by the 30% P40 diet. These findings indicated that consuming a purple sweet potato, P40, may prevent colon cancer by modulating antioxidant status, inducing apoptosis, and reducing cell proliferation.

The original objectives of this thesis were to use the new PolarDARN radars to study the convection patterns at high latitudes and to attempt to explain them in terms of reconnection. Because the IMF is important in reconnection, studies of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) components Bx, By and Bz were done. The study showed that <|Bz|> was lower by 21.5% than <|By|> from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2008, so By was expected to play an important role in reconnection. The IMF, spiral angle, and the amount of warping of the solar magnetic field in interplanetary space decreased slightly during this 36-month period. The decrease in IMF was a more sensitive indicator of the solar minimum than the decrease in the 10.7 cm solar microwave flux.<p> A solar magnetic sector boundary study from the Jan 1, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 interval showed the occurrence of four or two sectors in a synodic solar rotation cycle. A sector boundary crossing frequently takes place in less than 3 hours. The transition from four sectors to two sectors is surprisingly smooth, in that no interruption in the 27-day synodic period occurs. A superposed epoch analysis of solar wind speed near sector boundary crossings showed a speed minimum about half a day before the crossing, and a maximum about two days after the crossing. The standard deviation reached a minimum at about the same time as the velocity. The sector boundary study also showed that, since Dec. 2007, there were six roughly 27-day synodic solar rotation cycles near spring equinox when away field dominated, and that the following seven 27-day cycles close to the autumnal equinox were dominated by toward field. This is consistent with the quasi-sinusoidal annual magnetic sector polarity oscillations that occur for about three years during solar minimum. These oscillations are due to the mainly dipolar magnetic field which is roughly aligned with the Suns axis, tilted 7.25° from the normal to the ecliptic plane. The three-year oscillation for the present minimum between Solar Cycles 23 and 24 appeared to begin in Dec. 2007. For the past four solar minima, an El Nino event has occurred during the last of the three oscillations, and the El Nino and sinusoidal magnetic oscillation ended together. The new solar cycle began about 6 months before that. During the past eight years, a new 3D topological null-separator formulation of magnetic reconnection and its effect on convection has been led by Dr. M. Watanabe in ISAS at the University of Saskatchewan. This formulation includes two types of interchange reconnection (Russell and Tanaka) as well as the traditional Dungey reconnection. For conditions when the IMF clock angle was within 30° of a Bz+ dominant convection, the new reconnection model shows that the convection can be driven strictly by the two types of interchange reconnection. The model predicts the existence of a reciprocal cell on closed field lines and an interchange merging cell surrounding an interior lobe cell. The construction of the PolarDARN radars at Rankin Inlet and Inuvik, completed in December, 2007, allowed polar cap convection to be measured for predominantly Bz+ conditions. The existence of the two predicted features was confirmed. This also required that satellite data be analyzed to determine the location of the open-closed-field-line-boundary (OCFLB). Several PolarDARN studies are represented to show convection for different IMF clock angles and seasons.

The main objective of this proposal was to investigate the effect of vitamin B6 on colon carcinogenesis in vivo. Two in vivo studies were conducted to determine the role of vitamin B6 as a biological modifier of colon carcinogenesis. It is hypothesized that vitamin B6 may serve as an antioxidant in vivo and will modulate colon carcinogenesis. In the first study, a 2X3 factorial experimental design was used to determine if three different levels of vitamin B6, classified as low, normal and high in conjunction with two different levels of protein intake, classified as normal or high, will affect post-initiation stages of colon carcinogenesis, in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male Sprague-Dawley male were injected with azoxymethane for two weeks (15mg/kg/week) and then one week later they were allocated to different dietary treatment groups. After eight weeks, the effects of dietary treatment on hematological status, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes, as well as enumeration of preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), were evaluated. The lowest level of vitamin B6 intake with a high protein diet reduced the growth and development of ACF. Vitamin B6 had no significant effect on the oxidative stress markers. The level of protein was an important variable in modulating the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-OH-DG which were lower in high protein groups than normal protein counterparts. The objective of the second study was to investigate if a supraphysiological (5 fold higher than normal level) dosage of vitamin B6 could have an antioxidant effect in a metabolically compromised state like obesity and thereby lower the risk of colon cancer. Female Zucker obese (Zk-OB) rats received normal (Zk-OBN, 7 mg/kg) or high (Zk-OBH, 35 mg/kg) vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine-HCl) diets two weeks prior to, during and six weeks following injection with colon carcinogen AOM. The effects of supplemental vitamin B6 on hematological status, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes, as well as enumeration of ACF were carried out. High intake of vitamin B6 significantly lowered liver weights and plasma cholesterol compared to the normal intake (p≤0.05). Zk-OBH rats had significantly reduced number of ACF compared to Zk-OBN (p≤0.05). Hepatic GSH increased in the ZK-OBH group with a concomitant decrease in GPx activity. The findings demonstrate that in Zucker Obese rats, a high B6 intake augmented the antioxidant potential and decreased sensitivity to colon carcinogenesis. These findings suggest that high vitamin B6 plays an important therapeutic role in the compromised state of obesity.