Pirminis dėmesys neteisėtų nuteisimų problemai buvo išskirtinai susijęs su atskiromis bylomis ir pavieniais išteisinimų atvejais, tačiau vėliau šis reiškinys susilaukė didesnio mokslinio susidomėjimo. Pripažįstant, jog neteisėtai nuteisti asmenys ir visuomenė patiria didelę žalą, plačiau imtasi analizuoti ir valstybės civilinės deliktinės atsakomybės tokiais atvejais klausimas. Galiojantys nacionaliniai įstatymai, Tarptautinis Pilietinių ir Politinių Teisių Paktas, Europos Žmogaus Teisių Konvencija įtvirtina asmens teisę siekti kompensacijos neteisėtų nuteisimų, suėmimų ir sulaikymų atvejais, tačiau atlikti tyrimai visgi rodo, jog nevisada užtikrinamos išteisintųjų ar asmenų, kurių atžvilgiu procesas nutraukiamas reabilituojančiais pagrindais, teisės į deramą kompensaciją. Pasigendant tyrimų susijusiu klausimu Lietuvoje, šiuo darbu mėginama išsiaiškinti, ar asmuo turi teisę reikalauti iš valstybės atlyginti su bylos tyrimu susijusias išlaidas, patirtą turtinę ir neturtinę žalą, nuostolius, ir ar valstybė turi pareigą šią žalą atlyginti, kuomet asmenys visiškai išteisinami arba procesas jų atžvilgiu nutraukiamas reabilituojančiais pagrindais. Darbe apžvelgiami įvairūs susiję probleminiai aspektai, atliekama Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo bei Lietuvos teismų praktikos analizė. Pateikiama apžvalga, kaip šie klausimai reglamentuojami ir kokios kompensavimo sistemos taikomos įvairiose valstybėse, bei kokia yra šios teisės įtvirtinimo reikšmė visuomenei, valstybei ir konkrečiam... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The initial focus on the issue of wrongful convictions (miscarriages of justice, judicial errors or errors of justice) was exclusively related to the research into individual cases of acquitted persons, but this subject has also been recently analysed by the scholars of criminal and civil law. Unfortunately, in Lithuania no significant reasearches on this matter have been produced so far, and this master thesis is an attempt to analyse the aspects relating to the compensation probabilities for the wrongfully convicted, arrested and detained people in Lithuania as well as in other jurisdictions. While generally accepting the extremely severe negative consequences for the unjustified restrictions or deprivations over the basic human right – the right to freedom – the indemnification aspects are usually left aside. This question is also problematic due to its interdisciplinary nature: the unlawful actions of the investigators, prosecutors or the court have to be proven and the person has to be convicted under the criminal acts or criminal procedure acts; yet, the compensation for those actions is awarded following civil law procedures provided it fulfills the prerequisites set by civil laws. The institution of the civil tort liability of the state is analysed in regard of this specific matter. The applicable Lithuanian legislation, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms refer... [to full text]

One common approach to managing the inevitable erroneous convictions and erroneous acquittals produced by criminal justice systems is to employ various means (rules and procedures) to decrease the number of erroneous convictions at the expense of increasing, even many more times, the number of erroneous acquittals. Blackstone’s famous dictum (1765) that “[i]t is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer” (“the Blackstone ratio”), and others like it, have inspired this error distributing approach to error management. A mathematical analysis is provided demonstrating that, under certain conditions (“the R-conditions”), error distributing approaches result in criminal justice systems that function worse, by all quantitative measures (including the number of innocents convicted), than similar systems in which defendants are randomly acquitted. These results follow from one of a pair of derived fundamental equations applicable to all criminal justice systems, regardless of circumstance. Thus, the results hold irrespective of the means used to avoid convicting the guilty and challenge those who wish to engage in a particular error distributing approach to show that the R-conditions do not obtain for that approach (with reasonably convincing accuracy). Further, the results presented herein identify an upper bound to the Blackstone ratio, according to one conception of that ratio. / text

Det senaste året har flertalet våldtäktsmål fått stor uppmärksamhet i media. I mars 2014 startade tidningen Metro #NEJÄRNEJ - kampanjen som granskar hur polisen och domstolar hanterar våldtäktsfall. Denna kampanj består av en serie artiklar som uppmärksammar domar där män frias från misstankarna om våldtäkt. Kvinnans trovärdighet ifrågasätts, deras samtycke misstolkas och ord står mot ord. En konsekvens av detta resulterade i att det blev allt svårare för kvinnor att bevisa inför rätten att det de hade blivit utsatta för var en våldtäkts handling. Vårt mål i denna studie är att söka förståelse för hur tingsrätten motiverar sina friande domar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa vilken diskurs som konstrueras genom friande våldtäktsdomar utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Syftet uppnås genom att undersöka de subjektiva rekvisiten i beslutsskäl som ligger till grund för friande våldtäktsdomar. Kritisk diskursanalys används som både metod och teori som behandlar diskursiva mönster i domstolsbeslut i friande våldtäktsmål. I den här studien har vi analyserat fem texter i form av domar från svensk tingsrätt. Studien visar att tingsrätten i sina bedömningar utgår ifrån olika diskursiva och sociala praktiker. Dessa diskurser är kopplade till det så kallade genuskontraktet med bestämda föreställningar, där män definierar hur kvinnor ska vara i olika sammanhang; denna diskurs ser kvinnan som "det ideala offret" och säger hur kvinnor ska bete sig inför, under och efter att kvinnor ha blivit utsatta för våldtäkt. Ett hård draget exempel kring de bestämda föreställningarna är om kvinnor bär korta kjolar kan detta ses som en inbjudan till att bli våldtagna. Vidare handlar och hävdar de sexologiska teorier som att kvinnor kan frivilligt acceptera en viss grad av våld. Efter att ha genomfört vår undersökning anser vi att tingsrätten inte bara konstruerar diskurser om vad som är normalt vid ett våldtäktsbrott, utan även avspeglar rådande maktförhållanden mellan det manliga respektive kvinnliga könet och definierar hur människor ska bete sig i detta sammanhang. / This past year, the media has been giving a major attention to exculpatory rape cases. In March 2014 the newspaper Metro started the # NEJÄRNEJ – campaign that examines how the police and courts handle rape cases. This campaign consists of a series of articles commemorating the judgments of the men cleared of allegations of rape. The woman's credibility is questioned; their consent is being misinterpreted and when word stands against word, men’s word tends to weight more. One consequence of this was that it became increasingly difficult for women to prove in court that it was indeed rape. Our ambition for this study is to seek understanding of how the district court justifies its guilty sentences. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the discourse constructed by exculpatory rape sentences from a gender perspective. We aim to achieve the purpose by investigating the subjective criterions of the decision in the evaluation process. Critical discourse analysis is used both as method but also as theory and deals with discursive patterns in the court's decision in acquitting rape cases. In this study, we analyze five texts in the form of sentences of the Swedish district court. The study shows that the district court bases on different discursive and social practices in the evaluation process. These discourses are linked to the so-called gender contract with certain ideas where men define how women should be in different contexts; this discourse sees the woman as the "ideal victim" and says how women should behave before, during and after the women have been victims of rape. An example around the determined performances is about women wearing short skirts and how that can be seen as an invitation to be raped. Further claim the sexological theories that women may voluntarily accept a certain degree of violence. After conducting our investigation, we believe that the district court not only construct discourses about what is normal at a rape crime but also reflects power relationships between the male and female gender and defines how people should behave in this context.

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Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-11-09T17:57:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OrlandoMaurizRamosDissertacao2018.pdf: 901886 bytes, checksum: 651204f0a4fd8e26d90341f87258fac2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-11-13T15:56:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OrlandoMaurizRamosDissertacao2018.pdf: 901886 bytes, checksum: 651204f0a4fd8e26d90341f87258fac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T15:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OrlandoMaurizRamosDissertacao2018.pdf: 901886 bytes, checksum: 651204f0a4fd8e26d90341f87258fac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-15 / The Principle of Equality should be used in all situations involving legal relationships. With the advent of Law no. 9249/95, and consequently with the possibility of extinguishing punishment of authors of crimes against the tax order, after the effective payment of the helpless taxes, some controversies arose regarding the coercive effectiveness of Criminal Law. However, it is observed a differentiated treatment of non-taxable offenders, hence the importance of analyzing the instituting of punishment and acquittals in another perspective. Given that the Brazilian prison population is large, mainly due to practices of crimes against the patrimony, it is searched with the present work, to analyze the fact of the equal application of the benefit given to the authors of the crimes against the tax order, also to the authors of other crimes, who may repent of the criminal practice, restoring the injured object or, in its impossibility, repairing, in a certain way, the damage caused. Equal treatment is proposed between offenders, observing the possibility of extinguishing punishment, with an eye towards reducing new criminal practices, as well as reducing the prison population, generating a possibility of saving for the state, since it will not be obliged to costing the maintenance of the prisoners, a benefit for the victim, since they will be compensated for the damage caused by the practice of the crime, and a possibility of a second chance for the perpetrator, who will not be incarcerated. The analysis was based on bibliographical research, having as sources the doctrine, technical productions and jurisprudences. At first, the importance of taxes was analyzed for the maintenance of state activities, conceptualizing and extracting the purpose of the taxes, in order to understand the need to classify crimes against the tax order, and consequent application of a penalty to the offender. In a second moment, it is sought to understand the beneficent institutes of the Later Regret (Later Repentance) and the Acquittal Excuse (Excusive Absence). And then, the possibility of equal treatment and possible benefits, with the application of the abovementioned institutes, against the State, the victim and the aggressor was evaluated. / O Princípio da Igualdade deverá ser utilizado em todas as situações que envolvam relações jurídicas. Com o advento da Lei nº9.249/95, e, consequentemente, com a possibilidade da extinção de punibilidade aos autores de crimes contra a ordem tributária, após o efetivo pagamento dos tributos sonegados, surgiram algumas controvérsias no tocante à eficácia coercitiva do Direito Penal. Contudo, observa-se um tratamento diferenciado para com os autores de infrações que não tenham cunho tributário, daí a importância da análise dos institutos da extinção de punibilidade e das escusas absolutórias, numa outra ótica. Dado que a população carcerária brasileira encontra-se vultuosa, principalmente devido a práticas de crimes contra o patrimônio, busca-se com o presente trabalho, analisar o fato da aplicação equiparada do benefício dado aos autores dos crimes contra a ordem tributária, também aos autores de outros crimes, que porventura venham a se arrepender da prática delituosa, restituindo o objeto lesado, ou, na sua impossibilidade, reparando, de certa forma, o dano causado. Propõem-se um tratamento igualitário entre os infratores, observando a possibilidade da extinção da punibilidade, com olhos voltados à redução de novas práticas delituosas, bem como na diminuição da população carcerária, gerando uma possibilidade de economia para o estado, pois não será obrigado a custear a manutenção dos presos, um benefício para a vítima, vez que será ressarcida do prejuízo causado pela prática do crime, e uma possibilidade de segunda chance para o autor, que não será encarcerado. A análise se fundamentou em pesquisas bibliográficas, tendo como fontes a doutrina, produções técnicas e jurisprudências. Num primeiro momento foi analisado a importância dos tributos para a manutenção das atividades estatais, conceituando e extraindo a finalidade dos tributos, para se entender a necessidade da tipificação de crimes contra a ordem tributária, e consequente aplicação de uma pena ao infrator. Num segundo momento busca-se entender os institutos benéficos do Arrependimento Posterior e da Escusa Absolutória. E em seguida foi avaliado a possibilidade do tratamento igualitário e eventuais benefícios, com a aplicação dos institutos acima mencionados, frente o Estado, a vítima e o agressor.

Orientador: Élcio Trujillo / Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo / Banca: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called "free but justified persuasion" is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties - the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit - otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_alj_me_fran.pdf: 1094004 bytes, checksum: 08acc7fd3aafae589a4d2b3bcd6f16e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... / This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.