Os adenomas hipofisários podem ser tratados clinicamente com agonistas dopaminérgicos (AD) e/ou ligantes dos receptores de somatostatina (LRS). Alguns estudos apontam para o papel de polimorfismos dos genes DRD2, SSTR2 e SSTR5 na eficácia desses tratamentos clínicos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o papel dos polimorfismos no gene DRD2 em pacientes com prolactinomas (n=118), corticotrofinomas (n=15), adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) (n=35) e somatotrofinomas (n=40), bem como de polimorfismos nos genes SSTR2 e SSTR5 em pacientes com somatotrofinomas (n=88), na resposta ao tratamento clínico com AD e LRS. Adicionalmente, comparar a frequência desses polimorfismos em pacientes portadores de adenomas hipofisários, de diferentes naturezas, a indivíduos saudáveis. Os polimorfismos foram genotipados por PCR em tempo real (sistema TaqMan) e seqüenciamento automático (método Sanger). Todos os genótipos estavam em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Em nosso estudo, não houve correlação entre os polimorfismos de DRD2, SSTR2 e SSTR5 e a resposta ao tratamento clínico, com cabergolina (CAB) e/ou octreotida-LAR (OCT-LAR) respectivamente, em pacientes com prolactinomas, somatotrofinomas e corticotrofinomas. Nossos dados estão de acordo com estudos prévios em acromegálicos, no entanto não confirmaram associação de polimorfismo de DRD2 (rs6275) com resistência à CAB, anteriormente descrita em prolactinomas. Adicionalmente, os polimorfismos rs1800497 (alelo T) e rs1076560 (alelo A) de DRD2 foram correlacionados a macroadenomas, este último fator preditivo de resistência à CAB em prolactinomas. Quanto aos ACNF, nossos dados são inéditos e o polimorfismo rs6275 (alelo T) de DRD2 se correlacionou à progressão tumoral nos casos tratados com CAB. Comparando os adenomas hipofisários com indivíduos saudáveis, a presença do alelo raro A de rs1079597 de DRD2 foi inversamente associada à frequência de ACNF, enquanto que nos outros tipos tumorais não houve diferença. Em conclusão, os polimorfismos rs1079597 e rs6275 de DRD2 podem estar associados à tumorigênese e à resposta a CAB, no grupo ACNF respectivamente. Outros estudos ainda são necessários para definir o papel das variantes genéticas desses genes como um mecanismo envolvido na resistência aos AD e LRS e na tumorigênese hipofisária / Medical treatment of pituitary adenomas is mainly performed with dopamine agonist (DA) and/or somatostatin ligant receptor (SLR) drugs. In addition to dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5) tumor density, results of some studies pointed to the role of polymorphisms in the efficacy of clinical treatment. One of the goals of this study was to evaluate the association between DRD2 polymorphisms in patients with prolactinomas (n=118), corticotrophinomas (n=15), clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (CNFPA) (n=35) and somatotrophinoma (n=101) and polymorphisms in STTR2 and SSTR5, only in the last group; and response to treatment with DA and/or SLR. Another objective was to evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms in patients with different types of pituitary adenomas and compare them to healthy subjects. Polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR (TaqMan system) and Sanger sequencing. All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In patients with prolactinomas, somatotrophinomas and corticotrophinomas there was no association between genetic variants in DRD2 and response to treatment, like data in literature. However, an association between rs6275 (allele T) in DRD2 and CAB resistance in prolactinomas has been proposed. In addition, there was an association betweenrs1800497 (allele T) and rs1076560 (alelle A) in DRD2 and macroprolactinomas, this one predictive factor related to CAB resistance. The presence of rs6275 (allele T) in DRD2 was correlated with tumoral progression in CNFPA treated with CAB, never published previously. Comparing pituitary adenomas and health subjects, the presence of rs1079597 (allele A) was inversely associated with the frequency of CNFPA, otherwise there was no association for others pituitary adenomas. In conclusion, rs1079597 and rs6275 DRD2 polymorphisms might have an influence in tumorigenesis and CAB efficacy in patients with CNFPA, respectively. However, the results in the literature are conflicting and more studies are necessary to determine the role of these genetic variants like a mechanism involving in dopamine and somatostatin resistance and pituitary tumorigenesis

Introdução: Os mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese molecular dos tumores hipofisários corticotróficos são complexos, heterogêneos e permanecem na maioria dos casos desconhecidos. Alterações da expressão de componentes da via Ikaros (Ik), tais como do receptor 4 dos fatores de crescimento de fibroblastos (FGFR4) têm sido detectadas em tumores hipofisários, inclusive nos corticotropinomas. O desbalanço entre as isoformas longas e curtas do Ikaros resulta em um início de transcrição alternativa do FGFR4, codificando uma isoforma truncada do gene (pdt- FGFR4) que foi associada a tumores hipofisários maiores e mais invasivos. A isoforma curta Ik6 promove a expressão do fator anti-apoptótico Bcl-XL in vitro, um efeito independente da interação com as isoformas longas. Além disso, um polimorfismo do FGFR4, com substituição da glicina por arginina no códon 388 (G388R), tem sido associado à evolução desfavorável em vários tipos tumorais humanos. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do Bcl-XL, das isoformas do Ikaros (Ik1+Ik2/Ik total) e do FGFR4 em corticotropinomas humanos. Avaliar a freqüência dos genótipos do códon 388 do FGFR4 nos pacientes com doença de Cushing e sua associação com a evolução pósoperatória após a primeira cirurgia transesfenoidal. Métodos: Noventa e sete pacientes com diagnóstico de doença de Cushing foram estudados. Os dados clínicos, hormonais e histopatológicos foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O estudo da expressão do Bcl-XL, do Ikaros, e do FGFR4 foi realizado por PCR em tempo real em 20 amostras de corticotropinomas, sendo dois tumores correspondentes à síndrome de Nelson. A determinação dos genótipos no códon 388 do FGFR4 foi realizada nos 97 pacientes e em 103 indivíduos controles, por PCR de fragmento do exon 9 do gene FGFR4 seguida de digestão com a enzima de restrição BstNI. A evolução pós-operatória (remissão/recidiva) da doença de Cushing foi avaliada em 76 pacientes. Foram considerados em remissão aqueles pacientes com níveis normais de cortisol urinário durante todo o primeiro ano após a cirurgia, na ausência de reposição hormonal, bem como os que necessitaram de reposição com glicocorticóide no mesmo período. Resultados: Dos 76 pacientes submetidos à primeira cirurgia transesfenoidal, a remissão pós-operatória ocorreu em 68,4% dos pacientes. Treze pacientes (25%) evoluíram com recidiva da doença de Cushing após remissão inicial. A expressão do Bcl-XL foi semelhante à hipófise normal na maioria das amostras tumorais [mediana (mín-máx): 1,36 (0,6 - 2,70)]. Aumento da expressão das isoformas longas do Ikaros foi detectado em 40% dos tumores, enquanto as isoformas curtas corresponderam a mais de 50% da expressão do Ikaros em apenas 3 casos, não havendo associação da expressão do Ikaros com qualquer das variáveis analisadas. O aumento da expressão do FGFR4 foi detectado em 8/18 (44,4%) dos corticotropinomas com doença de Cushing, havendo associação entre a hiperexpressão do FGFR4 e a menor freqüência de remissão pós-operatória da doença de Cushing (p = 0,009). A distribuição genotípica do polimorfismo G388R foi semelhante entre pacientes e controles. O genótipo glicina em homozigose (Gly/Gly) não foi associado à menor frequência de remissão pós-operatória da doença, no entanto, uma freqüência maior de recidiva pós-operatória foi encontrada no grupo de pacientes Gly/Gly (p = 0,019). O genótipo Gly/Gly foi ainda associado à redução da sobrevida livre de doença (hazard ratio [HR], 6,91; Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95%, 1,14 a 11,26; p = 0,028). Outras variáveis que se associaram significativamente com maior freqüência de recidiva foram: tamanho e grau de invasão tumoral de acordo com a classificação de Hardy modificada (p = 0,017), o sexo masculino (p = 0,033), a não confirmação Imuno-histológica do tumor produtor de ACTH (p = 0,026) e os valores de cortisol > 2 ?g/dL no pós-operatório precoce (p = 0,01). Conclusões: A expressão normal detectada do Bcl-XL e das isoformas curtas do Ikaros, na maioria das amostras tumorais, sugere a não participação destes fatores na patogênese dos tumores corticotróficos. O aumento da expressão do FGFR4 e o genótipo glicina em homozigose foram associados, respectivamente, à menor freqüência de remissão e maior recidiva pós-operatória da doença de Cushing. Estes resultados sugerem que o FGFR4 pode ter um papel na progressão dos tumores corticotróficos favorecendo a persistência e/ou recidiva da doença de Cushing. / Introduction: The mechanisms involved in the molecular pathogenesis of corticotroph pituitary tumors are complex, heterogeneous and in most cases remain unknown. Changes in the expression of components of Ikaros (Ik) pathway, such as receptor 4 of fibroblast growth factor (FGFR4), have been detected in pituitary tumors including corticotropinomas. Imbalance between long and short Ik isoforms results in alternative transcription initiation of FGFR4 and encodes a truncated isoform of the gene (pdt-FGFR4) which was associated with larger and more invasive pituitary tumors. The Ik6 short isoform promotes Bcl-XL expression in vitro, an effect independent of the interaction with the long isoforms. In addition, a polymorphism of FGFR4 gene, the substitution of glycine by arginine at codon 388 (G388R), has been associated with adverse outcome in several human tumor types. Objectives: To analyze the expression of Bcl-XL, Ikaros isoforms (Ik1 + Ik2/Ikaros total), and FGFR4 in human corticotropinomas. To determine the frequency of each genotype at codon 388 of FGFR4 in patients with Cushing\'s disease and its association with the postoperative outcome after the first transsphenoidal surgery. Methods: Ninety-seven patients with Cushing\'s disease were evaluated. Clinical, hormonal and histopathological findings were assessed retrospectively. The expression of Bcl-XL, Ikaros and FGFR4 were evaluated by real-time PCR in 20 samples of corticotropinomas, including two samples of Nelson\'s syndrome. The FGFR4 genotype was determined in the 97 patients and 103 control subjects by PCR fragment of exon 9 of the FGFR4 gene, followed by digestion with the BstNI restriction enzyme. The postoperative outcome (remission/relapse) of Cushing\'s disease was assessed in 76 patients. The patients with normal urinary cortisol levels during the first year after surgery, in the absence of hormone replacement therapy, and those who required glucocorticoid replacement within the same period were considered in remission. Results: Of the 76 patients who underwent the first transsphenoidal surgery, remission was achieved in 68.4% of patients. Thirteen patients (25%) developed recurrence of Cushing\'s disease after initial remission. The expression of Bcl-XL in the majority of tumor samples was similar to normal pituitary [median (min-max): 1.36 (0.6 - 2.70)]. Overexpression of long isoforms of Ik was detected in 40% of tumors, while the short isoforms represented more than 50% of the expression in only 3 samples. Ik expression was not associated with any of the variables analysed. FGFR4 transcripts were overexpressed in 8/18 (44.4%) of corticotropinomas with Cushing\'s disease. There was an association between the overexpression of FGFR4 and lower postoperative remission rate (p = 0.009). The FGFR4 genotype distribution at codon 388 was similar between control individuals and patients. The glycine homozygous genotype (Gly/Gly) was not associated with lower remission rate. However, a higher frequency of postoperative recurrence was found in the Gly/Gly group (p = 0.019). The Gly/Gly genotype was also associated with reduced disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 6.91, confidence interval (CI) 95%, 1.14 to 11.26; p = 0.028). Other variables that were significantly associated with higher frequency of recurrence were: size and tumor invasion according to modified Hardy classification (p = 0.017), male gender (p = 0.033), non-immuno-histological confirmation of ACTH secreting tumor (p = 0.026) and cortisol levels > 2 ?g/dL in the early postoperative period (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The normal expression of Bcl-XL and short isoforms of Ik in most samples suggest that these factors are not involved in the pathogenesis of corticotroph tumors. Overexpression of FGFR4 and the glycine homozygous genotype were associated with lower frequency of remission and higher postoperative recurrence of Cushing\'s disease, respectively. These results suggest that FGFR4 may play a role in progression of corticotroph tumors favoring the persistence and/or recurrence of Cushing\'s disease.

La majorité des hyperplasies macronodulaires bilatérales des surrénales avec syndrome de Cushing ACTH-indépendant (AIMAH) est due à l’expression aberrante de divers récepteurs hormonaux au niveau du cortex surrénalien. Les gènes responsables des AIMAH familiales avec récepteurs aberrants n’ont pas été identifiés. Le but de ce projet est de les identifier. Une étude de liaison, visant à identifier la ou les régions du génome comprenant le ou les gènes pouvant être en cause dans les AIMAH familiales, a été réalisée en utilisant l’ADN des membres d’une famille (10 malades et 7 sains) originaire du Québec, atteinte d’AIMAH et syndrome de Cushing et caractérisée par l’expression des récepteurs β-adrénergique et V1-vasopressine. Diverses régions chromosomiques entre les personnes atteintes et non-atteintes de la famille ont été soulignées. Un total de 707453 SNPs a été obtenu, et après analyse statistique, 159 SNPs significatifs, pouvant être associés au phénotype, ont été mis en évidence entre les deux groupes. Il a été constaté que la majorité de ces SNPs se situaient sur les régions chromosomiques 1q32.1 et 16q12.2. Une étude du transcriptome a aussi été réalisée en utilisant l’ADN des tumeurs de deux patients de la famille, ainsi que l’ADN d'autres tumeurs surrénaliennes. Les analyses statistiques ont permis d’identifier 15 gènes susceptibles d’être reliés à la maladie (11 surexprimés et 4 sous-exprimés). En utilisant les données de ces deux études, nous avons ciblé six gènes du chromosome 1 (ATP2B4, PPP1R12B, SOX13, CACNA1S, ADORA1et PHLDA3), un du chromosome 16 (CHD9) et un du chromosome 13 (SPRY2), afin de rechercher la présence de mutations. Le séquençage n’a révélé aucun changement de nucléotide dans les gènes PPP1R12B et SOX13. Dans les gènes ATP2B4, CACNA1S, ADORA1et PHLDA3, le séquençage a révélé des changements de nucléotides n’entrainant soit pas de changement d’acide aminé soit un changement d’acide aminé jugé « non pertinent », du fait qu’il ne permettait pas de différencier les sujets sains des sujets atteints. Pour ce qui est de CHD9 et SPRY2, le séquençage a permis d’identifier des changements de nucléotides entrainant des changements d’acides aminés de façon plus fréquente chez les sujets atteints par rapport aux sujets sains. En conclusion, nos travaux nous ont donc permis d’identifier, par étude de liaison et par analyse du transcriptome, des gènes candidats qui pourraient être responsables de cette pathologie. Le séquençage de ces gènes candidats a révélé des mutations de CHD9 et SPRY2. Ces résultats s’avèrent prometteurs puisque ces deux gènes produisent des protéines impliquées dans le remodelage de la chromatine et dans la régulation de la signalisation des protéines kinases. Le phénotypage et le génotypage des patients atteints doivent être poursuivis pour vérification. / The majority of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with Cushing's syndrome (AIMAH) is due to the aberrant expression of various receptors in the adrenal cortex. The genes responsible for familial AIMAH with aberrant receptors have not been identified. The aim of this project is to characterize them. A linkage study to identify the region or regions of the genome comprising the gene or genes that may be involved in familial AIMAH was performed using DNA of family members (10 affected and 7 non affected) born in Quebec and harboring AIMAH and Cushing's syndrome, under the aberrant regulation of B-adrenergic and V1-vasopressin receptors. Various chromosomal regions between patients and non-affected family were highlighted. A total of 707,453 SNPs were obtained, and after statistical analysis, 159 significant SNPs, possibly associated with phenotype, were found between the two groups. It was found that the majority of these SNPs were located on chromosomal regions 1q32.1 and 16q12.2. A transcriptome analysis was conducted using DNA from tumours of two patients of the family, as well as DNA from other adrenal tumours; Statistical analysis identified 15 genes that may be linked to disease (11 up-regulated and 4 under-expressed). Using data from these two studies, we identified six genes on chromosome 1 (ATP2B4, PPP1R12B, SOX13, ADORA1, CACNA1S and PHLDA3), one on chromosome 16 (CHD9) and one on chromosome 13 (SPRY2), to investigate the presence of mutations. The sequencing revealed no nucleotide changes in gene PPP1R12B and SOX13. In ATP2B4, CACNA1S, ADORA1 and PHLDA3, the sequencing not revealed nucleotides changes leading to either amino acid changes or an amino acid changes considered “not-relevant”, because they do not differentiate healthy individuals from affected. The sequencing of CHD9 and SPRY2 identified nucleotide changes causing amino acid changes more frequently in patients compared to healthy subjects. In conclusion, our work has therefore identified by linkage analysis and DNA microarray candidate genes that can be responsible to this disease, and mutations in two of these genes, CHD9 and SPRY2. These results are promising because these genes produce proteins involved in chromatin remodeling and regulation of signaling protein kinases. Phenotyping and genotyping of patients should be pursued further.

Ο άξονας Υποθάλαμος – Υπόφυση – Επινεφρίδια και το συμπαθητικό νευρικό σύστημα είναι τα περιφερικά σκέλη του συστήματος απάντησης στο στρες, με στόχο τη διατήρηση της ομοιόστασης του οργανισμού. Ανεπάρκεια ανταπόκρισης των επινεφριδίων στη σοβαρή νόσο μπορεί να παρουσιαστεί χωρίς προφανή βλάβη στον άξονα ΥΥΕ. Σε πολλούς ασθενείς με σοβαρή νόσο, τα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης παρά το ότι είναι αυξημένα, δεν είναι αρκετά ώστε να εκδηλώσουν επαρκή επινεφριδιακή απάντηση σε σχέση με τη σοβαρότητα της νόσου. Η βέλτιστη απάντηση του άξονα ΥΥΕ σε καταστάσεις νόσου παραμένει υπό αμφισβήτηση. Η διάγνωση της πιθανής σχετικής με τη νόσο παροδικής επινεφριδιακής ανεπάρκειας και η ανάγκη για χορήγηση κορτικοστεροειδών είναι ακόμη υπό συζήτηση. Σκοπός της μελέτης αυτής είναι η εκτίμηση της επινεφριδιακής απάντησης ανάλογα με τη σοβαρότητα της νόσου στην οξεία φάση της νόσου και η μελέτη του άξονα ΥΥΕ τόσο στην οξεία φάση, όσο και στην ανάρρωση. Για το σκοπό αυτό μελετήθηκαν 56 νοσηλευόμενοι ασθενείς με διαφορετικής βαρύτητας νόσημα (ΑΕΕ, ήπια νόσο, σήψη και σοβαρή σήψη), καθώς και 15 υγιή άτομα – μάρτυρες. Σε όλους τους συμμετέχοντες, κατά την εισαγωγή τους (1η ημέρα), μετρήθηκε η κορτιζόλη και η ACTH. Κατόπιν εφαρμόστηκε η δοκιμασία με χαμηλή δόση (1μg) κορτικοτροπίνης και δύο ώρες αργότερα η δοκιμασία με τη συνήθη δόση (250μg) κορτικοτροπίνης. Τη δεύτερη ημέρα νοσηλείας στους ασθενείς μετρήθηκε η ημερήσια διακύμανση της κορτιζόλης. Κατά την 5η -6η ημέρα νοσηλείας (φάση ανάρρωσης) έγινε επανάληψη των δοκιμασιών σε 15 ασθενείς (7 με σήψη και 8 με σοβαρή σήψη). Από την επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων, στην ομάδα των ΑΕΕ και της σοβαρής σήψης παρατηρούνται οι υψηλότερες τιμές κορτιζόλης, καθώς επίσης και εξάλειψη της ημερήσιας διακύμανσης της κορτιζόλης. Παράλληλα, σε όλους τους ασθενείς παρατηρείται διαχωρισμός των επιπέδων κορτιζόλης και ACTH. Η αύξηση της κορτιζόλης (Δmax κορτιζόλης) μετά από διέγερση με 1 μg κορτικοτροπίνης δεν διέφερε μεταξύ των ομάδων νόσου, ενώ η Δmax κορτιζόλης μετά από διέγερση με 250μg κορτικοτροπίνης παρουσίασε οριακά σημαντική διαφορά με μια τάση να είναι υψηλότερη στην ομάδα των υγιών μαρτύρων. Η συχνότητα της απάντησης ή μη στη συνήθη δοκιμασία με βάση το κριτήριο Δmax κορτιζόλης <9 δεν διέφερε μεταξύ των υγιών και των ομάδων ασθενών, ενώ όλοι οι ασθενείς επιβίωσαν χωρίς τη χορήγηση κορτικοειδών, ανεξάρτητα από την απάντηση ή μη στις δοκιμασίες με ACTH. Στους ασθενείς με σήψη, η Δmax κορτιζόλης μετά από διέγερση με 250 μg κορτικοτροπίνης ήταν υψηλότερη στη φάση ανάρρωσης σε σχέση με την οξεία φάση, ενώ στους ασθενείς με σοβαρή σήψη η αντίστοιχη διαφορά δεν ανεδείχθη σε σημαντικό βαθμό. Η βασική κορτιζόλη ήταν υψηλότερη στην οξεία φάση σε σχέση με τη φάση ανάρρωσης και στις δύο ομάδες νόσου. Συμπερασματικά, διαπιστώνονται ήπιες αλλαγές στον άξονα ΥΥΕ, ανάλογα με τη σοβαρότητα του νοσήματος. Παρόλα αυτά, δεν επιβεβαιώνεται η ύπαρξη σχετικής επινεφριδιακής ανεπάρκειας σε μη βαριά νοσούντες ασθενείς. / Relative corticosteroid insufficiency maybe is common in critically ill patients, associated with poor outcome; however it is not known the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in nursed patients. Our aim was to evaluate the response of HPA axis in non-critically ill nursed (NCIN) patients. Fifty -six nursed patients, divided into four groups (stroke, mild disease, sepsis and severe sepsis) as well as a control group (n=15) were studied. At admission (day 1), cortisol and ACTH measured and a low - dose (1mug ) corticotropin test was performed, followed two hours later by a standard-dose (250 mug). Diurnal variation of cortisol was obtained on day 2. A second identical set of low and standard set of corticotropin tests were performed on day 5 or 6 (recovery phase). In patients with stroke and severe sepsis cortisol had the highest values and its diurnal variation was abolished. Dissociation of ACTH and cortisol was found in all patients. The Deltamax of cortisol after the 1 mug corticotropin test did not differ among the groups while after the 250 mug corticotropin test was borderline higher in controls. The ratio of responders (Deltamax of cortisol >/= 9 mug/dL) to non-responders after 1 mug or 250 mug corticotrophin tests did not differ among patients and controls. All patients had a good outcome without glucocorticoid treatment. In conclusion, mild alterations of the HPA axis, depending on the severity of illness occurred. However, relative corticosteroid insufficiency in non-critically ill nursed patients did not confirm.

Os adenomas hipofisários podem ser tratados clinicamente com agonistas dopaminérgicos (AD) e/ou ligantes dos receptores de somatostatina (LRS). Alguns estudos apontam para o papel de polimorfismos dos genes DRD2, SSTR2 e SSTR5 na eficácia desses tratamentos clínicos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o papel dos polimorfismos no gene DRD2 em pacientes com prolactinomas (n=118), corticotrofinomas (n=15), adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) (n=35) e somatotrofinomas (n=40), bem como de polimorfismos nos genes SSTR2 e SSTR5 em pacientes com somatotrofinomas (n=88), na resposta ao tratamento clínico com AD e LRS. Adicionalmente, comparar a frequência desses polimorfismos em pacientes portadores de adenomas hipofisários, de diferentes naturezas, a indivíduos saudáveis. Os polimorfismos foram genotipados por PCR em tempo real (sistema TaqMan) e seqüenciamento automático (método Sanger). Todos os genótipos estavam em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Em nosso estudo, não houve correlação entre os polimorfismos de DRD2, SSTR2 e SSTR5 e a resposta ao tratamento clínico, com cabergolina (CAB) e/ou octreotida-LAR (OCT-LAR) respectivamente, em pacientes com prolactinomas, somatotrofinomas e corticotrofinomas. Nossos dados estão de acordo com estudos prévios em acromegálicos, no entanto não confirmaram associação de polimorfismo de DRD2 (rs6275) com resistência à CAB, anteriormente descrita em prolactinomas. Adicionalmente, os polimorfismos rs1800497 (alelo T) e rs1076560 (alelo A) de DRD2 foram correlacionados a macroadenomas, este último fator preditivo de resistência à CAB em prolactinomas. Quanto aos ACNF, nossos dados são inéditos e o polimorfismo rs6275 (alelo T) de DRD2 se correlacionou à progressão tumoral nos casos tratados com CAB. Comparando os adenomas hipofisários com indivíduos saudáveis, a presença do alelo raro A de rs1079597 de DRD2 foi inversamente associada à frequência de ACNF, enquanto que nos outros tipos tumorais não houve diferença. Em conclusão, os polimorfismos rs1079597 e rs6275 de DRD2 podem estar associados à tumorigênese e à resposta a CAB, no grupo ACNF respectivamente. Outros estudos ainda são necessários para definir o papel das variantes genéticas desses genes como um mecanismo envolvido na resistência aos AD e LRS e na tumorigênese hipofisária / Medical treatment of pituitary adenomas is mainly performed with dopamine agonist (DA) and/or somatostatin ligant receptor (SLR) drugs. In addition to dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5) tumor density, results of some studies pointed to the role of polymorphisms in the efficacy of clinical treatment. One of the goals of this study was to evaluate the association between DRD2 polymorphisms in patients with prolactinomas (n=118), corticotrophinomas (n=15), clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (CNFPA) (n=35) and somatotrophinoma (n=101) and polymorphisms in STTR2 and SSTR5, only in the last group; and response to treatment with DA and/or SLR. Another objective was to evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms in patients with different types of pituitary adenomas and compare them to healthy subjects. Polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR (TaqMan system) and Sanger sequencing. All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In patients with prolactinomas, somatotrophinomas and corticotrophinomas there was no association between genetic variants in DRD2 and response to treatment, like data in literature. However, an association between rs6275 (allele T) in DRD2 and CAB resistance in prolactinomas has been proposed. In addition, there was an association betweenrs1800497 (allele T) and rs1076560 (alelle A) in DRD2 and macroprolactinomas, this one predictive factor related to CAB resistance. The presence of rs6275 (allele T) in DRD2 was correlated with tumoral progression in CNFPA treated with CAB, never published previously. Comparing pituitary adenomas and health subjects, the presence of rs1079597 (allele A) was inversely associated with the frequency of CNFPA, otherwise there was no association for others pituitary adenomas. In conclusion, rs1079597 and rs6275 DRD2 polymorphisms might have an influence in tumorigenesis and CAB efficacy in patients with CNFPA, respectively. However, the results in the literature are conflicting and more studies are necessary to determine the role of these genetic variants like a mechanism involving in dopamine and somatostatin resistance and pituitary tumorigenesis

Introdução: Os mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese molecular dos tumores hipofisários corticotróficos são complexos, heterogêneos e permanecem na maioria dos casos desconhecidos. Alterações da expressão de componentes da via Ikaros (Ik), tais como do receptor 4 dos fatores de crescimento de fibroblastos (FGFR4) têm sido detectadas em tumores hipofisários, inclusive nos corticotropinomas. O desbalanço entre as isoformas longas e curtas do Ikaros resulta em um início de transcrição alternativa do FGFR4, codificando uma isoforma truncada do gene (pdt- FGFR4) que foi associada a tumores hipofisários maiores e mais invasivos. A isoforma curta Ik6 promove a expressão do fator anti-apoptótico Bcl-XL in vitro, um efeito independente da interação com as isoformas longas. Além disso, um polimorfismo do FGFR4, com substituição da glicina por arginina no códon 388 (G388R), tem sido associado à evolução desfavorável em vários tipos tumorais humanos. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do Bcl-XL, das isoformas do Ikaros (Ik1+Ik2/Ik total) e do FGFR4 em corticotropinomas humanos. Avaliar a freqüência dos genótipos do códon 388 do FGFR4 nos pacientes com doença de Cushing e sua associação com a evolução pósoperatória após a primeira cirurgia transesfenoidal. Métodos: Noventa e sete pacientes com diagnóstico de doença de Cushing foram estudados. Os dados clínicos, hormonais e histopatológicos foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O estudo da expressão do Bcl-XL, do Ikaros, e do FGFR4 foi realizado por PCR em tempo real em 20 amostras de corticotropinomas, sendo dois tumores correspondentes à síndrome de Nelson. A determinação dos genótipos no códon 388 do FGFR4 foi realizada nos 97 pacientes e em 103 indivíduos controles, por PCR de fragmento do exon 9 do gene FGFR4 seguida de digestão com a enzima de restrição BstNI. A evolução pós-operatória (remissão/recidiva) da doença de Cushing foi avaliada em 76 pacientes. Foram considerados em remissão aqueles pacientes com níveis normais de cortisol urinário durante todo o primeiro ano após a cirurgia, na ausência de reposição hormonal, bem como os que necessitaram de reposição com glicocorticóide no mesmo período. Resultados: Dos 76 pacientes submetidos à primeira cirurgia transesfenoidal, a remissão pós-operatória ocorreu em 68,4% dos pacientes. Treze pacientes (25%) evoluíram com recidiva da doença de Cushing após remissão inicial. A expressão do Bcl-XL foi semelhante à hipófise normal na maioria das amostras tumorais [mediana (mín-máx): 1,36 (0,6 - 2,70)]. Aumento da expressão das isoformas longas do Ikaros foi detectado em 40% dos tumores, enquanto as isoformas curtas corresponderam a mais de 50% da expressão do Ikaros em apenas 3 casos, não havendo associação da expressão do Ikaros com qualquer das variáveis analisadas. O aumento da expressão do FGFR4 foi detectado em 8/18 (44,4%) dos corticotropinomas com doença de Cushing, havendo associação entre a hiperexpressão do FGFR4 e a menor freqüência de remissão pós-operatória da doença de Cushing (p = 0,009). A distribuição genotípica do polimorfismo G388R foi semelhante entre pacientes e controles. O genótipo glicina em homozigose (Gly/Gly) não foi associado à menor frequência de remissão pós-operatória da doença, no entanto, uma freqüência maior de recidiva pós-operatória foi encontrada no grupo de pacientes Gly/Gly (p = 0,019). O genótipo Gly/Gly foi ainda associado à redução da sobrevida livre de doença (hazard ratio [HR], 6,91; Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95%, 1,14 a 11,26; p = 0,028). Outras variáveis que se associaram significativamente com maior freqüência de recidiva foram: tamanho e grau de invasão tumoral de acordo com a classificação de Hardy modificada (p = 0,017), o sexo masculino (p = 0,033), a não confirmação Imuno-histológica do tumor produtor de ACTH (p = 0,026) e os valores de cortisol > 2 ?g/dL no pós-operatório precoce (p = 0,01). Conclusões: A expressão normal detectada do Bcl-XL e das isoformas curtas do Ikaros, na maioria das amostras tumorais, sugere a não participação destes fatores na patogênese dos tumores corticotróficos. O aumento da expressão do FGFR4 e o genótipo glicina em homozigose foram associados, respectivamente, à menor freqüência de remissão e maior recidiva pós-operatória da doença de Cushing. Estes resultados sugerem que o FGFR4 pode ter um papel na progressão dos tumores corticotróficos favorecendo a persistência e/ou recidiva da doença de Cushing. / Introduction: The mechanisms involved in the molecular pathogenesis of corticotroph pituitary tumors are complex, heterogeneous and in most cases remain unknown. Changes in the expression of components of Ikaros (Ik) pathway, such as receptor 4 of fibroblast growth factor (FGFR4), have been detected in pituitary tumors including corticotropinomas. Imbalance between long and short Ik isoforms results in alternative transcription initiation of FGFR4 and encodes a truncated isoform of the gene (pdt-FGFR4) which was associated with larger and more invasive pituitary tumors. The Ik6 short isoform promotes Bcl-XL expression in vitro, an effect independent of the interaction with the long isoforms. In addition, a polymorphism of FGFR4 gene, the substitution of glycine by arginine at codon 388 (G388R), has been associated with adverse outcome in several human tumor types. Objectives: To analyze the expression of Bcl-XL, Ikaros isoforms (Ik1 + Ik2/Ikaros total), and FGFR4 in human corticotropinomas. To determine the frequency of each genotype at codon 388 of FGFR4 in patients with Cushing\'s disease and its association with the postoperative outcome after the first transsphenoidal surgery. Methods: Ninety-seven patients with Cushing\'s disease were evaluated. Clinical, hormonal and histopathological findings were assessed retrospectively. The expression of Bcl-XL, Ikaros and FGFR4 were evaluated by real-time PCR in 20 samples of corticotropinomas, including two samples of Nelson\'s syndrome. The FGFR4 genotype was determined in the 97 patients and 103 control subjects by PCR fragment of exon 9 of the FGFR4 gene, followed by digestion with the BstNI restriction enzyme. The postoperative outcome (remission/relapse) of Cushing\'s disease was assessed in 76 patients. The patients with normal urinary cortisol levels during the first year after surgery, in the absence of hormone replacement therapy, and those who required glucocorticoid replacement within the same period were considered in remission. Results: Of the 76 patients who underwent the first transsphenoidal surgery, remission was achieved in 68.4% of patients. Thirteen patients (25%) developed recurrence of Cushing\'s disease after initial remission. The expression of Bcl-XL in the majority of tumor samples was similar to normal pituitary [median (min-max): 1.36 (0.6 - 2.70)]. Overexpression of long isoforms of Ik was detected in 40% of tumors, while the short isoforms represented more than 50% of the expression in only 3 samples. Ik expression was not associated with any of the variables analysed. FGFR4 transcripts were overexpressed in 8/18 (44.4%) of corticotropinomas with Cushing\'s disease. There was an association between the overexpression of FGFR4 and lower postoperative remission rate (p = 0.009). The FGFR4 genotype distribution at codon 388 was similar between control individuals and patients. The glycine homozygous genotype (Gly/Gly) was not associated with lower remission rate. However, a higher frequency of postoperative recurrence was found in the Gly/Gly group (p = 0.019). The Gly/Gly genotype was also associated with reduced disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 6.91, confidence interval (CI) 95%, 1.14 to 11.26; p = 0.028). Other variables that were significantly associated with higher frequency of recurrence were: size and tumor invasion according to modified Hardy classification (p = 0.017), male gender (p = 0.033), non-immuno-histological confirmation of ACTH secreting tumor (p = 0.026) and cortisol levels > 2 ?g/dL in the early postoperative period (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The normal expression of Bcl-XL and short isoforms of Ik in most samples suggest that these factors are not involved in the pathogenesis of corticotroph tumors. Overexpression of FGFR4 and the glycine homozygous genotype were associated with lower frequency of remission and higher postoperative recurrence of Cushing\'s disease, respectively. These results suggest that FGFR4 may play a role in progression of corticotroph tumors favoring the persistence and/or recurrence of Cushing\'s disease.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os adenomas hipofisários são neoplasias benignas que representam cerca de 15% das neoplasias intracranianas. Em sua maioria ocorre de forma esporádica. Estudos moleculares desses adenomas identificaram anormalidades genéticas que podem ter um papel na sua tumorigênese. Dentre alguns desses genes foram descritos os oncogenes GNAS e PTTG e os genes supressores tumorais AIP, CDKN1B e MEG3. OBJETIVO: realizar estudo molecular dos genes associados a tumorigênese através da pesquisa de mutações nos genes GNAS, AIP e CDKN1B e o estudo de expressão gênica de CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 em adenomas aparentemente esporádicos, correlacionando com os dados clínicos e laboratoriais, em pacientes acompanhados no serviço de Endocrinologia do HCFMUSP. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Compreendeu 96 adenomas hipofisários aparentemente esporádicos: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) e 7 prolactinomas. Foi realizada avaliação restrospectiva dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais ao diagnóstico. Após a análise histológica por hematoxilinaeosina, foi realizada análise imunohistoquímica das proteínas Ki-67 e p53 e molecular do DNA genômico e RNA, extraídos do tecido tumoral. Análise mutacional das regiões codificantes de AIP e CDKN1B e dos hotspots de GNAS nos éxons 8 e 9 foi realizada através de amplificação por PCR e sequenciamento automático. A quantificação relativa do RNAm de CDKN1B, MEG3 e PTTG foi avaliada pelo método de 2-??Ct por PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Presença de mutações somáticas no gene GNAS (gsp+) em 14,5% dos adenomas. Não houve diferenças significativas clínicas e laboratoriais entre os adenomas gsp+ e gsp-. Variantes com potencial patogênico não foram identificadas nos genes AIP e CDKN1B. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 apresentou média de 1,32% (0,9-4,5) e do p53 média de 1,04 (1,0-1,8). O gene CDKN1B apresentou expressão média de ,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1), com expressão mais baixa nos corticotropinomas. O gene PTTG apresentou expressão média de 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0), com maior expressão nos corticotropinomas. O gene MEG3 apresentou expressão média de 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8), com valores mais baixos nos ACNF. Três padrões de cluster nos níveis de expressão de RNAm dos genes CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 foram identificados: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 foi observado em 100% dos corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observado apenas nos somatotropinomas (32%) e o cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observado na maioria dos ACNF (73%). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos adenomas apresentaram índices de Ki-67 menor do que 3%. Em conformidade com este achado, a imunohistoquímica para p53 não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa. A mutação ativadora na proteína Gs? (gsp+) foi a mutação mais frequente em adenomas hipofisários esporádicos, principalmente em somatotropinomas. Não foram identificadas variantes com potencial patogênico nos genes AIP e CDKN1B, portanto, parece ser um evento raro em adenomas esporádicos. A expressão gênica aumentada do gene PTTG foi identificada principalmente nos corticotropinomas. No entanto, ela não foi preditiva de subtipo de adenoma. A expressão gênica do CDKN1B estava diminuída na maioria dos corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas e ACNF. A expressão gênica do MEG3 estava diminuída na maioria dos adenomas ACNF e corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas. Na análise de cluster hierárquico, foram identificados três padrões de expressão gênica que se correlacionaram com subtipo de adenoma hipofisário / BACKGROUND: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors that account for about 15% of intracranial tumors. Mostly occurs sporadically. Molecular studies of these adenomas identified genetic abnormalities that may have a role in tumorigenesis. Some of these genes have been described as the oncogenes GNAS and PTTG and tumor suppressor genes AIP, CDKN1B and MEG3. OBJECTIVE: perform a molecular study of genes related in tumorigenesis to evaluate presence of mutations in GNAS, AIP and CDKN1B genes and gene expression analysis of CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 genes in apparently sporadic adenomas, correlating with the clinical and laboratory data from patients treated at the Endocrinology service of HCFMUSP.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 96 apparently sporadic adenomas was included: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) and seven prolactinomas. Retrospective evaluation of clinical and laboratory data from diagnosis. After histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin staining, it was performed immunohistochemical analysis of Ki -67 and p53 proteins and molecular analysis of genomic DNA and RNA extracted from tumor tissue. Mutational analysis of coding regions of AIP and CDKN1B and hotspots exons 8 and 9 of GNAS was performed by PCR and automatic sequencing. Relative quantification of mRNA CDKN1B, MEG3 and PTTG was evaluated by 2-??Ct method using Real Time PCR. RESULTS: Presence of somatic mutations on GNAS gene (gsp+) in 14,5% of pituitary adenomas. There were no clinical and laboratorial differences between gsp+ and gsp- somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potencial were not identified in AIP and CDKN1B genes. Imunohistochemical analysis showed mean of 1,32% (0,9-4,5) for Ki-67 and mean of 1,04% (1,0-1,8) for p53. Gene expression of CDKN1B presented a mean of 1,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1) with lower expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of PTTG presented a mean of 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0) with higher expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of MEG3 presented a mean of 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8) with lower expression in NFPA. Three cluster patterns in the levels of mRNA expression of genes CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 were identified: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed in 100% of corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed only in somatotropinomas (32%) and cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observed in most of NFPA (73%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adenomas showed Ki -67 index lower than 3%. In accordance with this finding, immunohistochemistry for p53 was not statistically significant. The activating mutation in the Gs? protein (gsp+) was the most common mutation in sporadic pituitary adenomas, particularly in somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potential have not been identified in the AIP and CDKN1B gene therefore seems to be a rare event in sporadic adenomas. Increased gene expression of PTTG was primarily identified in corticotropinomas. However, it was not predictive of adenoma subtype. The gene expression of CDKN1B was decreased in most corticotropinomas and normal in most somatotropinomas and NFPA. The gene expression of MEG3 was decreased in most of NFPA and corticotropinomas, and normal in most somatotropinomas. In hierarchical cluster analysis was identified three patterns of gene expression that correlated with pituitary adenoma subtype

INTRODUÇÃO: Os adenomas hipofisários são neoplasias benignas que representam cerca de 15% das neoplasias intracranianas. Em sua maioria ocorre de forma esporádica. Estudos moleculares desses adenomas identificaram anormalidades genéticas que podem ter um papel na sua tumorigênese. Dentre alguns desses genes foram descritos os oncogenes GNAS e PTTG e os genes supressores tumorais AIP, CDKN1B e MEG3. OBJETIVO: realizar estudo molecular dos genes associados a tumorigênese através da pesquisa de mutações nos genes GNAS, AIP e CDKN1B e o estudo de expressão gênica de CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 em adenomas aparentemente esporádicos, correlacionando com os dados clínicos e laboratoriais, em pacientes acompanhados no serviço de Endocrinologia do HCFMUSP. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Compreendeu 96 adenomas hipofisários aparentemente esporádicos: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) e 7 prolactinomas. Foi realizada avaliação restrospectiva dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais ao diagnóstico. Após a análise histológica por hematoxilinaeosina, foi realizada análise imunohistoquímica das proteínas Ki-67 e p53 e molecular do DNA genômico e RNA, extraídos do tecido tumoral. Análise mutacional das regiões codificantes de AIP e CDKN1B e dos hotspots de GNAS nos éxons 8 e 9 foi realizada através de amplificação por PCR e sequenciamento automático. A quantificação relativa do RNAm de CDKN1B, MEG3 e PTTG foi avaliada pelo método de 2-??Ct por PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Presença de mutações somáticas no gene GNAS (gsp+) em 14,5% dos adenomas. Não houve diferenças significativas clínicas e laboratoriais entre os adenomas gsp+ e gsp-. Variantes com potencial patogênico não foram identificadas nos genes AIP e CDKN1B. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 apresentou média de 1,32% (0,9-4,5) e do p53 média de 1,04 (1,0-1,8). O gene CDKN1B apresentou expressão média de ,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1), com expressão mais baixa nos corticotropinomas. O gene PTTG apresentou expressão média de 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0), com maior expressão nos corticotropinomas. O gene MEG3 apresentou expressão média de 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8), com valores mais baixos nos ACNF. Três padrões de cluster nos níveis de expressão de RNAm dos genes CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 foram identificados: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 foi observado em 100% dos corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observado apenas nos somatotropinomas (32%) e o cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observado na maioria dos ACNF (73%). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos adenomas apresentaram índices de Ki-67 menor do que 3%. Em conformidade com este achado, a imunohistoquímica para p53 não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa. A mutação ativadora na proteína Gs? (gsp+) foi a mutação mais frequente em adenomas hipofisários esporádicos, principalmente em somatotropinomas. Não foram identificadas variantes com potencial patogênico nos genes AIP e CDKN1B, portanto, parece ser um evento raro em adenomas esporádicos. A expressão gênica aumentada do gene PTTG foi identificada principalmente nos corticotropinomas. No entanto, ela não foi preditiva de subtipo de adenoma. A expressão gênica do CDKN1B estava diminuída na maioria dos corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas e ACNF. A expressão gênica do MEG3 estava diminuída na maioria dos adenomas ACNF e corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas. Na análise de cluster hierárquico, foram identificados três padrões de expressão gênica que se correlacionaram com subtipo de adenoma hipofisário / BACKGROUND: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors that account for about 15% of intracranial tumors. Mostly occurs sporadically. Molecular studies of these adenomas identified genetic abnormalities that may have a role in tumorigenesis. Some of these genes have been described as the oncogenes GNAS and PTTG and tumor suppressor genes AIP, CDKN1B and MEG3. OBJECTIVE: perform a molecular study of genes related in tumorigenesis to evaluate presence of mutations in GNAS, AIP and CDKN1B genes and gene expression analysis of CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 genes in apparently sporadic adenomas, correlating with the clinical and laboratory data from patients treated at the Endocrinology service of HCFMUSP.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 96 apparently sporadic adenomas was included: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) and seven prolactinomas. Retrospective evaluation of clinical and laboratory data from diagnosis. After histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin staining, it was performed immunohistochemical analysis of Ki -67 and p53 proteins and molecular analysis of genomic DNA and RNA extracted from tumor tissue. Mutational analysis of coding regions of AIP and CDKN1B and hotspots exons 8 and 9 of GNAS was performed by PCR and automatic sequencing. Relative quantification of mRNA CDKN1B, MEG3 and PTTG was evaluated by 2-??Ct method using Real Time PCR. RESULTS: Presence of somatic mutations on GNAS gene (gsp+) in 14,5% of pituitary adenomas. There were no clinical and laboratorial differences between gsp+ and gsp- somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potencial were not identified in AIP and CDKN1B genes. Imunohistochemical analysis showed mean of 1,32% (0,9-4,5) for Ki-67 and mean of 1,04% (1,0-1,8) for p53. Gene expression of CDKN1B presented a mean of 1,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1) with lower expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of PTTG presented a mean of 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0) with higher expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of MEG3 presented a mean of 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8) with lower expression in NFPA. Three cluster patterns in the levels of mRNA expression of genes CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 were identified: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed in 100% of corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed only in somatotropinomas (32%) and cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observed in most of NFPA (73%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adenomas showed Ki -67 index lower than 3%. In accordance with this finding, immunohistochemistry for p53 was not statistically significant. The activating mutation in the Gs? protein (gsp+) was the most common mutation in sporadic pituitary adenomas, particularly in somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potential have not been identified in the AIP and CDKN1B gene therefore seems to be a rare event in sporadic adenomas. Increased gene expression of PTTG was primarily identified in corticotropinomas. However, it was not predictive of adenoma subtype. The gene expression of CDKN1B was decreased in most corticotropinomas and normal in most somatotropinomas and NFPA. The gene expression of MEG3 was decreased in most of NFPA and corticotropinomas, and normal in most somatotropinomas. In hierarchical cluster analysis was identified three patterns of gene expression that correlated with pituitary adenoma subtype

We present the case of a 7-month-old baby with Cushing’s disease due to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma combined with cells producing thyreotropin-secreting hormone (TSH). In MRI scans, a contrast-enhancing lesion was seen inside the pituitary fossa, and it extended into the suprasellar region. On the assumption of a pituitary adenoma, surgery was performed. Corresponding with biochemical findings, histopathological evaluation revealed an ACTH- and TSH-producing tumor. Genetic analysis did not demonstrate an alteration at codon 201 (Arg) and 227 (Glu). To our knowledge, this is the first case described in a child of this age. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Cannabinoid (CB) receptors have been found in most vertebrates that have been studied. The location of various CB receptors in the body and brain are known, but their physiological functions are not fully understood. The effects CBs have on the cardiovascular system have been of growing interest in recent years. Increasing reports from emergency departments and law enforcement agencies detail acute cardiovascular and psychological effects from synthetic CB intoxication, such as JWH-018. This major health concern is substantiated by governmental agencies like the CDC and NIDA. This pilot study investigates the acute toxic effects of the synthetic CB, JWH-018, on the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems in Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish). Research in organisms besides the traditional mammal models can provide new insights into CB function and physiology. Ictalurus punctatus lend multiple benefits as a model organism that permits researchers to investigate in vivo effects of both cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems without much influence from traditional sampling methods, and further more provide ample size and tissue to perform specific cardiovascular experiments. Multiple methods were used to assess cardiovascular function and sympathetic nervous system activation. Two different doses, low (500 µg/kg) and high 1,500 µg/kg, of JWH-018 were evaluated in the study. Delivery of JWH-018, via dorsal aorta cannulation, was administered to channel catfish in order to measure cardiovascular functions and sample blood. Plasma levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) biomarkers; ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, were measured using ELISAs. Myocardial and neural tissue was collected after the exposures for rt-PCR analysis on β2 adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptor density change. Acute exposure of JWH-018 in undisturbed channel catfish yielded several findings: (1) High dose of JWH-018 was responsible for cardio depressor effects in catfish with a tendency to produce tachycardia, (2) rt-PCR results showed a 2.7 fold increase of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA density in catfish cardiomyocytes when exposed to each dose of JWH-018, (3) Catfish plasma ACTH levels were increased with high doses of JWH-018, while plasma cortisol was increased by low doses. Channel catfish is an excellent animal model to examine the effects of synthetic cannabinoids and cardiovascular function. Acute exposures to high levels of JWH-018 appear to produce cardiovascular dysfunction providing evidence that substantiates emergency department reports, in addition yields novel information about the interaction of CBs exposure and the increase of glucocorticoid receptors levels on cardiomyocytes. The channel catfish is a new animal model that can aid in further investigations of CB exposure and multiple physiological functions for health and toxicology studies. With relatively easy adjustments from this pilot study, the effects on CBs can be monitored on Ictalurus punctatus with confident results concerning human health.