Chromo kompleksinių dažiklių: rūgštinio rudojo (1:1 ir 1:2 chromo kompleksai) ir rūgštinio mėlynojo (1:2 chromo kompleksas) sorbcija aktyvintąja anglimi, neutraliu sorbentu, anijonitu bei chelatiniu jonitu atlikta statinėmis sąlygomis, keičiant pradinio tirpalo koncentracijas, pH, temperatūrą bei sorbcijos trukmę. Pusiausvirosios sorbcijos eksperimentinės vertės ir apskaičiuoti Langmiuro ir Froindlicho teorinių sorbcijos izotermų paramertrų didžiausios vertės liudija, kad sorbcijai palankiausia tirpalo rūgšti terpė. Gautos sorbcijos kinetinės kreivės ir ištirtos pagal tris kinetikos modelius: pseudo-pirmojo laipsnio reakcijos greičio lygtį, pseudo-antrojo laipsnio reakcijos greičio lygtį ir vidinės difuzijos modelį. Nustatyta, kad sorbcijos kinetika vyksta pagal pseudo-antrojo laipsnio reakcijos lygtį ir yra kontroliuojama vidinės difuzijos procesų. Nustatyti sorbcijos proceso termodinaminiai parametrai H0, S0 ir G0 liudija apie spontanišką, egzoterminę sorbcijos aktyvintąja anglimi, anijonitu bei chelatiniu jonitu prigimtį. / Sorption of two chromium complex dyes (1:1 and 1:2 chromium complex; 1:2 chromium comlex) and from model solutions onto an various types of sorbents was investigated in aqueous solution in a batch experiments with respect to initial solution concentration and pH, contact time, and temperature. The sorption capacity at equilibrium obtained experimental and estimated Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters was demonstrate that acidic media was favourable for dye sorption. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo - second order kinetics models and the diffusion (intraparticle) model were used to describe the kinetics data, and the rate constants were evaluated. Kinetics of dye sorption is observed to confirm pseudo-second order rate expression. The activation energy, change of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy of sorption was also evaluated. The results indicate the sorption process onto activated carbon, anion exchanger and chelating sorbent was egzothermic, spontaneous.

No description available.

The reduction of sulphur in transportation fuel has gained significant importance as the regulatory agencies worldwide react to air quality concerns and the impact of sulphur oxides on the environment. The overall objective of this research was to identify, develop and characterize, based on underlying scientific principles, sorbents that are effective in removal of refractory sulphur compounds from fuel through the process of selective adsorption. It was determined that impregnation of powdered activated carbon with a transition metal (TM) significantly boosted the adsorption performance of the activated carbon. It is hypothesized that the impregnation resulted in the formation of new adsorptive sites that strongly interacted with the lone pairs of electrons on sulphur and nitrogen while having minor impact on the existing oxygen functional groups on the surface of the activated carbon. The percent loading of the TM was determined through wet adsorption study. The best performing sorbent was shown to have maximum adsorption capacities of approximately 1.77 and 0.76 mmol-S/g-sorbent for DBT and 4,6 DMDBT, respectively, with approximately 100% regenerability through solvent wash and thermal treatment. On average, the PTM impregnation showed approximately 137% increase in adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The sorbent also has good adsorption capacities for organo-nitrogen compounds (i.e., quinoline and carbazole) and a low selectivity towards aromatics, which is desired in adsorptive desulphurization. The surface morphology of the activated carbon, the oxygen functional groups on the surface of the activated carbon, as well as strong (chemisorption) interaction between the TM???s partly vacant and far reaching ???d??? orbital and lone pair electrons on sulphur and nitrogen are considered to be the main contributing factors to the observed enhancement. It was established in this study that the adsorption isotherms of the impregnated activated carbons best fit Sips isotherm equation, which is a combination of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. This finding fits well with our initial hypothesis regarding the introduction of new adsorptive sites as a result of TM impregnation and that the sites did not fit well with Langmuir???s monolayer and uniform adsorption mechanism. A kinetic study of the sulphur adsorption using a flow reactor showed a good fit with pseudo second order kinetic model, indicative of an adsorption that is highly dependent on the concentration of available sites on the surface of the sorbent. On average, as expected, the TM impregnated ACC exhibited a higher initial rate of adsorption. The adsorption onto TM sites tends to be more exothermic than adsorption (mainly physisorption) on activated carbon. Therefore, more thermodynamically favoured chemisorption is expected to occur more rapidly than physisorption. It was determined that on average, the initial adsorption rate does not change significantly with temperature while the sulphur adsorption capacity decreases with increase in temperature. It is postulated that the increase in temperature increases surface diffusivity but impedes diffusion flux. The impediment of the diffusion flux will result in reduction in adsorbed quantity. It was also shown that the intra-particle diffusion exists in the adsorption of DBT on TM impregnated activated carbon, however, it is not likely that the overall adsorption is controlled or noticeable impacted by it. As the temperature of the reactor increases the Weber-Morris intra-particle diffusion plot moves away from the origin, and thus intra-particle diffusion becomes less of a controlling mechanism. This further confirms the fact that the boundary layer (i.e., surface diffusion) and potentially adsorptive interactions at the surface are the dominating mechanisms in the sulphur adsorption onto TM impregnated activated carbon. It was determined that the distribution of TM species on the surface of the activated carbon is relatively inhomogeneous, with some areas showing well dispersed TM species while other areas showing large clusters. Different impregnation method that can improve dispersion on the surface may significantly enhance adsorption performance of the sorbent. Furthermore, in this study impregnation of activated carbon using several other transition metals were examined. It was determined that other less expensive transition metals can also improve the adsorption performance of the activated carbon. Further study on less expensive options for impregnating the activated carbon may be beneficial.

An experimental pressure swing adsorption unit has been constructed and used to investigate the separation of carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide enriched air using both an activated carbon and a type 5A molecular sieve adsorbent. Continuous, cyclic operation was achievedusing a pair of fixed bed adsorbers. At any one time the feed gas entered one bed at a high pressure and part of the purified gas was returned to the other bed at a reduced pressure to provide countercurrent regeneration of the adsorbent. The beds of adsorbent used were each nominally 0.165m diameter and Im. deep. Separations were carried out at approximately ambient temperature using air flow rates in the range 0.15 to 0.95 kg/m2s and inlet carbon dioxide concentrations'in the range 0.1 to 1.5% v/v. Adsorption pressures of 2 to 6.4 bar were examined, the desorption pressure being maintained throughout at essentially 1.0 bar. The period time was varied from 30 to 900 seconds and the revert ratio (i. e. the ratio of the product gas returned for desorption to the total feed rate to the unit) was varied from 0 to 1.0. The carbon dioxide separation efficiency was found to increase markedly as the adsorption pressure and the revert ratio were increased whereas it was relatively insensitive to variations in feed rate and, more particularly, feed concentration. The performance of the molecular sieve adsorbent was found to be very sensitive to the presence of moisture in the feed gas. In contrast the carbon dioxide efficiencies observed with Lhe activated carbon were unaffected by the presence of small amounts (circa 100 ppm) of moisture in the feed. A theoretical model has been proposed for predicting the performance of pressure swing adsorption systems of the type investigated and approximate analytical equations and more precise numerical techniques have been established to represent its solution. The approximate analytical solutions were found to give close agreement with the more precise methods examined under conditions corresponding to low values of a dimensionless period time parameter. The proposed theoretical model incorporates an effective irean mass transfer coefficient to represent the diffusion process within the adsorbent particles. Methods for estimation of the value of this coefficient based on the limiting conditions of a periodic constant surface flux or a periodic constant surface concentration are presented. The experimental performance data were analysed in terms of the proposed analytical solution to give values of the apparent solid phase mass transfer coefficient for comparison with those predicted theoretically. In general the apparent experimental values were consistently less than the predicted values. In addition the relationship between the experimental and predicted coefficients was found to be dependent on both the nature of the adsorbent and a parameter formed by the product of the revert ratio and the adsorption to desorption pressure ratio. Empirical correlating equations which incorporate this dependence are presented.

The potential human health issues resulting from the continuous consumption of drinking water containing low concentration levels of persistent emerging pollutants has raised some concerns. The presence of emerging pollutants in surface water bodies and ground-water in Canada together with absence of proper drinking water treatment processes in remote places has created the need for an effective and simple process for removal of emerging pollutants from drinking water. Low seasonal temperatures in regions such as Saskatchewan demand a removal process that is effective at temperatures lower than room temperature. Adsorption with granular activated carbon is a well-established and effective method for removal of organic compounds from drinking water. There are a large number of reports on removal of organic compounds by activated carbon in literature however, the effectiveness of adsorption of emerging pollutants with granular activated carbon is not clear. Effectiveness of ozone treatment for oxidation of emerging pollutants is reported in literature however, effectiveness of regeneration of adsorbents saturated with emerging pollutants with ozone has not been investigated extensively. In the present work, effectiveness of adsorption with granular activated carbon for removal of emerging pollutants is investigated. Three model compounds of Ibuprofen, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and Bisphenol A reported at considerable concentration levels in Saskatchewan water bodies were selected as model compounds. Bituminous coal based and coconut shell based granular activated carbons with basic point of zero charge were selected as adsorbents. Isotherm adsorption of model compounds on adsorbents was conducted at 280, 288, and 296 K. The Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of adsorption were calculated using isotherm model parameters. Nitric acid pre-treatment was applied to reduce the point of zero charge of adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms were conducted with the acid treated adsorbents. Adsorption removal of model compounds in tap water was studied. Effectiveness of regeneration of saturated adsorbents with ozone was investigated. In terms of quality of fit to the isotherm adsorption data, Langmuir model was better than Freundlich model indicating monolayer adsorption of model compounds in all experiments. Higher Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity (Qmax) of bituminous coal based adsorbent than coconut shell adsorbent for adsorption of model compounds was attributed to the higher porosity of bituminous coal based adsorbent. Adsorption of model compounds (i.e. IBP and BPA) present in molecular form in the pH condition of the experiments were more dependent on adsorbent surface functional groups e.g. carboxyl and carbonyl groups. The Qmax of adsorption of 2,4-D present in anionic form was proportional with the specific surface area of adsorbent. Adsorption at temperatures lower than room temperature was effective. Adsorbent with acidic point of zero charge was more effective in removal of model compounds than adsorbent with basic point of zero charge. Adsorption of BPA was higher in tap water in comparison to Millipore water due to the more neutral surface of adsorbent in tap water. Higher pH of tap water than Millipore water and the ionic interaction between the adsorbent and dissolved solids present in tap water caused the more neutral surface of adsorbent. Regeneration of adsorbents with ozone failed in restoration of adsorption capacity of adsorbents and excessive ozonation destroyed the pore structure of adsorbents.

Activated Carbon was produced from strong cation-exchange resins, sulphonated styrene divinylbenzene copolymers originally in H+ form, by means of carbonization and steam activation in an electrical furnace. One macroporous resin produced by BAYER Chemicals Inc., Lewatit MonoPlus SP 112 H, was used in the research. Products of carbonization and activation were characterized by using BET, Mercury Porosimetry, Helium Pycnometry and SEM techniques. The effect of carbonization time and temperature on the BET surface areas of the resins were also investigated. Two sets of carbonization experiments (Set 1 and 2) were performed in which time and temperature were varied in order to study their effects on the BET surface areas of the products. In activation experiments (Set 3), carbonized ion-exchangers (600 oC, 1 hr) were activated with steam at 900&deg / C, changing the time of activation and the steam flow rate. The temperatures of the water bath used for steam generation were selected as 60&deg / C, 80&deg / C and 90&deg / C. The pore structures of activated carbons were determined by proper techniques. The volume and area of macropores in the pore diameter range of 8180-50 nm were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Mesopore (in the range of 50-2 nm) areas and volumes were determined by N2 gas adsorption technique at -195.6oC, BET surface areas of the samples were also determined, in the relative pressure range of 0.05 to 0.02, by the same technique. The pore volume and the area of the micropores with diameters less than 2 nm were determined by CO2 adsorption measurements at 0oC by the application of Dubinin Radushkevich equation. In the experiments of Sets 1 and 2, the BET surface area results of the six different carbonization times ranging from 0.5 to 3 hours gave almost the same value with a maximum deviation of 5% from the average showing almost no effect on the areas of the products. In the experiments of Set 3 , the sample activated at 800&deg / C for 6 hrs had the highest BET area, 2130 m2/g, and the one activated at 800&deg / C for 1 hr had the lowest BET area 636 m2/g. N2 adsorption/ desorption isotherms showed no distinct hysteresis indicating a cylindrical geometry of the pores. Adsorption isotherms further indicated that the pores are both highly microporous and mesoporous. N2 (BET) and CO2 (D-R) surface areas of the samples were in the range of 636-2130m2/g and 853-1858 m2/g, respectively. Surface areas of the samples consisted of about 8-53% mesopores and 47-92% micropores.

Face au problème des micropolluants émergents trouvés dans l’eau, l’utilisation de carbones activés est un moyen de réduire cette pollution à la source. Le but de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’adsorption de certains micropolluants sur des tissus et feutres de carbones activés.Neuf molécules ont été étudiées dont des médicaments : la carbamazépine (CBZ), le diclofénac (DFN), l’ibuprofène (IBP) et l’ofloxacine (OFX), un produit anticorrosion : le benzotriazole (BZT), un perturbateur endocrinien : le bisphénol-A (BPA), deux herbicides : le mécoprop (MCP) et le pentachlorophénol (PCP) et une molécule utilisée comme indicateur de pollution des eaux usées : la caféine (CAF). Les adsorbants ultramicroporeux (tissu KIP1200 et feutre CSV4) et l’adsorbant mésoporeux (tissu BBV 800) (fournis par Dacarb, France) ont été caractérisés par adsorption d'azote à 77K et de CO2 à 273K, titrages acido-basiques (méthode de Boehm), mesure du pHpzc (point isoélectrique). Les cinétiques et isothermes d'adsorption ont été étudiées à 25°C à pH=7,5 dans un tampon phosphate NaHPO4/KH2PO4 (à 0,04M). La concentration résiduelle est analysée par HPLC.Les cinétiques d'adsorption ont été étudiées pour les 9 molécules à différentes concentrations initiales. Le temps pour atteindre l’équilibre d’adsorption dépend du volume des molécules ainsi que de leur affinité avec l’adsorbant. La quantité maximale adsorbable dépend du volume microporeux ainsi que de la surface spécifique de l’adsorbant, la quantité adsorbable est donc plus importante sur le tissu KIP 1200 que sur le feutre CSV 4. La vitesse de diffusion est la plus lente pour les adsorbants possédant un volume microporeux important, le tissu mésoporeux BBV 800 permet donc une adsorption rapide grâce à de plus larges pores qui permettent un accès plus rapide à la porosité.Des analyses en mélanges binaires et multi composés ont alors été réalisées pour connaître les paramètres clés gouvernant les cinétiques d’adsorption. Une compétition existe entre molécules dans certains cas (BZT et MCP par exemple) avec une première phase gouvernée par la cinétique d’adsorption liée à la diffusion dans les pores et la deuxième phase gouvernée par des phénomènes thermodynamiques entre le système soluté/solvant/carbone.Les isothermes d'adsorption ont été réalisés à 3 températures différentes et modélisées par des équations de Langmuir-Freundlich pour tous les micropolluants. Des paramètres thermodynamiques (enthalpie d’adsorption et enthalpie libre) ont alors été calculés et corrélés aux propriétés physico-chimiques des molécules. Une corrélation est mise en évidence entre l’enthalpie libre et la polarisabilité des molécules ainsi que les forces de Van der Waals déterminées avec le logiciel COSMO-RS mettant en évidence l’importance des forces non polaires dans le phénomène d’adsorption. Des mesures par calorimétrie d’adsorption à très faibles quantités adsorbées ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’entropie est le paramètre thermodynamique qui contrôle l’adsorption de molécules (BZT, PCP, CAF et OFX) sur le tissu KIP 1200. De fortes énergies d’interaction ont été mis en évidence entre les molécules (BZT, CAF et OFX) et les sites d’adsorption.Une étude d’adsorption-désorption de N2 et de CO2 sur des tissus KIP 1200 chargés en PCP, BZT, CAF et OFX a permis de mieux localiser le lieu de l’adsorption dans la porosité montrant une adsorption prioritairement dans les ultramicropores puis dans les supermicropores. Il a été montré également par cette méthode et par des mesures thermiques que l’eau est fortement adsorbée dans la porosité. / A lot of studies have revealed that some organic molecules such as pharmaceutical molecules, solvents, pesticides, etc.. are frequently found in water, at concentrations below µg/L, even after treatment at the exhaust of wastewater treatment plants. These molecules are highly toxic when accumulated in environment. One of the possibility for removing these micropollutants is the adsorption on activated carbons. Thus the aim of this work is to better understand the adsorption mechanism of some micropollutants onto activated carbon (ACs) in felt or fabric form.Nine micropollutants were studied, such as some pharmaceuticals: Carbamazepine (CBZ), Diclofenac (DFN), Ibuprofen (IBP), and Ofloxacin (OFX); one anti-corrosion compound : Benzotriazol (BZT); two herbicides : Mecoprop (MCP) and Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and an endocrine disruptor : Bisphenol A (BPA). Adsorption of Caffeine (CAF) which is an anthropic indicator of pollution in waste water, was also studied. The ACs (microporous KIP1200 fabric and CSV4 felt and mesoporous BBV 800 fabric, from Dacarb, France) were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K and CO2 adsorption at 273 K, pHpzc (point of zero charge) measurements and acido-basic titrations (Boehm method). The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied at pH 7.4 at 25°C in NaHPO4/KH2PO4 buffered solutions (about 0.04 M) using UV spectrometry and HPLC for the analysis of organic molecules in the remaining solution.Kinetics have been studied for 9 molecules at different initial concentrations. Time to reach adsorption equilibrium depends of the volume of the molecule and its affinity with the activated carbon. The maximum adsorbed quantity depends of the microporous volume and the specific area of the adsorbent, the adsorbed quantity is then bigger for KIP 1200 fabric than for CSV 4 felt. The speed of diffusion is slower for the adsorbent with high microporous volume, the mesoporous BBV 800 fabric gives place to a quick adsorption kinetics thanks to its large pores that gives an easy access to porosity.Binary and multi components kinetics have been done in order to understand key processes that drive kinetics adsorption. Competition between molecules have been shown (for BZT and MCP for example). Adsorption kinetics can be divided into two phases: the first one is driven by pore diffusion and the second one by thermodynamic phenomenon between the solute, the solvent and the AC.The adsorption isotherms of the molecules were studied at 13, 25 and 40°C; and the thermodynamic parameters (isoteric enthalpies and entropies Gibbs free energies) were determined. A correlation between Gibbs free energy and polarizability of molecules as well as Van der Waals energy calculated with Cosmotherm software shows the importance of non polar forces on adsorption phenomenon. Adsorption calorimetry experiments showed that entropy is the thermodynamic parameter that drives adsorption of molecules (BZT, PCP, CAF and OFX) onto KIP 1200 fabric.The pore size distributions of the carbons loaded with micropollutants were determined by DFT simulation from CO2 and N2 adsorption isotherms, to investigate the porosity accessible to the adsorbate. The accessible pore are firstly the ultramicropores and then supermicropores. With this technique and thermal experiments, it has been shown that water is highly bonded inside the porosity.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da remoção de corantes têxteis por meio do processo de adsorção em batelada e em coluna de leito fixo, utilizando caroço de cacau e caroço de pêssego para a produção de carvão ativado. Isotermas de adsorção foram obtidas em seis (6) diferentes temperaturas (na faixa de 25 a 50ºC). A concentração inicial de corante variou entre 300 e 1500 mg.L-1 para o corante Violeta Reativo 5 (RV-5) e 500 e 1700 mg.L-1 para o corante Vermelho de Prociona MX-5B (PR-5B). No estudo cinético, o tempo de retirada de amostras foi variado entre 5 e 480 min e foram analisadas duas diferentes concentrações iniciais, 400 mg.L-1 e 1000 mg.L-1 para RV-5 e 400 mg.L-1 e 600 mg.L-1 para o PR-5B. Para avaliar a capacidade de remoção de corantes pelos adsorventes produzidos, foram simulados dois efluentes contaminados por corantes usualmente empregados no tingimento de tecidos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o processo segue o modelo de Liu para os dois corantes em todas as temperaturas analisadas, apresentando capacidade máxima de remoção do RV-5 de 603,3 mg.g-1 para o CCA e 517,1 mg.g-1 para o CAC e para o corante PR-5B as capacidades máximas obtidas foram 297,2 mg.g-1 para o CPA e 174 mg.g-1 para o CAC. O modelo cinético de ordem-geral apresentou o melhor ajuste aos dados cinéticos para todas as condições analisadas. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos de adsorção indicam que há uma interação física entre os corantes e os adsorventes analisados, e que a adsorção é exotérmica e espontânea. Para os efluentes têxteis simulados, o CCA se mostrou capaz de reduzir acima de 95% a concentração de contaminantes nos efluentes simulados. Quando o CPA foi utilizado, a remoção de contaminantes foi acima de 88%. Os experimentos em coluna de leito fixo para o PR-5B indicaram que o processo de adsorção é favorecido para menores valores de vazão de alimentação e concentração inicial e maior massa de adsorvente. Os dados obtidos neste estudo mostram que os carvões produzidos apresentam potencial para remoção de corantes da indústria têxtil. / This study purpose evaluate the efficiency of removal of textile dyes by adsorption process in batch and fixed bed column, using cocoa seed and peach stone for carbon production. The adsorption isotherms were constructed in six different temperatures ranging between 25 and 50°C and the initial dye concentration ranged between 300-1500 mg.L-1 for the dye Reactive Violet 5 (RV-5) and 500-1700 mg.L-1 for the dye Procion Red MX-5B (PR-5B). In the kinetic study the time-sampling was varied between 5 and 480 min using two different initial concentrations, 400.0 mg L-1 and 1000 mg.L-1 to RV-5 and 400 mg.L-1 and 600 mg.L-1 to PR-5B. To evaluate the ability of removing the dyes with the prepared adsorbents two contaminated effluents were simulated with dyes used in the dyeing of textiles. The results indicate that the process is better fitted by Liu isotherm model for both dyes in all temperatures used, obtaining a maximum capacity removal for RV-5 of 603.3 mg.g-1 using CCA and 517.1 mg.g-1 for CAC and for the dye PR-5B the maximum adsorption capacities obtained were 297.2 mg.g-1 for the CPA and 174 mg.g-1 for CAC. The general-order kinetic model presented the best fit to the kinetic data for all examined conditions. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters indicate that exist a physical interaction between the dyes and adsorbents analyzed, the adsorption is physical, spontaneous and exothermic. For the simulated textile effluents, CCA has been shown to reduce by 99.4% the concentration of contaminants in the effluent A and 95.6% of the effluent B. When activated peach carbon (CPA) was used, contaminant removal was 94.7% and 88.4% for effluents A and B, respectively. The tests in a fixed bed column for the PR-5B show that the adsorption process is favored for lower flow rate and lower initial concentration and higher mass of adsorbent. The data obtained in this study show that the carbons produced have potential for removal of dyes from textile industry.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-08-30T16:14:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Sérgio Botelho de Oliveira.pdf: 18232715 bytes, checksum: b87397cefa6c939563af6c9f1aeaa634 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-02T15:22:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Sérgio Botelho de Oliveira.pdf: 18232715 bytes, checksum: b87397cefa6c939563af6c9f1aeaa634 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T15:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Sérgio Botelho de Oliveira.pdf: 18232715 bytes, checksum: b87397cefa6c939563af6c9f1aeaa634 (MD5) / Resinas de estireno e divinilbenzeno são materiais atrativos para muitos propósitos por causa das suas propriedades, variedade de grupos funcionais na superfície e porosidade, que podem ser controlados na síntese. Essas características também favorecem a produção de suportes e catalisadores baseados em carvão, com elevada áreas superficiais específicas e com grupos funcionais na superfície, que podem agir como sítios ativos. Eles podem ser usados em muitas reações, entre elas, a desidrogenação do etilbenzeno para produzir estireno. Esse monômero é comercialmente produzido pela desidrogenação do etilbenzeno em presença de vapor de água, mas este processo possui um custo elevado e, portanto, há a necessidade de novas alternativas de produção. A substituição do vapor pelo dióxido de carbono é uma das opções mais atrativas para diminuir o custo energético e, dessa forma, muitos estudos têm sido conduzidos para obter novos catalisadores para essa reação. Com este objetivo, neste trabalho foi descrita a preparação de catalisadores de cobre suportado em carvão ativado polimérico, assim como sua avaliação na desidrogenação do etilbenzeno em presença de dióxido de carbono. O carvão ativado polimérico foi preparado a partir do copolímero estireno e divinilbenzeno sulfonado, seguido da calcinação (250 oC), carbonização (900 oC) e ativação (800 oC). Os íons cobre foram adsorvidos nesse sólido por diversos métodos. O efeito dos metais alcalinos (magnésio e sódio) nas propriedades texturais e catalíticas dos sólidos foi também estudado. As amostras foram caracterizadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, medidas de área superficial específica e de porosidade, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. Os catalisadores foram avaliados na desidrogenação do etilbenzeno em presença de dióxido de carbono, a 1 atm e em diversas temperaturas (400, 500 e 600oC). Foram obtidos sólidos com diferentes propriedades texturais e catalíticas, dependendo do método de preparação, assim como da presença de metais. O uso de uma razão de estireno/divinilbenzeno de 15/85 levou à produção de um carvão ativado com a elevada área superficial específica, capaz de adsorver grandes quantidades de cobre, devido aos grupos funcionais gerados na superfície. As propriedades texturais e catalíticas do carvão ativado com cobre foram fortemente dependentes do método de incorporação do cobre. O catalisador mais ativo foi produzido quando o cobre foi adsorvido no carvão ativado previamente oxidado por quatro vezes sucessivas, utilizando-se uma mistura de oxigênio em nitrogênio. Em ambos os sólidos CA e CON, o cobre e os grupos funcionais superficiais no carvão ativado foram ativos na reação. A adição do magnésio aumentou a seletividade a estireno, devido à neutralização de sítios ácidos residuais. O catalisador produzido foi mais ativo do que uma amostra de um catalisador comercial avaliado na presença de vapor, mostrando que o catalisador é promissor para fins industriais / Styrene and divinylbenzene resin is an attractive material for several purposes because of its properties, such as the variety of surface functional groups and porosity, which can be controlled during the synthesis. These characteristics also favor the production of carbon-based supports and catalysts with high specific surface areas and with functional groups on the surface, which can act as active sites. They can be used for several reactions, among them, the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation to produce styrene. This monomer is commercially produced by the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in the presence of steam but it is a high cost process and thus new alternatives are much needed. The replacement of steam by carbon dioxide is one of the most attractive options to decrease the energy cost and thus several studies have been carried out to find new catalysts for this reaction. With this goal in mind, the preparation of catalysts based on polymeric activated carbon-supported copper, as well as their evaluation in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in the presence of carbon dioxide, was described in this work. The polymeric activated carbon was prepared from sulfonated styrene- divinylbenzene copolymer, followed by calcination (250 oC), carbonization (900 oC) and activation (800 oC). Copper ions were adsorbed in these solids by several methods. The effect of alkaline metals (magnesium and sodium) on the textural and catalytic properties of the solids was also studied. Samples were characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area and porosity measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The catalysts were evaluated in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in the presence of carbon dioxide at 1 atm and several temperatures (400, 500 and 600 oC). Solids with different textural and catalytic properties were obtained depending on the preparation method as well as on the presence of metals. The use of a styrene to divinylbenzene ratio of 15/85 leads to the production of an active carbon with the highest specific surface area, which is also able to adsorb a large amount of copper, due to the surface functional groups generated. The textural and catalytic properties of the activated carbon- supported copper largely depended on the method of the copper incorporation. The most active catalyst was produced when copper was adsorbed on activated carbon previously oxidized four times successive with a gas mixture of oxygen in nitrogen. In these solids CA and CON, both copper and the surface functional groups on the activated carbon were active for the reaction. The addition of magnesium increased the selective to styrene, due to the neutralization of the acidic sites on the surface, active for the production of toluene and benzene. The further rising of the catalyst with a sodium hydroxide solution increased the selectivity even more, due to the neutralization of the residual acidic sites. The catalyst produced was more active than a commercial sample evaluated in t

Ce projet s’inscrit dans la contribution à l’élaboration de tenues de protection vis-à-vis d’agents chimiques de guerre : les combinaisons actuelles ont un rôle de barrière, qui stoppent le contaminant sans le dégrader, conduisant à un risque de contamination croisée accru. L’idée novatrice est de recouvrir ces textiles avec une couche intelligente multifonctionnelle et transparent associant un composé actif (TiO2, capable de photo-oxyder les composés toxiques sous irradiation à température ambiante) à un composé passif (nanostructures carbonées, permettant de stocker temporairement les produits de réaction ou le contaminant en cas de manque de lumière ou de pic de contamination). L’étude a commencé sur surfaces modèles afin d’optimiser l’association par assemblages par la méthode Layer-by-Layer (LbL) des différents éléments à savoir, TiO2 à un polymère (PDDA), à du graphène, à du charbon actif ou encore à des nanodiamants. L’efficacité photocatalytique de cette couche sur la dégradation d’un simulant gazeux du gaz moutarde a été testée. Les meilleures revêtements ont ensuite été transférés sur textile et leur efficacité évaluée sur un simulant liquide du gaz Sarin. Des études plus spécifiques ont également été menées pour comprendre l’influence des différents constituants et de l’épaisseur sur l’efficacité photocatalytique du film. Le renforcement de ces textiles fonctionnels contre des contraintes d’abrasion et de lavage a aussi été étudié, ainsi que sa régénération après tests photocatalytiques. / This project is focused on the elaboration of protective suits against Chemical Warfare Agents. Indeed, the suits currently used mainly act as physical barriers, without any degradation of the toxic molecules, thus increasing cross-contamination risks.The original idea is to functionalise textile fibers with a multifunctional, multicomponent and transparent smart layer, combining active components (TiO2, for photo-oxidation of toxic agents under irradiation at room temperature) to passive components (carbon nanostructures, in order to temporary stock the reaction products or the contaminant in case of lack of irradiation or of high contamination level). The study begins on model surfaces, in order to optimise Layer-by-Layer (LbL) association of TiO2 with polymer, graphene, activated carbon, or nanodiamonds. The photocatalytic efficiency of the layer was evaluated towards the degradation of a gaseous mustard gas simulant. The best functionalisations were then transferred to textile and their photocatalytic efficiency were evaluated towards the degradation of a liquid simulant of Sarin gaz. Some detailed results were obtained in order to understand the impact of the different components and of the thickness of the films on the activity. Textiles reinforcement against abrasion and washing were also studied, as well as their regeneration after photocatalytic tests.