abstract: Public mass shootings occur at a rate in the U.S. that is higher than any other developed country. These event initiate wide spread media attention. The media attention these events achieve have shown to impact the public behavior (e.g., increased firearm sales). However, the impact public mass shootings have on firearm storage and carry habits of the public is not well understood. Using data collected from the Transportation Security Administration, this study examines how mass shootings have led to moral panics occurring within the U.S. through the examination of the firearm carrying habits among the population immediately following mass shootings. The results indicate that loaded firearms with rounds in the chamber detected by the TSA have significantly increased since 2012. Further, firearms detected immediately following a public mass shooting had a higher proportion of firearms loaded with a round in the chamber relative to 7 days prior to the shooting. Moreover, the increase in proportions of firearms found loaded with a round in the chamber exponentially decays as days past the initial shooting, these events occur at a higher rate than the decay rate can normalize these occurrences. I conclude that in the wake of these shootings a moral panic ensues that is partially responsible for the change in the general public’s arming configuration habits. Further research is needed in to determine the impact on crime, and public health related issues due to this change in the public’s firearm carrying habits. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2018

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This study examined the effectiveness of active shooter preparedness training on students for the purpose of assessing whether or not undergoing such training helps ease students’ level of anxiety, sense of preparedness in the event of a mass shooting attack at their California State University campus, or an attack occurring at their place of internship. This data was collected by offering an active shooter training to student participants, facilitated by the Risk Management department, at a large University in Southern California. Following the training, first-year Bachelors and Masters students within the School of Social Work were given a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire pertained to student perceptions of anxiety connected to fear of a shooting on campus and/or at their internship placement as well as students' perceptions of the effectiveness of the active shooter preparedness training. The research found that participants, on average, are moderately anxious about the possibility of an active shooter situation at school and their internships. Participants also indicated finding Risk Management’s active shooter preparedness training to be important and useful. Therefore, this study recommends that the California State University provide an active shooter preparedness training to all incoming first-year BASW and MSW students during school orientation.

<div>The 1999 Columbine High School shooting was a bold reminder which emphasized the importance of active shooter preparedness for the first responder communities and the general public. Since Columbine, the preparedness for active shooter incidents (ASIs) both in the public and private sectors proactively took place. Currently, the RUN.HIDE.FIGHT.{\textregistered} (RHF) response for unarmed individuals is implemented as part of the emergency response throughout the United States. Despite the RHF's nationwide implementation, there is a lack of literature that supports the effectiveness of RHF to lower casualty rates during ASIs. </div><div></div><div>This thesis examined casualty differences of RHF and the shooters' discharge interval by creating the incidents that have occurred in the library during the 1999 Columbine High School shooting with AnyLogic's agent-based modeling capabilities. Recreating ASI in a virtual environment naturally removes the participants’ physiological and psychological implications. Additionally, the flexibility of agent-based modeling allows validating the model based on the historical events than to run various what-if scenarios. The outcome of this thesis examines the effectiveness of RHF by comparing the output data from the actual event to models with RHF implementation.</div>

The Military Police Corps' active shooter preparedness plan is inadequate because several updated tactics, techniques, and procedures that have been developed over the past 20 years and implemented by civilian law enforcement agencies have not been incorporated, leaving the Corps less prepared during active shooter events. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine how Military Police Corps leaders trained their law enforcement and support personnel to respond to an active shooter event. The institutional analysis and development framework was used to analyze the day-to-day operational decisions within the Military Police Corps. Data for the qualitative case study were collected through semi structured interviews with 15 Military Police Corps leaders and soldiers across 5 military police battalions in the United States and Europe and military police training records. These data were subjected to axial and open coding, followed by a thematic analysis procedure. Participants perceived that the Corps' active shooter preparedness training hours and methodology are insufficient to maintain proficiency in active shooter preparedness, that dispatchers are not properly trained on receiving active shooter calls, and that live exercise training for first responders is inadequate. Recommendations for Military Police Corps leadership include updating the training methodology for first responders and dispatchers, providing better tactical equipment for first responders, and revising policies in order to improve the Military Police Corps' active shooter preparedness program. Implementation of these recommendations may promote public safety.

<p>Simulation modeling has proven beneficial in gathering insights that may aid safety policy considerations for schools, offices, and outdoor events. This is especially true when conducting a drill that is not practical or possible, such as active shooter response. However, we can improve the current modeling practices with high-fidelity simulation logic reflecting a victim's well-being. Currently, victims are modeled either as “killed,” or they continue their normal movement. The binary approach is suitable for many simulations developed to understand course trends in an event space but does not allow for more fine-tuned insights that may be beneficial when developing a safety and response protocol for a specific facility or event. Additional victim characteristics, such as tracking the location of a victim's wound and the rate of physiological decline, may be added into a model that will improve the realism and lead to an improved response protocol. The increased fidelity will be helpful when simulating and assessing the effects of volunteer response, critical care transport for medical intervention, and other first-responder interventions.</p> <p>While some think it is not possible or necessary to simulate how fast gunshot victims would lose blood, we show that a high-fidelity simulation is possible. The main counterargument is that there is no sufficient data, and also it will be challenging to implement this process as it is occurring. However, we found enough data or were able to extrapolate the missing pieces and develop a consistent and realistic blood loss model. In addition, the state of current simulation packages, such as AnyLogic, has advanced to the point where we can model a liquid system dynamic within an agent-based model. Furthermore, there is an acute benefit to conducting this type of research as it can help us develop better response policies, which result in more saved lives.</p> <p>The research aims to improve emergency-response simulation fidelity by developing a model that simulates gunshot wounds and the subsequent blood loss while accounting for a victim's age, weight, gender, and the affected area. The model also accounts for the body's compensatory response and medical interventions, such as tourniquet application, wound packing, and direct pressure. The work presents an analytical model and its implementation using agent-based modeling in AnyLogic. This AnyLogic module can be inserted into active shooter simulations that easily integrate with the existing logic. This integration happens through a high-level application programming interface (API) exposed to the user. The API allows for automatic infliction of injury and mitigation. The extensive literature review and case studies provide a sound foundation for creating the model. AnyLogic was chosen due to its common usage and versatility with other systems and computer programming languages.</p>

Syftet med studien var att studera polisens övning POLKON HT2020 och hur övningen kunde förstås utifrån den kunskap som finns om pågående dödligt våld. Vidare syftade studien till att ta reda på hur kunskapen och analysen av övningen kunde användas för att planera framtida övningar. Materialet som användes i studien bestod av polisens material från övningen POLKON HT2020 som genomfördes hösten 2020 i Jönköping. Syftet med övningen var att poliserna skulle öva på att möta och bekämpa pågående dödligt våld. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Innehållsanalysen kopplades sedan samman med kriminologisk forskning samt rutinaktivitetsteorin och kognitiva psykologiska teorier. Resultatet visade att de moment som genomfördes i övningen i stor utsträckning överensstämde med den kunskap som finns om pågående dödligt våld. Framtida övningar bör bygga på kunskap om brottstypen för att på samma sätt förbereda poliserna på skarpt läge. / The purpose of this study was to analyze the POLKON HT2020 drill and how its content can be utilised in comparison to the knowledge available about active shooter situations. Additionally, the study aimed at investigating how this knowledge and the analysis of the drill could be used in planning future police drills. The material used in the study consisted of the police´s written material about the POLKON HT2020 drill, which was done during fall 2020 in Jönköping. The purpose of the drill was to prepare the officers to handle an active shooter situation. The material in the study was examined by qualitative content analysis. The result of the content analysis was put in relation to criminological research, routine activity theory and cognitive psychological theories. The results showed that the drill to a large extent corresponds with currently available knowledge about active shooter situations. According to the conclusion of this study, future drills should be planned using criminological research and theory in order to guarantee the same knowledge as the POLKON HT2020 for future officers involved.

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<p>The dataset is a compiliation of firearm related incidents on US k-12 schools from 1999-2023. The statistical analysis results are used in a systems dynamics simulation model to measure risk response effectiveness and evaluate secondary risks.</p>

<div> <p>This research investigated how to measure school active shooter safety against current policies in place regarding two different areas of school climate. Using the State of Indiana as a case study, 55 different schools from 38 different counties, various socioeconomic environments and school types (public, private, etc.) were surveyed. This collected data was used to represent a sample and representation of active shooter safety in K- 12 schools in Indiana. Research was conducted through a survey of approximately 40 questions posed to the principal of a school. The survey was anonymously distributed, and any identifiable information was assigned a numerical code. Anonymized demographics were considered and measured as well to determine how active shooter prevention is treated amongst them. After the study was conducted, the data shows how demographics, policies, and procedures affect school active shooter prevention. Analysis showed that school size may relate to lower social emotional security scores. Additionally, middle schools appear to score higher on social-emotional security than K-12 schools. Nonpublic schools also appear to score less on active shooter prevention than public schools. There is a moderate effect between the two. Schools and policymakers should account for this when developing active shooter safety plans. </p> </div> <br>