Uppsatsens syfte är att klargöra vad principen novus actus interveniens innebär. Principen kan möjliggöra att det skadeståndsrättsliga ansvaret begränsas och upphävs för den initiala skadevållaren, om en utomstående tredje man medverkar eller orsakar en skadas inträffande. Med hjälp av principen novus actus interveniens bryts orsakssambandet och den tredje mannen övertar ansvaret för skadan som inträffat. En skada som orsakas av extraordinära naturhändelser eller av den skadelidande själv kan också medföra att principen novus actus interveniens kan appliceras. Det råder oklarheter om principen utgör gällande rätt i Sverige och därmed jämförs rättsläget avseende principen novus actus interveniens med den engelska skadeståndsrätten. Inom den engelska rätten har principen tillämpats i praxis och den nämns även i den engelska doktrinen. Framställningen grundas huvudsakligen på material som hämtats från doktrinen och praxis i svensk och engelsk rätt. För att en mellankommande handling ska kunna bryta orsakssambandet uppställs vissa krav, bland annat ska handlingen ha varit oförutsebar och ha företagits med minst vårdslöshet. En klar formel för hur principen kan tillämpas existerar inte, utan det beror på omständigheterna i varje enskilt fall. Principen novus actus interveniens nämns inte vid sitt latinska namn i den svenska doktrinen, men det framkommer resonemang i den svenska doktrinen och det finns praxis som kan härledas till principen. Därmed kan det konstateras att det inte är omöjligt att principen kan komma att användas, trots att de svenska domstolarna har ett restriktivt förhållningssätt mot principen.

Department of Jurisprudence / LLM / The South African Constitution guarantees equal rights to everyone. The right to equality is specifically protected in Section 9 of the Constitution. Section 9(1) states that ‗everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law‘. However, ensuring equality of treatment between the victim of medical negligence and the health service provider has not enjoyed a satisfactory judicial approach. The causes of death or harm suffered by the patient poses a serious problem in the medico-legal investigation. The major focus of this proposed dissertation is the impact on the chain of causation from the victim‘s perspective because of medical negligence and the South African courts‘ approach in such matters. The courts do not seem to have satisfactorily applied the principles of novus actus interveniens in such cases. The proposed research hopes to expose unfair discrimination against the victim of medical negligence through its analysis of the courts‘ approach in medical negligence claims. The approach used by the courts will be critically analysed to determine whether the degree of legal or judicial protectionism in favour of the medical profession is adequate. In recent times, government health service providers have inundated government health departments with claims arising from medical negligence. Although this could seem beneficial from the victim‘s perspective as any relief obtained could be enforced on the assets of the relevant health department, the success level is relatively low as the concept of novus actus interveniens has continued to pose a great challenge to the victim in proving a claim against the medical personnel. This research sought to find out how the protection of victims of medical negligence could be enhanced in spite of the common law defence of novus actus interveniens available to the health service providers. / NRF

No description available.

1 Anotace / Annotation Jméno a p íjmení autora: Zden k Man Název diplomové práce: Actus formalis defectionis ab Ecclesia catholica - institut církevního práva v kontextu konfesního práva a pastorace Název práce v angli tin : Actus formalis defectionis ab Ecclesia catholica - Canon Law Institute in context of State Ecclesiastical Law and Pastoral Ministry Katedra: pastorálních obor a právních v d Vedoucí diplom. práce: prof. JUDr. Antonín Ignác Hrdina, DrSc., O.Praem. Rok obhajoby: 2011 Po et stran: 170 Anotace Diplomová práce se zabývá institutem tzv. formálního úkonu odpadnutí od katolické církve (actus formalis defectionis ab Ecclesia catholica), který byl jako zvláštní kanonický institut vložen do Kodexu kanonického práva (CIC) 1983 (kánony 1086 §1, 1117, 1124). Institut je zkoumán v kontextu existence konfesn -právního institutu "vystoupení z církve" ve sledovaných zemích (SRN, Rakousko, Švýcarsko) a také v kontextu souvisejících pastora ních otázek. Problém odpovídající kanonicko-právní reakce na "vystoupení z církve" však institut actus formalis defectionis ab Ecclesia catholica vy ešit nepomohl, proto práce hodnotí jako pochopitelné, že byl církevním zákonodárcem s právní ú inností v roce 2010 zrušen. Annotation This thesis considers the institution of the formal act of defection from the Catholic...

A presente tese propõe um modelo de injusto penal rigorosamente dualista, assimentendido aquele que, ao lado do desvalor da ação, exija sempre e necessariamente a efetivaocorrência de um desvalor do resultado, consistente na afetação, danosa ou perigosa, da esferade existência de terceiros. A hipótese que conduz a investigação é a de que, mesmo diante dosmovimentos expansionistas do poder punitivo hoje verificados, é possível defender a viabilidade de tal concepção de injusto penal. Para a demonstração dessa hipótese, parte-se domodelo dual de sociedade proposto por Jürgen Habermas, que tem na teoria do agircomunicativo a chave para a proteção do mundo da vida frente aos influxos colonizatóriosprovenientes dos sistemas econômico e político administrativo. A partir desse marco teórico,propõe-se uma releitura de alguns dos conceitos fundamentais da teoria do delito, de modo aconferir-lhes interpretação compatível com a concepção dualista rigorosa de injusto adotada.Por fim, para verificar a plausibilidade da hipótese colocada, tais conceitos fundamentais sãopostos à prova diante de situações teóricas tradicionalmente classificadas como de difícilconciliação com uma concepção de injusto baseada na necessária ocorrência de desvalor doresultado, como é o caso dos crimes de perigo abstrato e dos crimes tentados. / The thesis you have in hands proposes a concept of crime in which wrongdoing and harmfulness must be always combined and considered together as elements of a criminal offense in order to demonstrate the real affectation of third parties. The main hypothesis is that even facing an expansionist tendency toward incarceration and overcriminalization it is still possible to defend the viability of such a concept of crime. With the purpose of demonstrate this hypothesis, the Habermas's dualistic society model and his theory of communicative action are taken as a point of departure and based on them we intend to review some of the elements that compose the concept of criminal offense. Finally, the thesis will be challenged against controversial existing rulings (such as victimless crimes) to verify if their reasoning are compatible with such a dualistic concept of crime, which deny the possibility of existing criminal offenses without harm to others.

A presente tese propõe um modelo de injusto penal rigorosamente dualista, assimentendido aquele que, ao lado do desvalor da ação, exija sempre e necessariamente a efetivaocorrência de um desvalor do resultado, consistente na afetação, danosa ou perigosa, da esferade existência de terceiros. A hipótese que conduz a investigação é a de que, mesmo diante dosmovimentos expansionistas do poder punitivo hoje verificados, é possível defender a viabilidade de tal concepção de injusto penal. Para a demonstração dessa hipótese, parte-se domodelo dual de sociedade proposto por Jürgen Habermas, que tem na teoria do agircomunicativo a chave para a proteção do mundo da vida frente aos influxos colonizatóriosprovenientes dos sistemas econômico e político administrativo. A partir desse marco teórico,propõe-se uma releitura de alguns dos conceitos fundamentais da teoria do delito, de modo aconferir-lhes interpretação compatível com a concepção dualista rigorosa de injusto adotada.Por fim, para verificar a plausibilidade da hipótese colocada, tais conceitos fundamentais sãopostos à prova diante de situações teóricas tradicionalmente classificadas como de difícilconciliação com uma concepção de injusto baseada na necessária ocorrência de desvalor doresultado, como é o caso dos crimes de perigo abstrato e dos crimes tentados. / The thesis you have in hands proposes a concept of crime in which wrongdoing and harmfulness must be always combined and considered together as elements of a criminal offense in order to demonstrate the real affectation of third parties. The main hypothesis is that even facing an expansionist tendency toward incarceration and overcriminalization it is still possible to defend the viability of such a concept of crime. With the purpose of demonstrate this hypothesis, the Habermas's dualistic society model and his theory of communicative action are taken as a point of departure and based on them we intend to review some of the elements that compose the concept of criminal offense. Finally, the thesis will be challenged against controversial existing rulings (such as victimless crimes) to verify if their reasoning are compatible with such a dualistic concept of crime, which deny the possibility of existing criminal offenses without harm to others.

An accused cannot be held criminally liable by a court until he is considered to be culpable, a process which entails establishing criminal capacity and intention (dolus) or negligence (culpa). Determining a perpetrator’s necessary intent in the form of dolus eventualis has proved to be a predicament in South African jurisprudence. This type of intent occurs when a person does not aim to cause the unlawful act, however, he subjectively foresees the likelihood that in pursuing with his conduct, the unlawful result will possibly happen, and he reconciles himself to this possibility. The problem with this form of intention, especially where the death of another is caused recklessly, is, amongst others, reservations as to whether the perpetrator’s foresight was of a real, reasonable or a remote possibility. This research examines the imperatives and rationale for preceding and current interpretations and applications of dolus eventualis and associate concepts in South African as well as in selected foreign legal frameworks in order to provide a comprehensive perspective on the subject. In this regard, the study challenges conflicting judgments on the application of dolus eventualis in domestic courts, especially as regards homicide- and putative private defence cases, amongst others. It is evidenced that in case law concerning dolus eventualis, legal rules were not properly articulated when determining this type of criminal intent. In this investigation, the legislative framework applicable to dolus eventualis under international law is also critically evaluated with the aim of facilitating the comprehension of this element in South African law. As the concept of dolus eventualis is an indispensable concept in South African criminal law, recommendations are proposed on the application and interpretation of dolus eventualis suitable to the South African landscape, which includes possible law reform. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D. (Criminal and Procedural Law)