A presença de Ad com competência para replicar (RCA, replication-competent adenovirus) nas preparações é um dos maiores problemas para a produção de Ad em larga escala. RCAs são gerados pela recombinação entre seqüência do vetor e seqüência homóloga do gene E1 presente nas células helper. Objetivo: desenvolver uma nova linhagem auxiliar para produção de Ad livre de RCA - LEY79 - derivada da linhagem de retinoblastoma humano Y79, tratando-se da primeira linhagem empacotadora de adenovírus com inativação mutacional da proteína supressora de tumor pRb, que crescem em suspensão. Células Y79 foram infectadas com o retrovírus pCLDE1A/E1BSN, selecionadas com G418. A eficiência de produção de AdeGFP na linhagem LEY79 foi testada e comparada com a HEK293A. Células Y79 foram adaptadas em meio livre de soro. Esperamos com a linhagem LEY79SF inovar no campo de processos para a produção de Ad recombinante. / The presence of Ad with the ability to replicate (RCA, replication-competent adenovirus) in preparations is a major problem in the large-scale production of Ad. RCAs are generated by recombination between the vector sequence and sequence of the homologous gene in E1 helper cells. Objective: To develop a new helper cell line for the production of RCA-free Ad., called LEY79, derived from the Y79 of human retinoblastoma line, the first line Packer adenovirus with mutational inactivation of the tumor suppressor protein pRb, which are adapted to grow in suspension. Y79 cells were infected with the retrovirus pCLDE1A/E1BSN, selected with G418. The efficiency of production of AdeGFP in the LEY79 was tested and compared with the HEK293A. Y79 cells were adapted to grow in serum-free medium. We hope that use of the the LEY79SF cell line will promote innovation in the processing and production of recombinant Ad.

No description available.

Die Gentherapie hämatopoetischer Stammzellen (HSCs) besitzt das Potenzial, verschiedene erbliche, nur symptomatisch behandelbare, Erkrankungen dauerhaft zu heilen. Die Mehrheit der aktuell angewandten Verfahren dazu, basiert auf der Isolation von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen, der ex vivo Modifikation dieser Zellen durch retrovirale Vektoren und der Reinfusion der modifizierten Zellen in den immunsupprimierten Patienten. Dieser Ansatz ist mit einer Reihe von Nachteilen verbunden, unter anderem einem teilweisen Verlust des Rekonstitutionsvermögens der Stammzellen nach ex vivo Kultur oder der Gefahr der Transformation durch Integration des retroviralen Vektorgenoms. Darüber hinaus sind aktuelle Gentherapieansätze mit hohen Kosten und großem logistischem Aufwand verbunden, was den Zugang zu diesen Behandlungen für potentielle Patienten stark einschränkt. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt einen neuen Ansatz zur Gentherapie von HSCs, der auf der Mobilisierung von Stammzellen aus dem Knochenmark in den peripheren Blutstrom und der Transduktion dieser Stammzellen mit adenoviralen Vektoren basiert. Hierbei codieren die Vektoren sowohl ein Transgen als auch eine Integrationsmaschinerie. Der erste Teil der Arbeit belegt in einem humanen CD46-transgenen Mausmodell, dass adenovirale Vektoren der ersten Generation in der Lage sind, mobilisierte HSCs im Blut zu transduzieren und dass es den so transduzierten Stammzellen möglich ist, zurück ins Knochenmark zu migrieren und dort das Transgen zu exprimieren. Allerdings wurde im Verlauf von zwei Wochen ein Rückgang der Transgenexpression beobachtet. Um dies zu umgehen, wurde ein adenovirales Vektorsystem der dritten Generation genutzt, das eine hochaktive Sleeping Beauty Transposase, zum Zweck der Transgenintegration, codiert. Dieses System ermöglichte die stabile Genmodifikation mobilisierter hämatopoetischer Stammzellen nach intravenöser Injektion. Die Expression des Transgens konnte über längere Zeitspannen (bis 12 Wochen) beobachtet werden. Die modifizeirten Stammzellen waren darüber hinaus in der Lage, genmodifizierte Kolonien in vitro zu bilden und das hämatopoetische System letal bestrahlter Mäuse nach Knochenmarkstransplantation zu rekonstituieren. Es wurde somit gezeigt, dass HSCs nach in vivo Modifikation weiterhin funktional waren. / The gene therapy of hematopoietic stem cells holds the potential for curative treatment of several otherwise incurable inherited diseases. The majority of current gene therapy treatments relies on the collection of hematopoietic stem cells, their ex vivo modification with retroviral vectors and their transplantation into a myeloconditioned patient. This approach entails several disadvantages, including a reduction of stem cell engraftment potential after ex vivo culture and the potential danger of integrational mutagenesis. In addition, the high costs and complex logistics of this approach limit the access of patients to gene therapeutic regimens. This work explores an alternative approach to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy, termed stem cell in vivo transduction. This approach is based on the mobilization of HSCs from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood and the transduction of the stem cells with adenoviral vectors delivering a transgene as well as a transgene integration machinery. In the first part of this work, it was shown that first-generation adenoviral vectors could be used for the transduction of mobilized HSCs in the periphery of human CD46-transgenic mice. Further, the transduced HSCs were able to home back to the bone marrow and express the transgene. However, over the course of 14 days, a loss of transgene expression in HSCs was observed. To ameliorate these shortcomings, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors encoding a hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposase for transgene integration were used for stable gene modification of hematopoietic stem cells following intravenous vector administration in mobilized human CD46-transgenic mice. Using this improved vector platform, gene marking of bone marrow HSCs could be observed for extended periods of time (up to 12 weeks). Further, the functionality of the modified HSCs was demonstrated both in colony-forming progenitor assays as well as through the transplantation of gene-modified HSCs into lethally irradiated recipients. Transplantation of modified HSCsled to long-term multi-lineage reconstitution showing that gene-modified stem cells were fully functional. Subsequently the safety of systemic vector administration in mobilized hosts as well as of the Sleeping Beauty-mediated transgene integration was assessed in human CD46- transgenic mice. Lastly, the stem cell in vivo transduction approach was employed in NOG mice transplanted with human CD34+ cells, as well as in Macaca nemestrina non-human primates.

Tumoren entwickeln während einer Chemotherapie häufig Resistenzen gegen strukturell und funktionell unabhängige Zytostatika - ein Phänomen, das als Multidrug-Resistenz (MDR) bezeichnet wird und die Hauptursache für das Scheitern einer Chemotherapie ist. Die klassische MDR ist mit einer Überexpression des ABC-Transporters MDR1/P-gp assoziiert. Der vorliegende gentherapeutische Ansatz beinhaltet eine selektiv gegen MDR1/P-gp gerichtete und vor allem effiziente Strategie zur Überwindung des MDR-Phänotyps humaner Tumorzellen. Basierend auf der Integration verschiedener anti-MDR1 shRNA Expressionskassetten in adenovirale Gentherapievektoren, konnte mit Hilfe der RNA-Interferenz Technologie (RNAi) die MDR1/P-gp Expression selektiv inhibiert werden. Mittels des hoch effizienten Adenovirus Ad5U6/MDR-C wurde die MDR1 mRNA- sowie Protein-Expression soweit reprimiert, dass eine vollständige Aufhebung der biologischen Aktivität der Effluxpumpe MDR1/P-gp und eine Reversion des Resistenz Phänotyps gegenüber den typischen MDR1/P-g-Substraten Daunorubicin (87 % in EPP85-181RDB bzw. 66 % in EPG85-257RDB) sowie Vincristin (96 % bzw. 82 %) resultierte. Zudem wurde gezeigt, dass E1-deletierte und damit replikationsinkompetente Adenoviren in multidrug-resistenten Tumorzellen replizieren können. Damit wirkt Ad5U6/MDR-C in MDR-Tumorzellen onkolytisch. Zwar konnte die Adenovirusreplikation mit dem DNA-Synthese-Hemmer Hydroxyurea (HU) zu 94 % inhibiert werden, die anti-MDR1 Effizienz von Ad5U6/MDR-C wurde dennoch erhöht (+5 % in HeLaRDB, +12 % in EPG85-257RDB), was für eine erfolgreiche und niedrig dosierte Ad-Gentherapie multidrug-resistenter Tumoren in Kombination mit HU ausgenutzt werden kann. Außerdem wurde der entscheidende Einfluss des regulatorischen Proteins YB-1 auf die selektive Replikation von Ad5U6/MDR-C in MDR1/P-gp überexprimierenden Tumorzellen gezeigt. Eine 90 %ige Inhibition von YB-1 bedingt eine Hemmung der Adenovirusreplikation um 70 % und damit eine verringerte Effizienz der RNAi-vermittelten Inhibition von MDR1/P-gp um 40 %. Mit diesem gentherapeutischen Ansatz können die Effekte der YB-1-abhängigen und der die Zelllyse bedingenden Adenovirusreplikation sowie der anti-MDR1 shRNA vermittelten Chemosensitivierung kombiniert und zu einer verbesserten Eliminierung von MDR-Tumorzellen führen. / Simultaneous resistance of cancer cells to multiple cytotoxic drugs, multidrug resistance (MDR), is the major limitation to the successful chemotherapeutic treatment of disseminated neoplasms. The ‘classical’ MDR phenotype is conferred by MDR1/P-glycoprotein (MDR1/P-gp) that is expressed in almost 50% of human cancers. Recent developments in the use of small interfering RNAs for specific inhibition of gene expression have highlighted their potential use as therapeutic agents. DNA cassettes encoding RNA polymerase III promoter-driven siRNA-like short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) allow long-term expression of therapeutic RNAs in targeted cells. A variety of viral vectors have been used to deliver such cassettes to mammalian cells. In this study, the construction of different adenoviruses for anti- MDR1/P-gp shRNA delivery in different human multidrug-resistant cancer cells was investigated. It could be demonstrated that MDR1/P-gp mRNA and protein expression could be completely inhibited by adenoviral delivery of anti-MDR1/P-gp shRNAs. This down regulation in mRNA and protein expression was accompanied by a complete inhibition of the pump activity of MDR1/P-gp and a reversal of the multidrug-resistant phenotype. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that MDR-tumour cells facilitate adenoviral replication of originally E1- and E3-deleted and thus replication deficient adenoviral vectors through stable relocation of the fundamental regulatory factor YB-1 to the nucleus. To analyse the impact of YB-1 on adenoviral replication, two specific in vitro MDR models were used which stably trigger YB-1 posttranscriptional gene-silencing via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, i.e. the MDR cell line EPG85-257RDB well as its drug-sensitive counterpart EPG85-257P. The YB-1 gene-silencing effects of 90 % were accompanied by a reduction of adenoviral gene expression of 70 %. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that an highly efficient adenoviral delivery of shRNAs can chemosensitise human cancer cells and that YB-1 is involved in the regulation of adenoviral gene expression of originally replication deficient Ad-vectors in MDR cancer cells.

Since their discovery in 1953, adenoviruses have significantly contributed to the understanding of virus-host cell interactions, including mechanistic details of cellular processes such as cell cycle control and alternative RNA splicing. Among the first characterized adenoviral genes were the virus-associated RNAs (VA RNAI/II), which are produced in massive amount during a lytic infection. The VA RNAs perform multiple functions and are required for a successful adenovirus life cycle. More recently, it was shown that the VA RNAs are processed into small viral miRNAs, so-called mivaRNAs, which interfere with the function of the cellular RNAi/miRNA machinery. In papers I and II, we focused on a structural and functional characterization of the mivaRNAs using two approaches. Firstly, we created a model system where the predicted miRNA-like function of mivaRNAI could be investigated, without interfering with other VA RNA functions. This was accomplished by construction of recombinant adenoviruses, in which the seed sequence of mivaRNAI was altered. The results showed that in cell culture experiments the mivaRNAI seed sequence mutants grew as the wild type virus, suggesting that the mivaRNAs are not required during the lytic phase of an adenovirus infection. Secondly, we showed that the VA RNAs from different human adenoviruses (Ad4, Ad5, Ad11 and Ad37) undergo the same type of Dicer-dependent processing into mivaRNAs, which subsequently are loaded onto the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), albeit with different efficiencies. In paper III, we demonstrated that the promoter proximal region of the adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) produces a novel non-canonical class of small RNAs, which we termed the MLP-TSS-sRNAs. Surprisingly the MLP-TSS-sRNA maintains the m7G-cap structure while bound to Ago2 containing RISC. These complexes are functional suppressing expression of target mRNAs with complementary binding site. Most importantly, the MLP-TSS-sRNA limits the efficiency of viral DNA replication probably through a targeting of the E2B mRNAs, which are transcribed in the antisense orientation. In conclusion, the MLP-TSS-sRNA represents the first viral small RNA, which has been shown to have a function as a regulator of an adenovirus infection.

Η επιπεφυκίτιδα (φλεγμονή του επιπεφυκότα) είναι η πιο συχνή ασθένεια των οφθαλμών, η οποία εκδηλώνεται σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα με τη μορφή σποραδικών κρουσμάτων ή επιδημίας. Μπορεί να είναι λοιμώδους (βακτήρια, ιοί, παράσιτα) ή μη λοιμώδους αιτιολογίας. Η κύρια αιτία της οξείας ιογενούς αιτιολογίας επιπεφυκίτιδας είναι οι αδενοϊοί. Περίπου το 15- 70% του συνόλου των κρουσμάτων της επιπεφυκίτιδας οφείλονται στους αδενοϊούς. Σκοπός της μελέτης είναι η χρήση επιδημιολογικών δεδομένων προκειμένου να πραγματοποιηθεί επιδημιολογική παρακολούθηση των κρουσμάτων επιπεφυκίτιδας στο Πανεπιστημιακό Γενικό Νοσοκομείο Πατρών (ΠΓΝΠ) από ασθενείς οι οποίοι επισκέφθηκαν την οφθαλμιατρική κλινική και τα εξωτερικά ιατρεία του νοσοκομείου τη χρονική περίοδο 2 Ιανουαρίου – 29 Ιουλίου 2012 (εβδομάδες 1- 30), ο καθορισμός της συχνότητας της ιογενούς αιτιολογίας επιπεφυκίτιδας και ο εντοπισμός πιθανής ύπαρξης επιδημίας. Ταυτόχρονα, πραγματοποιήθηκε μοριακή ανίχνευση και τυποποίηση αδενοϊών από ασθενείς με κλινική εικόνα ιογενούς επιπεφυκίτιδας το χρονικό διάστημα μεταξύ 27 Φεβρουαρίου και 17 Ιουνίου. Όλα τα κρούσματα καταγράφηκαν από τα ιατρικά αρχεία του ΠΓΝΠ για το χρονικό διάστημα Ιανουαρίου- Ιουλίου του 2012 και για το ίδιο χρονικό διάστημα το προηγούμενο έτος (2011). Καταγράφηκαν 231 κρούσματα επιπεφυκίτιδας (47,1% άνδρες και 52,8% γυναίκες), από τα οποία τα 205 ήταν ιογενούς αιτιολογίας, τα 4 βακτηριογενούς αιτιολογίας και 22 ήταν απροσδιόριστης αιτιολογίας από τους ιατρούς. Για την ίδια χρονική περίοδο το προηγούμενο έτος (2011), σύμφωνα με τα αρχεία του ΠΓΝΠ καταγράφηκε ένα σύνολο από 156 κρούσματα επιπεφυκίδας (38,5% άνδρες και 61,5% γυναίκες), από τα οποία τα 135 ήταν ιογενούς αιτιολογίας, τα 3 βακτηριογενούς αιτιολογίας και 18 ήταν απροσδιόριστης αιτιολογίας. Ο αριθμός κρουσμάτων επιπεφυκίτιδας τους δυο πρώτους μήνες καθώς και τον Ιούλιο του 2012 ήταν στα ίδια επίπεδα με τους αντίστοιχους μήνες το 2011 και παρατηρείται επιδημία που πραγματοποιήθηκε μεταξύ Μαρτίου- Ιουνίου 2012. Οι ασθενείς κατανέμονταν σε όλες τις ηλικίες και στα δυο φύλα. Το χρονικό διάστημα μεταξύ 27 Φλεβάρη- 17 Ιουνίου του 2012 (εβδομάδες 9- 24), 48 επιχρίσματα επιπεφυκότα ασθενών με κλινική εικόνα αδενικής επιπεφυκίτιδας συλλέχθηκαν από τους ιατρούς του ΠΓΠΝ και μεταφέρθηκαν υπό κατάλληλες συνθήκες στο εργαστήριο Υγιεινής της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Ταυτόχρονα συμπληρώθηκε από τους ιδίους ερωτηματολόγιο με δημογραφικά και κλινικά στοιχεία. Το DNA του ιού απομονώθηκε με Qiagen και ενισχύθηκε με nested PCR. Τα θετικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώθηκαν με αλληλούχιση του PCR προϊόντος. Για τον προσδιορισμό της συγγένειας μεταξύ των διαφόρων απομονωμένων αλληλουχιών του DNA, φυλογενετική ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε. Από το σύνολο των δειγμάτων που αναλύθηκαν με μοριακές τεχνικές, DNA αδενοϊού ανιχνεύθηκε σε 40 δείγματα (83%). Στα σαράντα θετικά δείγματα καθορίστηκε η αλληλουχία του DNA τους, από τα οποία τα 29 (72,5%) προσδιορίστηκαν ως τύπος HAdV17 και τα 5 (12,5%) ως τύπος HAdV-54. Σε 6 θετικά δείγματα (15%) ο τύπος του ιού δεν προσδιορίστηκε. Τέλος, με τη βοήθεια των μοριακών τεχνικών προκύπτει το συμπέρασμα ότι το στέλεχος αδενοϊού 17 (Αd 17) είναι η αιτία της εμφάνισης επιδημίας μεταξύ Μαρτίου- Ιουνίου 2012. Η έρευνα αυτή είναι από τις λίγες πιυ έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί στον Ελλαδικό χώρο σε κρούσματα επιπεφυκίτιδας με αποτέλεσμα να εμπλουτίζει τα φτωχά επιδημιολογικά και μοριακά δεδομένα για την συγκεκριμένη ασθένεια και το συγκεκριμένο τύπο ιών. Παράλληλα μέσω της έρευνας υπογραμμίζεται η ανάγκη για εθνικό σύστημα επιτήρησης της επιπεφυκίτιδας. / Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) is the most common eye disease that occurs worldwide in both sporadic and epidemic form. There are infectious conjunctivitis, which is caused by a variety of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses and parasites) and noninfectious conjunctivitis, which is caused by an allergic reaction. The leading cause of acute viral conjunctivitis in clinical practice includes human adenoviruses (HAdVs). About 15- 70% of all conjunctivitis cases worldwide are associated with AdVs. The aim of the study is the performance of epidemiological surveillance of cases of conjunctivitis using epidemiological data from patients who visited the ophthalmic clinic and the outpatient ophthalmic department of the University General Hospital of Patras (UGHP) in the period from January 2nd to July 29th in 2011 and 2012 (weeks 1st-30th), in order to determine the frequency of viral conjunctivitis and to determine a potential epidemic. An additional task of the study is the molecular detection and typing of adenoviruses for cases of patients with clinical viral conjunctivitis in the period from February 27th to June 17th 2012. All conjunctivitis cases referred to UGHP in the period between January and July 2012 as well as between January and July 2011 were ascertained using medical records. 231 conjunctivitis cases were reported (47.1% male and 52.8% female), in which 205 were virological conjunctivitis, 4 bacteriological conjunctivitis and 22 were undefined conjunctivitis. For the same period the previous year (2011), according to the records of UGHP recorded a total of 156 conjunctivitis cases (38.5% male and 61.5% female), of which 135 were of viral origin, 3 bacteriogenic orogin and 18 were undetermined etiology. The number of conjunctivitis cases in the first two months and in July 2012 was at the same level as the corresponding period in 2011 and there is an epidemic that took place between March and June 2012. Patients were allocated to all age groups and both sexes. In the period from February 27th ,2012 to June 17th , 2012 (weeks 9th – 24th), 48 conjunctival swabs were collected from cases which were clinically suspected of having adenoviral conjunctivitis and transported under appropriate conditions to the laboratory of Hygiene, Medical School, University of Patras. At the same time, the patients were asked to answer a structured questionnaire with demographic and clinical data. The viral DNA was isolated with Qiagen and amplified by nested PCR. The positive results were confirmed by sequencing the PCR product. To determine the relatedness between the different isolated sequences, a phylogenetic analysis was constructed. Of the total samples, which were analyzed with molecular techniques, adenovirus DNA was detected in 40 samples (83%). Of the positive samples which were confirmed by sequencing, 29 samples (72.5%) were typed as AdV17 and 5 samples (12.5%) as AdV54. For 6 positive samples (15%) the serotype was not determined. Finally, it was concluded that the strain Adenovirus 17 (Ad 17) was the cause of the epidemic between March and June 2012. There are poor epidemiological and molecular data for this particular disease in Greece. This study is one of the very few on conjunctivitis determination in Greece. This research underscores the need for a national surveillance system for conjunctivis outbreaks.

In the last decade cancer immunotherapy has taken huge strides forward from bench to bedside and being approved as drugs. Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the power of patient’s own immune system to fight cancer. Approaches are diverse and include antibodies, therapeutic vaccines, adoptively transferred T-cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses and immune cell activators such as toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Excellent clinical responses have been observed for certain cancers with checkpoint antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cells. It is however becoming evident that strategies need to be combined for broader effective treatment responses because cancers evolve to escape immune recognition. A conditionally replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus (Ad5PTDf35-[Δ24]) was engineered to secrete Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil Activating Protein (HP-NAP, a TLR-2 agonist) to combine viral oncolysis and immune stimulation. Treatment with Ad5PTDf35-[Δ24-sNAP] improved survival of mice bearing human neuroendocrine tumors (BON). Expression of HP-NAP in the tumor microenvironment promoted neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine secretion and increased necrosis. We further studied the ability of HP-NAP to activate dendritic cells (DCs) a key player in priming T-cell responses. HP-NAP phenotypically matured and activated DCs to secrete the T-helper type-1 (Th-1) polarizing cytokine IL-12. HP-NAP-matured DCs were functional; able to migrate to draining lymph nodes and prime antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. CAR T-cells were engineered to secrete HP-NAP upon T-cell activation. Secreted HP-NAP was able to mature DCs, leading to a reciprocal effect on the CAR T-cells with improved cytotoxicity in vitro. Semliki Forest virus (SFV), an oncolytic virus with natural neuro-tropism was tagged with central nervous system (CNS)-specific microRNA target sequences for miR124, miR125 and miR134 to selectively attenuate virus replication in healthy CNS cells. Systemic infection of mice with the SFV4miRT did not cause encephalitis, while it retained its ability to replicate in tumor cells and cure a big proportion of mice bearing syngeneic neuroblastoma and gliomas. Therapeutic efficacy of SFV4miRT inversely correlated with type-I antiviral interferon response (IFN-β) mounted by tumor cells. In summary, combining immunotherapeutic strategies with HP-NAP is a promising approach to combat cancers and SFV4miRT is an excellent candidate for treatment of neuroblastomas and gliomas.

The use of intraperitoneal (i.p.) adenovirus virotherapy of ovarian cancer is currently limited by insufficient efficacy and high toxicity. Both factors are associated with adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in this setting and may be serotype-specific. Low levels of uptake receptors (CAR and αV integrins) on ovarian tumour cells and widespread immunity against Ad5 among patients appear to restrict efficacy and intraperitoneal inflammatory responses against Ad5 were among the reasons for the termination of a phase II/III clinical trial in ovarian cancer. This thesis sought to overcome these obstacles by investigating the alternative adenovirus serotypes Ad3 and Ad11. For these viruses lower pre-existing antiviral immunity and utilisation of different uptake receptors have been reported. Furthermore, virus cloaking with novel polymers which could impart enhanced protection from neutralisation was examined. In vitro, wild-type Ad3, Ad5 and Ad11 displayed differential oncolytic activity in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines which partly correlated to uptake receptor expression and virus internalisation. However, some cell lines displayed lysis resistance in a serotype-specific manner. While the inflammatory response six hours after i.p. administration of Ad11 in CD46-transgenic mice did not differ from Ad5, in long-term studies of repeated administration Ad5 induced significantly more severe pathologic effects in the form of adhesions and liver toxicity than Ad11 or mock-treatment. Oncolysis inhibition assays using malignant exudate samples demonstrated greater neutralisation of Ad3 and Ad5 in comparison to Ad11 at low concentrations of samples. Notably, 10-fold less Ad11 than Ad5 was required for oncolytic efficacy at a sample concentration of 10%. In an ex vivo model of ascites from ovarian cancer patients Ad5 modified with novel polymer formulations achieved at least 50% cell kill in six of eight samples, in contrast to two of eight samples for non-modified Ad5. These data suggest that virotherapy using Ad11 might be advantageous over Ad3 or Ad5. The lack of strong inflammation and the possibility to decrease treatment doses due to less neutralisation of Ad11 might result in considerably improved patient safety. Chemical modification of Ad with novel polymers presents an exciting advancement in overcoming treatment neutralisation in adenovirus virotherapy.

The impact of Ad.mda-7 on the survival of renal cell carcinoma lines (RCC), primary renal epithelial cells, glioblastoma multiforme lines (GBM), and primary rodent astrocytes is unknown. The present studies examine whether the GST fusion protein, GST-MDA-7, and the adenovirus, Ad.mda-7, altered the growth and survival of the A498 and UOK121N RCC lines or radiosensitized GBM, respectively. Due to previous findings that the RCC lines, but not primary renal epithelial cells, were resistant to type 5 adenoviral infection, we used purified GST-MDA-7 protein to show that GST-MDA-7, but not GST, caused a dose-dependent reduction in A498 and UOK121N proliferation but not that of primary renal epithelial cells. Free radical species, generated by clinically relevant concentrations of arsenic trioxide, synergized with subnanomolar concentrations of GST-MDA-7 to inhibit the proliferation, viability, and long-term survival of RCC. We also found that MDA-7 (IL-24), when expressed via a recombinant replication defective adenovirus, Ad.mda-7, exerted anti-proliferative effects on GBM cells, an effect found to be enhanced in a greater than additive fashion when combined with ionizing radiation. These findings argue that MDA-7, in combination with agents that generate free radicals, such as arsenic trioxide and ionizing radiation, may have potential in the treatment of RCC and GBM. Geldanamycins are currently being used in a number of clinical trials in different tumor cell types, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), targeting the inhibition of the heat shock protein and molecular chaperone Hsp90. Previous studies have demonstrated that geldanamycins have dose limiting toxicity in vivo due to their actions in promoting normal liver dysfunction. These studies show that the geldanamycin derivative, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), interacts with the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), to kill primary rat hepatocytes and HuH7 human hepatoma cells. An effect abolished by the addition of the ROS-quenchers, NAC and Trolox. Collectively, these findings argue that geldanamycins may not be a viable therapy for HCC treatment and that 17-AAG toxicity in primary hepatocytes may be, at least upon initial drug exposure, due to ROS generation and mechanisms independent of Hsp9O inhibition and the down-regulation of "classical" Hsp90 client proteins.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.