Renewable energy sources have received increasing attention in electric power systems around the world due to growing environmental concerns. Wind and solar are among the most promising alternatives to conventional energy generation. There has been a rapid growth of wind and solar energy integration in power systems in the last decade, and is expected to grow further in the years to come. The main concern with wind and solar energy sources is the uncertainty and the intermittency of power generation, which leads to problems in maintaining the overall system reliability. The impacts of these sources on bulk system reliability depend on a large number of factors. The strength of the wind or solar resource at the installation site, the existing renewable power penetration level in the system, the points of connection of these sources to the power grid, the correlation in resource availability between multiple installation sites, and the correlation between the load and the renewable power are key factors that are analyzed in this thesis. These factors are considered in evaluating the bulk system reliability and reliability benefits of wind and solar power sources, and the reliability worth to the electricity customers from the addition of these energy sources. The IEEE-RTS test system is utilized throughout the thesis to evaluate the effects of these factors on bulk system adequacy. Swift Current and Saskatoon wind resources are modeled and utilized in this thesis. The Swift Current area has a strong wind resource and provides better reliability benefit and reliability worth than the Saskatoon wind resource. The benefits from wind and solar power integration, however, also depend significantly on the location where it is connected to the grid network. Wind farms that are diversified in multiple regions with independent wind speed profiles provide superior reliability benefits and worth than wind farms located in one region. The incremental benefits of adding wind or solar power decreases as the renewable power penetration is increased in the power system. Wind power at practical locations provides higher reliability benefits than photovoltaics. However, the daytime contribution of photovoltaics to system reliability is relatively high. The reliability benefits and reliability worth of solar power are significantly different for different seasons. A comparison study on reliability benefit and worth between a wind integrated bulk system and a solar integrated bulk system is also done in this thesis in order to identify the best option for bulk system reliability.

Central to the study of Life is knowledge both about the underlying relationships among living things and the processes that have molded them into their diverse forms. Phylogenetics provides a powerful toolkit for investigating both aspects. Bayesian phylogenetics has gained much popularity, due to its readily interpretable notion of probability. However, the posterior probability of a phylogeny, as well as any dependent biological inferences, is conditioned on the assumed model of evolution and its priors, necessitating care in model formulation. In Chapter 1, I outline the Bayesian perspective of phylogenetic inference and provide my view on its most outstanding questions. I then present results from three studies that aim to (i) improve the accuracy of Bayesian phylogenetic inference and (ii) assess when the model assumed in a Bayesian analysis is insufficient to produce an accurate phylogenetic estimate. As phylogenetic data sets increase in size, they must also accommodate a greater diversity of underlying evolutionary processes. Partitioned models represent one way of accounting for this heterogeneity. In Chapter 2, I describe a simulation study to investigate whether support for partitioning of empirical data sets represents a real signal of heterogeneity or whether it is merely a statistical artifact. The results suggest that empirical data are extremely heterogeneous. The incorporation of heterogeneity into inferential models is important for accurate phylogenetic inference. Bayesian phylogenetic estimates of branch lengths are often wildly unreasonable. However, branch lengths are important input for many other analyses. In Chapter 3, I study the occurrence of this phenomenon, identify the data sets most likely to be affected, demonstrate the causes of the bias, and suggest several solutions to avoid inaccurate inferences. Phylogeneticists rarely assess absolute fit between an assumed model of evolution and the data being analyzed. While an approach to assessing fit in a Bayesian framework has been proposed, it sometimes performs quite poorly in predicting a model’s phylogenetic utility. In Chapter 4, I propose and evaluate new test statistics for assessing phylogenetic model adequacy, which directly evaluate a model’s phylogenetic performance. / text

The push for clean energy has caused a rapid growth of renewables in the electricity supply mix of the EU. Although one would assume that the impact of these technologies is entirely positive, recent research and experience indicate that there is reason for concern namely regarding the security of supply. In this context, the concern is how renewable energy sources (RES) affect the business case of conventional power generation. In response to this concern, capacity mechanisms are being considered or have already been implemented by various member states of the EU. However, in a highly interconnected electricity system, such as the one in Europe, there appears to be a risk that the uncoordinated implementation of capacity mechanisms may cause unintended cross-border effects. This research explored the performance of various capacity mechanisms in an electricity system with a strong growth in the portfolio share of variable renewable energy sources (RES). The cross-border effects of implementing various capacity mechanisms in an interconnected power system were also analyzed. In this research, two capacity mechanisms, namely a strategic reserve and a capacity market, were modeled as extensions to the EMLab-Generation agent-based model. Furthermore, two variations of a capacity market were analyzed. The first was a yearly capacity market design and the second was a forward capacity market with long term contracts. A survey of experts on the US capacity markets supplemented the modeling work with practical insights. / <p>QC 20161006</p><p>The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively.</p><p>copyright (c) 2016 P. C. Bhagwat</p>

Capital Adequacy of Commercial Banks The purpose of the thesis is to analyse particular capital adequacy issues. The thesis is composed of three chapters, each dealing with particular aspects of capital adequacy. The introductory Chapter One clarifies the meaning of capital adequacy. The thesis is based on two main aims. Chapter Two examines Basel Committee of Banking Supervision materials and following relevant EU and Czech legislation. The methodology used in this chapter vests in comparative analysis and legal analysis of current Czech national legislation. The first aim is to tackle the legal issues of implementation and effective enforcement of current capital adequacy rules, with concentration on the key problem of inconsistency of implementation among countries. The Chapter Three describes the reasons for adoption of new regulatory rules of capital adequacy in connection with recent turbulent changes in financial markets. To make a conclusion whether Basel III is a sufficient reaction is the second main aim. It focuses on analyse of the Basel III rules as a set with some practical notes on ongoing implementation in the world or in the Czech Republic in particular. The Basel Committee rules need to be implemented carefully. Whether by partial or incomplete implementation of Basel rules or by...

The aim of the diploma thesis is a financial analysis of the credit union. The main aim of the thesis is to show how credit unions are working in the Czech Republic, and to apply a financial analysis of the selected credit union. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes a financial analysis in general, its resources, users and methods. The second charter deals with legislation of credit unions, their operation on the Czech market and supervisory duties of the Central Bank. Accounting and statements of credit unions are discussed in the third chapter. The final fourth charter deals with practical analysis of selected savings cooperatives.

O objetivo central do presente trabalho é a análise do instituto da representatividade adequada nos processos coletivos, de modo a se contribuir para majorar a eficácia de proteção dos direitos coletivos amplamente considerados, especialmente porque esse instituto de suma relevância não é princípio dos processos coletivos no Brasil. Os direitos coletivos tiveram seu estudo iniciado a partir do momento em que as pessoas tomaram consciência de sua condição de indivíduos inseridos na comunidade em que vivem, buscando na sociedade massificada e junto aos outros em mesma situação amparo para seus problemas e força para suas reivindicações. Assim, absorvida essa consciência de classe pelos indivíduos, o que começou a ocorrer em meados do século XVIII, nos países de ordenamento de common law, teve início o desenvolvimento dos processos coletivos, que chegaram a um considerável nível de maturação somente no século XX. Pretendeu-se, com esse trabalho, revelar a importância do instituto da representatividade adequada, pois, sem sua real observância, não se poderão considerar efetivamente protegidos os direitos transindividuais e, mais do que isso, não se poderá afirmar ser o processo coletivo realmente útil e eficaz em relação a seus objetivos. Assim, demonstrou-se que a representatividade adequada é instituto essencial para a legitimação para as ações coletivas, já com base na lei posta, devendo ser aferida pelo magistrado não só em relação às associações, mas também ao Ministério Público e à pessoa física, a quem entendemos deva ser estendida a legitimidade. Ademais, em relação às ações coletivas passivas, não previstas em nosso ordenamento, mas existentes de fato, a observância do instituto é essencial para que não se violem garantias elementares do indivíduo. Outrossim, a representatividade adequada tem aplicação em relação à coisa julgada, pois, por meio de sua observância, se poderá impor a coisa julgada erga omnes, sem que se aleguem violações a direitos e garantias individuais, pois assegurado estará o devido processo legal coletivo. / The main goal of this study is the adequacy of representation analysis, to contribute to enlarge the protection of the collective rights, especially because this very important institute is not a principle of the collective suits in Brazil. Transindividual rights have begun to been studied from the time people became aware of their status as individuals living in community, seeking in the mass society and with others in the same situation help for their problems and strength to their claims. Absorbed this class-consciousness by the individuals, which begins in the middle 1900s in the countries with common law rights, began the development of collective process, which reaches an important level of maturation at the XX century. The intention of this work was to reveal the significance of the adequacy of representation, because without their actual compliance, there can not be considered effectively protected the collective rights and it will not be possible to affirm that the collective process are really useful and effective in relation to their goals. Thus, it was shown that the adequacy of representation is essential institute for the standing for the class actions, already by the actual legislation. It must be observed by the judge not only in relation to the civil associations, but also to the Public Prosecution Service and to the citizen itself, that we considered should be possible to propose collective actions. Otherwise, in relation to the defendant class actions, not foreseen in our laws, but actually existing, the compliance with the institute is essential, so as not to infringe basic individual guarantees. Furthermore, the adequacy of representation has to be applied in relation to res judicata, because, with its compliance, it would be possible to impose the erga omnes res judicata, without be possible to argue violations to individual rights and guarantees, because it would be ensured the social due process.

O presente estudo descritivo-comparativo refere-se à tradução juramentada de documentos realizada no par de línguas português e italiano. Sendo o ato tradutório um processo complexo, implica em várias etapas a serem cumpridas, desde o recebimento da informação transmitida pela língua de partida, a análise imediata do tradutor de seu conteúdo e objetivo, a pesquisa terminológica a ser realizada nesse documento para a certificação da equivalência/correspondência em realidades situacionais jurídicas e administrativas diferentes e as decisões que ele deve tomar para preencher as lacunas linguísticas provenientes dessa diversidade. Para a realização do seu trabalho, o tradutor juramentado conta com um prazo pré-estabelecido, além de um escasso material lexicográfico bilíngue de apoio. Na maioria das vezes, suas decisões sobre esse árduo percurso são imediatas, pontuais e solitárias. Assim, objetiva-se com este estudo fundamentar a sua prática tradutória em uma teoria dos estudos da tradução, para justificar tais decisões. Ao longo deste trabalho, foram apresentados diversos tipos de documentos que são utilizados na prática de atos civis das pessoas e que, ao transpor continentes, são mediados pelo tradutor juramentado, quando a comprovação de seu teor deve ser atestada e traduzida/vertida, para cumprir determinado objetivo em países estrangeiros que se comunicam. Esses documentos são de valor incontestável desde épocas remotas até os dias atuais. Isso será brevemente relatado no surgimento dos cartórios, que objetivavam o registro dos atos civis dos habitantes de uma comunidade, na criação das Juntas Comerciais, que sempre visaram à fiscalização e ao registro da vida comercial das sociedades, até nossos dias, em que são utilizados para formalizar transações intercontinentais. No discorrer da pesquisa, foi dado um pequeno enfoque para a importância do verbo em contextos jurídicos, estudo este fundamentado na teoria dos Atos de Fala. Visto que o tradutor juramentado é investido de poder para o ofício que executa ao certificar suas traduções, a referida Teoria é relevante ao ser também comprovada na pratica do ato tradutório. A análise comparativa terminológica principal deste estudo foi realizada tomando-se como base dois documentos transcritos no par de línguas português e italiano: o TERMO DE AUDIÊNCIA EM AÇÃO DE DIVÓRCIO DIRETO CONSENSUAL e VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL´UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. Nela, procurando-se estabelecer o grau de equivalência/correspondência nas línguas português e italiano e a comprovação de semelhanças no uso de sintagmas verbais encontrados no corpo dos dois documentos, constatou-se a existência terminológica total em alguns segmentos e parcial em outros. Fundamentar a prática tradutória em uma teoria da tradução foi de imensa importância para a conclusão deste trabalho, não só pela justificativa das decisões pessoais tomadas pelo tradutor juramentado no processo tradutório, mas pela comprovação teórica desses atos, obtida através dos estudos incansáveis realizados por esses pesquisadores da língua. / This comparative-descriptive study refers to the certified translation of documents held in the pair of Portuguese and Italian languages. Being the Translational Act a complex process, it involves several steps to be complied, since the receiving of the information supplied by the source language, the immediate analysis of the translator of its content and purpose, the terminological research to be held in this document to the certification of the equivalence/correspondence in different legal and administrative situational realities and the decisions he must take in order to fill the linguistic gaps from this diversity. For the completion of a work, the certified translator has a pre-established deadline, and a scarce bilingual lexicographic support material. Most of the time, their decisions on this arduous journey are immediate, timely and lonely. Thus, the objective of this study is to substantiate its translation practice on a theory of translation studies, to justify such decisions. Throughout this work, various types of documents that are used in the practice of civil acts of people and that, when transposing continents, are mediated by a certified translator, when the evidence of its content must be certified and translated to fulfill a particular purpose in foreign countries which communicate to each other, were presented. These documents are of incontestable value since ancient times to the present day. This will be briefly reported in the emergence of registry offices, which aimed the registration of civil acts of the inhabitants of a community, from the creation of Trade Boards, which have always aimed at the supervision and registration of the commercial life of society, to this day, when they are used to formalize intercontinental transactions. In the discourse of the research, it has been given a small focus to the importance of the verb used in legal contexts, being this study based on the Theory of Speech Acts. Since the certified translator is vested with power to the work that he performs when certifying the translations, the referred Theory is also relevant when proven in the practice of the translation act. The main terminological comparative analysis of this study was performed taking base on two documents transcribed in the pair of the Portuguese and Italian languages: TERM OF HEARING IN DIRECT CONSENSUS DIVORCE ACTION and VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL\'UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. In it, seeking to establish the degree of equivalence / correspondence in the Portuguese and Italian languages and the evidence of similarities in the use of verb phrases found in the body of the two documents, there was total terminological existence in some segments and partial in others. Substantiating the translation practice in a theory of translation was of immense importance to the completion of this work, not only by the background of the personal decisions made by the certified translator in the Translational process, but by the theoretical evidence of these acts, obtained through the tireless studies carried out by these researchers of the language.

O objetivo central do presente trabalho é a análise do instituto da representatividade adequada nos processos coletivos, de modo a se contribuir para majorar a eficácia de proteção dos direitos coletivos amplamente considerados, especialmente porque esse instituto de suma relevância não é princípio dos processos coletivos no Brasil. Os direitos coletivos tiveram seu estudo iniciado a partir do momento em que as pessoas tomaram consciência de sua condição de indivíduos inseridos na comunidade em que vivem, buscando na sociedade massificada e junto aos outros em mesma situação amparo para seus problemas e força para suas reivindicações. Assim, absorvida essa consciência de classe pelos indivíduos, o que começou a ocorrer em meados do século XVIII, nos países de ordenamento de common law, teve início o desenvolvimento dos processos coletivos, que chegaram a um considerável nível de maturação somente no século XX. Pretendeu-se, com esse trabalho, revelar a importância do instituto da representatividade adequada, pois, sem sua real observância, não se poderão considerar efetivamente protegidos os direitos transindividuais e, mais do que isso, não se poderá afirmar ser o processo coletivo realmente útil e eficaz em relação a seus objetivos. Assim, demonstrou-se que a representatividade adequada é instituto essencial para a legitimação para as ações coletivas, já com base na lei posta, devendo ser aferida pelo magistrado não só em relação às associações, mas também ao Ministério Público e à pessoa física, a quem entendemos deva ser estendida a legitimidade. Ademais, em relação às ações coletivas passivas, não previstas em nosso ordenamento, mas existentes de fato, a observância do instituto é essencial para que não se violem garantias elementares do indivíduo. Outrossim, a representatividade adequada tem aplicação em relação à coisa julgada, pois, por meio de sua observância, se poderá impor a coisa julgada erga omnes, sem que se aleguem violações a direitos e garantias individuais, pois assegurado estará o devido processo legal coletivo. / The main goal of this study is the adequacy of representation analysis, to contribute to enlarge the protection of the collective rights, especially because this very important institute is not a principle of the collective suits in Brazil. Transindividual rights have begun to been studied from the time people became aware of their status as individuals living in community, seeking in the mass society and with others in the same situation help for their problems and strength to their claims. Absorbed this class-consciousness by the individuals, which begins in the middle 1900s in the countries with common law rights, began the development of collective process, which reaches an important level of maturation at the XX century. The intention of this work was to reveal the significance of the adequacy of representation, because without their actual compliance, there can not be considered effectively protected the collective rights and it will not be possible to affirm that the collective process are really useful and effective in relation to their goals. Thus, it was shown that the adequacy of representation is essential institute for the standing for the class actions, already by the actual legislation. It must be observed by the judge not only in relation to the civil associations, but also to the Public Prosecution Service and to the citizen itself, that we considered should be possible to propose collective actions. Otherwise, in relation to the defendant class actions, not foreseen in our laws, but actually existing, the compliance with the institute is essential, so as not to infringe basic individual guarantees. Furthermore, the adequacy of representation has to be applied in relation to res judicata, because, with its compliance, it would be possible to impose the erga omnes res judicata, without be possible to argue violations to individual rights and guarantees, because it would be ensured the social due process.

Esta dissertação trata da internacionalização e necessidade de adequação dos sistemas de Seguridade Social ao atual cenário de circulação de mão-de-obra decorrente, principalmente, da globalização econômica e da formação dos blocos regionais. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado ao surgimento e evolução dos sistemas de Seguridade Social de acordo com o desenvolvimento dos Estados e aparecimento dos riscos sociais. A segunda parte dedica-se à análise de alsguns aspectos da globalização, bem como a relação estabelecida com a manutenção da soberania dos Estados, as perspectivas a partir da União Europeia e do Mercosul e, bem assim, os reflexos na Seguridade Social e os instrumentos utilizados para adequação dos sistemas, em busca da manutenção dos direitos sociais. Em seguida, são analisadas as diretrizes internacionais das Convenções nºs 102 e 118 da OIT sobre Seguridade Social, bem como os sistemas internacionais atualmente vigentes nos principais blocos regionais, quais sejam, a União Europeia e o Mercosul. Finalmente, será estudado cada um dos acordos internacionais dos quais o Brasil é parte, com o objetivo de demonstrar a cobertura de proteção que um cidadão brasileiro ou natural de algum dos países envolvidos poderá usufruir. Em caráter complementar, será analisada a Convenção Ibero-americana de Seguridade Social que, apesar de já ratificada pelo Brasil, ainda não entrou em vigor, vez que não atingido o número mínimo de ratificações. / The present dissertation addresses the internationalization and the need to adequate Social Security systems to the current scenario of movement of labor, mainly due to the economic globalization and the formation of regional trade blocs. The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the emergence and evolution of Social Security systems according to the development of the National States and the emergence of social risks. The second part of the paper analyzes issues related to the globalization, the relationship established with the maintenance of sovereignty of the States, the perspectives from the European Union and from the Mercosur, as well as its reflections in the Social Security and the instruments used to adequate the systems, in pursue to maintaining social rights. Subsequently, the international guidelines of ILO Conventions No 102 and 118 about Social Security, as well as the international systems currently in force in the main regional blocs, namely European Union and Mercosur, will be assessed. Finally, each of the agreements signed by Brazil will be studied, aiming to demonstrate the protection coverage, of which a Brazilian citizen or a citizen of one of the countries in plot can make use. Additionally, we will analyze the Iberoamerican Convention of Social Security that, despite already ratified by Brazil, is still not in force as the minimum number of ratifications has not been achieved yet.

Nas últimas décadas foi instituído no Brasil um microssistema de processos coletivos, visando permitir a tutela dos direitos metaindividuais. No âmbito desse microssistema, o legislador atribuiu legitimidade ativa a alguns entes para defenderem em juízo tais interesses. Dentre esses entes estão órgãos ligados ao Estado, como o Ministério Público e a Defensoria Pública, e as associações as quais, hoje, são as representantes da sociedade civil entre os colegitimados ativos do microssistema de processos coletivos. A representatividade adequada é um dos pilares dos processos coletivos, na medida em que se presta a permitir a verificação da atuação dos legitimados ativos para a tutela dos interesses transindividuais. Isso porque a representatividade adequada é uma forma de assegurar a integral observância da garantia do devido processo legal no âmbito dos processos coletivos, nos quais os beneficiários da decisão que terão suas esferas jurídicas afetadas por ela não participaram diretamente. Apesar de a necessidade de verificação da representatividade adequada estar positivada em diversos ordenamentos, isso não ocorre no Brasil. Em vista disso, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar se, à míngua de prescrição legal que autorize a aferição da representatividade adequada, poderia o juiz realizar essa a análise, especialmente no que concerne às associações civis. A análise realizada passa pelo conceito de representatividade adequada e sua relação com a observância do devido processo legal. Em outro ângulo, enfocando-se a atuação das associações, procurou-se demonstrar que a aferição da representatividade adequada pelos juízes tem também a finalidade de coibir o abuso de direito e condutas atentatórias à boa-fé por parte das associações civis. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa da jurisprudência pátria, buscando-se verificar de que forma os tribunais brasileiros têm aferido a representatividade adequada das associações no âmbito dos processos coletivos. / In the last decades it was established in Brazil a special system of class actions, in order to allow the protection of collective interests and rights. In this special system, the legislator assigned to some entities institution that has been assigned legitimacy to pursue such interests. Some of these entities are connected to the government, such as the Public Prosecutors Offices and Public Defenders, and the associations which are, nowadays, the representatives of the civil society among the entities with legitimacy to pursue collective interests and rights. The adequacy of representation is one of the touchstones of class actions, since it allows the verification of plaintiffs´ performance in the defense of collective interests and rights. That occurs because litigation by representative parties adjudicates basic due process rights of all class members, named plaintiffs must possess undivided loyalty to absent class members that will be bound by the decision issued. The rule that establishes mandatory verification of the adequacy of representation is set forth in several legal systems around the world, however that does not occur in Brazil. For this reason, this dissertation aims to determine whether the judge can verify the adequacy of the representation in Brazilian class actions especially in relation to associations, even though the law does not expressly authorize judges to do it. This dissertation/thesis includes an analysis of the concept of adequacy of representation and its relation with the due process of law. In another angle, this dissertation/thesis focuses on the performance of associations as plaintiffs in class actions, where in we try to demonstrate that the verification of adequacy of representation can help to mitigate the abuse of rights and acts contrary to good faith. Finally, we performed an analysis of a few cases, in order to verify the Brazilian courts understanding on the adequacy of representation of the associations in class actions.