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En nous inspirant du modèle cognitif de production humaine d'Anderson, nous considérons, dans cette thèse, comme des processus universels intégrant le système de production humaine, une grande partie des stratégies d'apprentissage présentées dans différents classements. Dans cette perspective, nous avons examiné la différence stratégique entre les apprenants, comme le soutiennent d'aucuns, ainsi que la modification que pourrait produire une formation à l'emploi des stratégies d'apprentissage dans le répertoire des stratégies des apprenants. Nous montrons que le développement des compétences en langues implique inévitablement la mise en place de procédures générales de résolution de problèmes régies par des stratégies universelles. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la nature universelle des stratégies d'apprentissage. Dans cette perspective nous avons effectué une étude empirique visant à analyser les stratégies d'apprentissage de deux groupes d'apprenants adultes iraniens du français -dont l'un a reçu une formation à l'emploi des stratégies d'apprentissage. Les résultats de nos analyses de leurs productions orales et écrites confirment le fondement théorique de notre recherche. En effet, l'enseignement des stratégies d'apprentissage que proposent certains ne modifie pas l'utilisation des stratégies d'apprentissage ayant trait aux processus mentaux régissant les productions humaines chez l'apprenant adulte et ce sont les savoirs déclaratifs des apprenants qui différencient leurs productions langagières. / Based on the cognitive model of human production of Anderson, we considered in this thesis, a large part of the learning strategies presented in the various classifications as universal human process system production. In this context we examined the strategic difference of learners, as some argue, and the modification that could produce training in the use of learning strategies in the repertoire of strategies learners.We have shown that the development of language skills is based on the activation of general procedures for solving problems governed by universal strategies.We are particularly interested in this thesis, in the universal nature of learning strategies. In this perspective we conducted an empirical study which aims at analyzing learning strategies of two groups of Iranian adult learners, one of which received training in the use of learning strategies learning. The results of our analysis of their oral and written productions have confirmed the theoretical basis of our research. Indeed, the teaching of learning strategies, that offer some, do not change the use of learning strategies and their language productions depend on their declarative knowledge. .Keywords: cognitive model of human production, learning strategies, training in the use of learning strategies, declarative knowledge, Iranian adult learners.

This thesis examines the effects of de-industrialisation on the lives of adult learners attending adult education programmes in the former coal mining and steel working communities of County Durham. It presents the outcomes of a qualitative study of life history stories which are 'person centred'. Focusing on the subjective experiences of learners, both past and present, was an appropriate way in which the learner voice could be heard as well as helping to understand their experiences and views on the effects that de- industrialisation has had on their lives, and if lifelong learning was improving their life chances. The importance of social class and gender in configuring and understanding adult learner experiences are critical factors whilst, at the same time, the collective resources of these working class communities have been systematically undermined. Furthermore, the provision of publically funded adult education has declined dramatically since the 1980s. Through the prism of learners' lives the study explores experiences of employability skills programmes and community adult education programmes on shaping the position, disposition and identity of learners who have experienced a major trauma to their communities, their families and themselves. Ontological insecurity, a product of de-industrialisation, has a critical impact on the lives of these adults. The thesis adopts Hirschman's (1970) framework of 'Exit, Loyalty and Voice', originally used to frame the responses of workers confronting the possibility of job losses in a firm, as a way of understanding the reactions of adult learners to the impact of de-industrialisation on communities. In Hirschman's framework the relationship between exit, loyalty and voice followed a distinctive pattern. Loyalty, for example, was the opposite of voice, as people in a firm stayed silent in order to be saved from job loss. In this study, loyalty to the community has enabled individuals to benefit from support and community provision, which has given them a lifeline for survival and a step on the way to finding a voice. Exit, in the original framework, involved proactive workers getting 'ahead of the curve' by finding alternative employment before others. In this study, employability skills training - as a resource for exit - does not deliver. Instead, it systematically demoralises individuals and undermines their capacity to act. It involves churning learners between welfare and more training programmes and, where and when available, into short-term work. The overall impact has resulted in the social exclusion of these learners from the labour market and from the community - the opposite of agency. It is argued that this is a paradox given that social and economic inclusion was an aim of lifelong learning policies. The thesis challenges the claim of neoliberal ideology that purports to promote the freedom of individuals to determine their own fate. Those attending employability skills programmes are expected to find solutions to structural problems, and are subjected to coercive methods through psychological interventions that are expected to bring about attitudinal behaviour changes to achieve employability. It is argued that this is a paradox given deficient labour market conditions which are beyond the control of the learner. Attention is given to public sector community adult education that once offered liberating models of adult education, but have now been subjected to the logic of neoliberal governmentality. This is creating new 'subjectivities' for educators, who are being coerced to deliver learning for the economy rather than social purpose education. What has emerged is a new role of the employability trainer.

Différentes études ont montré que le niveau des futurs enseignants, issus des écoles publiques, en français langue étrangère (FLE) en Égypte est assez faible. Ceux-ci font un grand nombre d’erreurs répétitives à l’oral. Quoique ce manque de précision langagière puisse être dû à plusieurs facteurs, il appert que la rétroaction soit une des variables contribuant à ce phénomène (comme le nombre d’étudiants en classe, la durée du cours, l’âge et la motivation des étudiants, les méthodes d’enseignement, etc.). La rétroaction corrective est généralement définie comme toute correction explicite ou implicite de la part de l’enseignant indiquant que la production de l’apprenant est erronée. Elle est considérée comme indispensable dans les classes de langues secondes (LS) (Shmidt, 1983, 2001 ; Long, 1991, 1996 ; Lightbown, 1998). Pour ces raisons, cette étude porte sur la rétroaction corrective et, plus spécifiquement, sur les croyances des enseignants et des apprenants quant à celle-ci, ainsi qu’à son utilisation dans les classes de FLE en Égypte. Les recherches antérieures indiquent que les croyances des enseignants quant à l’acte d’enseigner influencent leurs pratiques en classe, que les croyances des apprenants influencent leur motivation, leur niveau et leurs efforts déployés pour l’apprentissage de la langue, et qu’une divergence entre les croyances des professeurs et celles des apprenants peut entraîner des effets négatifs sur l’apprentissage de la langue cible, ce qui indique ainsi qu’il est de grande importance d’explorer les croyances. Ainsi, la présente étude vise à explorer les croyances des professeurs égyptiens et celles de leurs étudiants en ce qui a trait à la rétroaction corrective à l’oral, la différence entre ces croyances, et l’identification des pratiques réelles des professeurs afin de décrire à quel point celles-ci reflètent les croyances exprimées. Pour ce faire, un questionnaire a été administré à 175 étudiants et 25 professeurs appartenant à trois universités égyptiennes afin de déterminer leurs croyances déclarées. Des entrevues semi-dirigées et des observations directes ont été réalisées auprès de neuf des 25 professeurs participants pour mieux déterminer leurs croyances et leurs pratiques rétroactives. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé qu’il existe des divergences importantes entre les croyances des professeurs et celles des étudiants, d’un côté, et entre les croyances des professeurs et leur pratique, de l’autre côté. Par exemple, la plupart des étudiants ont déclaré leur opposition à l’utilisation de la reformulation alors que presque la moitié des professeurs ont indiqué être en faveur de cette même technique. Les professeurs ont indiqué que leur choix de techniques rétroactives dépend du type d’erreurs et qu’ils préfèrent inciter les apprenants à s’auto corriger. Cependant, ces mêmes professeurs ont utilisé la reformulation pour corriger la majorité des erreurs de leurs apprenants, quelle que soit leur nature. Nous parvenons ainsi à la conclusion que l’utilisation de la reformulation, qui fait l’objet d’une divergence au niveau des croyances, pourrait être à l’origine du manque de précision langagière rapporté par les chercheurs. / Previous research revealed that Egyptian learners of French as a foreign language who will be the future teachers of French in Egypt produce numerous errors repetitively during oral productions. While this lack of accuracy can be attributed to a cohort of factors (number of students in class, duration of course, age and motivation of students, methods of teaching, etc.), it is assumed in the present study that corrective feedback could be at the origins of the reported results. Defined as implicit or explicit teacher reactions to the learners’ incorrect renditions, corrective feedback is seen by many second language acquisition researchers (Schmidt, 1983, 2001; Long, 1991, 1996; Lightbown, 1998) as a driving force behind interlanguage development. Among other things, corrective feedback draws learners’ attention to form and helps them notice the gap between their interlanguage and the L2 norm. In light of these theoretical arguments along with empirical research findings indicating the benefits of corrective feedback, the present study investigated corrective feedback provided in French as a foreign language classes in Egyptian universities. More specifically, the study explored teachers’ and students’ beliefs about feedback as well as teachers’ in-class use of feedback. Previous research on beliefs indicates that teachers’ beliefs shape their teaching and that learners’ beliefs affect their motivation and determine the effort students are willing to deploy to learn the target language. Based on these theoretical and empirical claims, the present study investigated teachers’ and students’ beliefs about oral corrective feedback in learning French as a foreign language in Egypt and explored teachers’ actual corrective feedback practices to determine the extent to which they correspond to their declared beliefs. A beliefs questionnaire was administered to 175 students and 25 language teachers to determine their beliefs about corrective feedback. Nine of the 25 teachers were also interviewed and observed for a total of 27 hours to further investigate their beliefs and in-class practices. The results indicate a mismatch between teachers’ and students’ beliefs on the one hand, and a divergence between teachers’ beliefs and their actual teaching on the other. In terms of the relationship between students’ and teachers’ beliefs, the results reveal that while the majority of the learners do not see recasts as an effective feedback technique, almost half of the teachers do. As for the mismatch between teachers’ beliefs and their in-class practices, a two-fold pattern emerged. First, all the teachers reported that error type determined the technique they used to correct errors and that they preferred to push their learners to self-correct. However, recasts proved to be the technique of choice and that was regardless of error type. Instances of self-correction were rare with teachers choosing to recast most of their students’ errors instead of pushing them to remedy the errors on their own. As such, it may be speculated that the teachers’ choice of corrective feedback techniques, which happens to run counter to the students’ expectations (as shown in the beliefs questionnaire) may be a major factor behind the students’ reported lack of accuracy

The purpose of this study was to investigate ICT literacy in adult education and training within a public adult learning centre. A literature study was conducted to identify a theoretical framework for a comparative study of different national ICT policies. A qualitative research design was used to conduct an empirical investigation through the use of data collection instruments such as focus group interviews, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and non-participant observation. Data analysis was conducted, during which various themes emerged, which led to the findings and conclusions regarding the study. Recommendations were made with regard to improving the ICT literacy level in adult education and training. Limitations of the study were described and recommendations for future research were made. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

This study discusses the provision of vocational skills in Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET) centres in the North West Province (NWP) of South Africa. Currently, South Africa is engulfed with challenges of high unemployment rate, skills shortages and poverty amongst the adult population. The standardisation of the ABET system and the colonialism ideologies ·can be blamed for the current poor state of ABET centres. A qualitative research method was used. The qualitative research design was the best choice because it was concerned with how the research respondents create meaning based on their understanding and experiences about the provision of skills in the ABET centres. Two case studies were used as the methodology to carry the research. Triangulation was used to collect data. Structured interviews, focus group interviews, observations and visuals were utilized to collect detailed data about vocational skills in the ABET centres in the NWP. lnterpretivism research paradigm was used as an epistemological position, to position me in the study. Critical theory was used to frame the study. The use of critical theory enabled me to investigate the different types of skills that were offered in the two ABET centres and the impact they have in the socio economic development of the ABET learners. The use of critical theory in this study enabled me to come up with alternatives of improving the current programmes that are being offered in the ABET centres faced by ABET learners need collective efforts from all the stake holders that are involved in the designing of the ABET curriculum and learning programmes. ABET is dysfunctional and it needs to be urgently overhauled. ABET learners depend on the grants offered by the government. Facilitators are under prepared and unprepared to teach the school subjects that they were currently responsible to teach. ABET centres do not have physical building structures that belong to them, this causes or poses a serious challenge in teaching and learning. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Comparative Education)

The master's thesis is focused on work of Cyril Orvin Houle, key thoughts and the influence on a theory and a practise of the adult education in the United States of America. The key objective of the thesis is introduce Cyril Orvin Houle's work, analyse primary and secondary sources and find key thoughts of the topic of the adult education. Papers and journals are described into details, which illustrate the beginning of his career and current topics, on which he responded, and selected professional and popular science publicatons. His works are set into a context of a development of the adult education in the USA and inspirational sources are identified. On the basis of the analysis results of documents, it can be concluded that key thoughts are self-directed learning, motivation of adult lerners to connect into education activities, vocational education conception in the USA and education programmes planning.

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