Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. Department of Industrial Psychology / Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the current South African context the Government places a great deal of emphasis on the importance of adult training and development as a solution for addressing many social and economic problems. It is therefore important to investigate all aspects regarding the training context in order to optimise learning. The trainer plays an integral part within this system. Although literature regards the trainer as very important for training success, very little substantial research has been documented with regards to the influential factors on the training style orientation that trainers use when training adults. In order to investigate this problem, a study of the relevant literature is done. The following topics are examined for this purpose: The training system and the components thereof, andragogy and pedagogy as training style orientations, several trait theories of personality as the basis of the study, locus of control as a personality trait, and the influence of personality and more specifically locus of control within work-related settings. Three questionnaires were administered on a sample of 100 respondents, i.e. a Demographic questionnaire, the Training Style Inventory and the Locus of Control Inventory in order to generate data to investigate the research problem and hypotheses. The Demographic Questionnaire collected data regarding gender, age, qualifications, training experience, ethnicity, subject area of the training content, and type of organisation. The Training Style Inventory measured the training style orientation of the trainer respondents, and the Locus of Control Inventory was used to measure the locus of control of respondents. The results indicate support for the hypothesis that there is a statistical significant correlation between locus of control and training style orientation. More specifically, there is a statistically significant correlation between internal locus of control and the andragogical training style orientation, and also between external locus of control and the pedagogical training style orientation. The main objectives of this study were successfully achieved and documented. Conclusions and recommendations for further research are made. It is recommended that future research replicate the study with a greater and random sample of respondents, within the South African context. Also, investigating the effectiveness of the trainers as a result of their locus of control and training style orientation is an interesting possibility for future research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering plaas groot klem op die belangrikheid van volwasse opleiding en ontwikkeling in die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse konteks as 'n moontlike oplossing vir etlike sosiale en ekonomiese probleme. In 'n poging om leer te optimeer, is dit dus noodsaaklik om alle aspekte binne die opleidingskonteks deeglik in oënskou te neem. Die opleier speel 'n baie belangrike rol in die sukses van die opleidingsintervensie. Alhoewel die opleier binne die literatuur wel as In belangrike rolspeler in die sukses van opleidingsintervensies geag word, is daar baie min navorsing gedokumenteer oor die faktore wat die opleidingstyl wat opleiers tydens intervensies gebruik, beïnvloed. 'n Studie van die beskikbare literatuur ondersoek hierdie probleem. Die volgende onderwerpe is vir die doelondersoek: Die opleidingstelsel en die komponente daarvan, andragogie en pedagogie as opleidingstyloriëntasies, verskeie persoonlikheidstrekteorieë as die grondslag van die studie, lokus van beheer as 'n persoonlikheidstrek, en die invloed van persoonlikheid en meer spesifiek lokus van beheer binne die werksplek. Die data wat nodig is om die navorsingsprobleem te ondersoek en die hipoteses te toets, is ingesamel deur 100 respondente elk drie vraelyste te laat voltooi, naamlik 'n Demografiese vraelys, 'n Opleidingstylvraelys en 'n Lokus van Beheer-vraelys. Die demografiese vraelys het inligting ingesamel ten opsigte van geslag, ouderdom, kwalifikasies, opleidingservaring, etnisiteit, onderwerp van die opleidingsinhoud en die tipe organisasie betrokke. Die Opleidingstylvraelys het die opleidingstyloriëntasie van die opleiers wat deelgeneem het aan die studie gemeet, en die Lokus van Beheer vraelys is gebruik om die lokus van beheer van respondente te bepaal. Die resultate bevestig die hipotese dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verband bestaan tussen lokus van beheer en opleidingstyloriëntasie. Daar bestaan verder 'n statisties beduidende verband tussen interne lokus van beheer en 'n andragogiese opleidingstyloriëntasie, en ook tussen eksterne lokus van beheer en 'n pedagogiese opleidingstyloriëntasie. Die hoofdoelwitte van hierdie studie is suksesvol bereik en gedokumenteer. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing word ook gemaak. Die aanbeveling is dat toekomstige navorsing hierdie studie herhaal binne die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks. Die studie behoort ook 'n groter en ewekansige steekproef in te sluit. Die effektiwiteit van die opleiers as 'n resultaat van hul lokus van beheer en opleidingstyloriëntasie is ook 'n interessante moontlikheid vir verdere navorsing.

Organizations in the private and public sector provide employee training for different reasons and cover a variety of subject and skill areas. In some cases, training is provided without implementing the complete instructional design process, omitting the needs assessment and analysis step, which can result in less than desired training outcomes. Research details challenges that private and public sector organizations encounter related to needs assessments, along with the benefits of assessing needs prior to the design of a training program. This development study and research supports these details. As a part of this research, a needs assessment tool was designed to assist instructional designers and training managers gather key information to better determine if training is needed and to identify the best means for moving through the instructional design process. An expert review of the needs assessment tool validated the tool and provided feedback for further development of the tool. This study presents the challenges and benefits of identifying needs, describes the development of a needs assessment tool, analyzes and summarizes expert review and feedback, and suggests potential revisions to the tool. / Doctor of Philosophy / Organizations in the private and public sector provide employee training for different reasons and cover a variety of subject and skill areas. In some cases, training is provided without implementing the complete instructional design process. The complete instructional design process involves conducting a needs assessment, analyzing the needs assessment, designing a learning plan, developing the instruction based on the learning plan, implementing the instruction, and evaluating the instructional outcomes. When the first step, conducting the needs assessment is omitted, in some cases this may result in less than desired training outcomes. Research details challenges that private and public sector organizations encounter related to needs assessments, along with the benefits of assessing needs prior to the design of a training program. This development study and research supports these details. As a part of this research, a needs assessment tool was designed to assist training developers, instructional designers, and training managers gather key information to better determine if training is needed and to identify the best means for moving through the instructional design process. A group of individuals who work in the training and instructional design field, also referred to as expert reviewers, reviewed and validated the needs assessment tool and provided feedback for further development of the tool. This study presents the challenges and benefits of assessing needs, describes the development of a needs assessment tool, analyzes and summarizes the expert review and feedback, and suggests potential revisions to the tool.

With examples from a single classroom situation, several educational moments show what goes on between the teacher and the student. The teacher’s responsibility in the learning process is, with a gesture frozen in the air of the moment, to lead and follow the student in her tentative efforts at seeking knowledge. Initially, it is an attempt to shed light upon the "not yet seen" with a certainty that the student herself possesses the capacity and the aptitude to reach greater insight and clarity in her understanding. The Validation/Feil Method presented in this instructional situation illustrates how best to communicate with elderly people suffering from Alzheimer’s dementia. This essay examines thoughts, reflections and somewhat deeper studies concerning the importance of the moment, or rather the various moments that appear along our journey. From this wandering, the importance of being open-minded, spontaneous and perceptive come to light as well as new concepts such as improvisation and lingering along the way. The art of perceiving is enhanced by concepts such as reading and intuition with the help and support of earlier philosophical tradition, primarily Aristotle’s various forms of knowledge and Hans-Georg Gadamer with his work within the hermeneutic tradition. The author also offers an example of knowledge and learning which, taken together, display the importance of being aware of the body of knowledge incorporated in the area of Practical Knowledge. This is one way of gaining understanding in harmony with others of existing reality and of life itself.

The process of IT integration into labour market vocational training in smaller regions of Lithuania is very slow because of the shabby budgets of vocational training schools and low computer literacy of the staff. This is the main problem, why information systems in these institutions are not created and used. Thus, almost all documents, related to the administration of labour market vocational training are filled in manually. With integration into EU, the number of trainees from labour market raised tow-three times in Lithuania and time costs of vocational training administration increased as well. To reduce the time costs of vocational training administration, information system of vocational school adult training department is created. Guidelines for users of created information system are also presented.

Il presente progetto di ricerca muove dalle riflessioni sul ruolo e sulle caratteristiche che la formazione alla sicurezza ricopre oggi nei diversi contesti organizzativi ed istituzionali. L’importanza di educare e formare alla salute e alla sicurezza è riconosciuta sia a livello nazionale sia a livello europeo, come dimostrano i numerosi atti normativi italiani ed europei. Il progetto di ricerca si è posto l’obiettivo di analizzarne in maniera approfondita gli aspetti pedagogico-educativi della formazione alla sicurezza in famiglia, nella scuola e negli ambienti di lavoro, per giungere alla formulazione di indicazioni pedagogiche utili per formare alla sicurezza nelle diverse età della vita. / The present research project starts from reflections on the role and characteristics of safety training in the various organizational and institutional contexts. The importance of educating and training in health and safety is recognized both at national and at European level. The research project analyze the pedagogical-educational aspects of safety training in the family, in the school and in the workplace, to arrive at the formulation of pedagogical indications useful for training for safety in different ages of life

Cette thèse traite de la Formation Professionnelle Continue (FPC) des agriculteurs. Nous avons fait le choix d'avoir recours aux concepts et notions de la sociologie anglo-saxonne et française des professions, des groupes professionnels et de la professionnalisation. Les agriculteurs se sont vus confier un ‘mandat' issu des politiques publiques et de la demande sociale : l'autosuffisance alimentaire élargie aujourd'hui à la sécurité sanitaire et au respect de l'environnement. Les agriculteurs constituent un groupe professionnel qui voit alors son métier évoluer.Les instances professionnelles agricoles, à partir de relations complexes tissées avec les pouvoirs publics, se sont engagées dans la dynamique de professionnalisation du groupe par la formation à travers des questions d'entrée dans le métier, de savoirs, de compétences.Notre thèse interroge l'idée que les agriculteurs constituent un groupe professionnel en mutation, dont la composition identitaire apparait complexe, fragmentée et en évolution. L'intellectualisation et l'entrepreneuriat deviennent des dimensions majeures du métier que le groupe doit s'approprier. Nous montrons que la détention d'une ‘licence' accordée par les pouvoirs publics permet à ce groupe professionnel un usage différencié de la FPC. Cette différenciation marque l'émergence d'identités plurielles et complexes mettant le profil de ‘chef d'entreprise' au cœur de la dynamique de reprofessionnalisation engagée.C'est l'analyse des mécanismes entre les processus de professionnalisation, la construction des identités professionnelles des agriculteurs, et le recours à la formation qui est au cœur des résultats développés / This thesis deals with continuing vocational training (CVT) for farmers. The choice has been made to resort to Anglo-Saxon and French sociological concepts and notions when linked to occupations, professional groups and continued professionalization. Farmers have been given a mandate stemming from public policy and social demand: food self-sufficiency, coupled with today's greater need for food security and respect for the environment. Farmers therefore constitute a professional group whose occupation is constantly evolving.The agricultural professional bodies, by means of complex relationships forged with the governing bodies, have engaged themselves in the dynamics of professionalization of farmers through questions about job access, professional knowledge and skills.This thesis questions the idea that farmers constitute a changing professional group, whose identity composition appears complex, fragmented and evolving. Intellectualization and entrepreneurship are becoming major dimensions of the occupation which the group must adapt to. It is shown that the possession of a licence granted by public authorities offers farmers different uses of the CVT provided. This differentiation brings about the emergence of multiple and complex identities while emphasizing the entrepreneurial aspect at the heart of the dynamics of reprofessionalization.It is the analysis of the mechanisms between the professionalization processes, the construction of professional identities of farmers and the use of training that is at the heart of the obtained results.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis proposes that it is possible to create an adjunct to traditional instructor-led training that will reduce training time and costs and at the same time improve performance using commercial off-theshelf (COTS) software. Motivated by the lessons learned following the attack on the USS Cole on October 12, 2000 in which 17 sailors were killed and 42 were wounded, we created a simulator using readily available software in minimal time with zero funding and tested it against small sample sizes of eventual recipients of the training. The simulator, as part of a blended learning solution, was shown to be as effective as traditional instructor-based learning but was conceived at a fraction of the cost and with a significant reduction in total training time. Both of these factors are increasingly being valued in today's reality of increased operational tempo and reduced resources. / Lieutenant, United States Naval Reserve

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’activité des formateurs en soins infirmiers utilisant la simulation clinique pleine échelle dans leur dispositif de formation. Ce format, basé sur l’apprentissage expérientiel et la réflexivité sur l’action, est considéré comme innovant et complexe à utiliser. Il requiert notamment une remise en question des pratiques pédagogiques habituelles. Notre contribution cherche à identifier ce qui détermine l’engagement des formateurs dans cette activité, et à comprendre comment et selon quelles logiques celui-ci se manifeste dans les pratiques. La recherche croise les cadres théoriques de la théorie sociocognitive de Bandura (1977) et de la didactique professionnelle (Pastré, 1997, 2002) et utilise des modèles de l’engagement et de l’agir enseignant. Notre étude a une visée descriptive des profils d’engagement dans l’activité et une visée compréhensive de leurs manifestations. Le matériau empirique a été obtenu au moyen d’entretiens semi-directifs, d’observations en situation suivies d’entretiens d’autoconfrontation. Il a été traité selon des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. Nos résultats montrent un profil dominant, privilégiant des logiques dialogique et herméneutique, et un second profil, sous-tendu par des logiques personnelle et techniciste, ce qui nous permet de proposer une typologie des profils d’engagement dans l’activité. Les pratiques observées et explicitées montrent l’influence du profil d’engagement sur la posture pédagogique. Nous objectivons une forte tension entre une posture de contrôle et une posture de lâcher-prise, cette dernière étant le révélateur d’une transformation en cours dans les pratiques et dans les croyances. / This thesis in education science focuses on the nurse trainers using full-scale clinical simulation in their training plans. This educational tool, based on experiential apprenticeship and reflexivity on the practice, is considered both innovative and complex to use. It especially requires questioning the customary practices of teaching. The author’s has tried to identify what determines and characterizes the commitment of the trainers in this activity, and to understand how and according to which logics that commitment manifests itself at the heart of their practices. The search crossed the sociocognitive theoretical framework of Bandura (1977) and the vocational didactics (Pastré, 1997, 2002); it also used models of commitment and of teaching practice. This study has a descriptive approach of the commitment profiles in the activity and a comprehensive approach of their demonstrations. The empirical material was obtained from semi-directive interviews, observations in situation followed by self-confrontation interviews. It was handled according to qualitative and quantitative mixed methods. The results highlight a dominant profile, favouring the dialogical and hermeneutic logics, and a second profile, underlined by logics rather personal and technical; hence allowing the author to propose a typology of commitment profiles in the activity. The observed and analysed practices reveal the influence of the commitment profile on the educational perspective. A strong tension between a control position and a “let it go” position was identified, the latter being the sign of a transformation in the implementation of learning beliefs.

Cette étude s'intéresse à la formation linguistique des salariés de premier niveau de qualification. Des travaux de recherche montrent que la part langagière occupe une place importante dans l'activité professionnelle des employés, y compris des moins qualifiés. Des formations dites « de base » sont mises en place depuis ces dernières décennies afin de procurer aux personnels qui ne les maîtriseraient pas, les compétences langagières utiles à l'exercice de leur activité professionnelle. Nous nous sommes interrogée sur ces formations. Sont-elles adaptées aux besoins des employés ? Répondent-elles à leurs demandes et à leurs besoins réels ? L'étude entreprise a eu pour but de comprendre comment ces employés utilisent leurs compétences langagières sur leur lieu de travail. Elle repose sur l'hypothèse que dans la formation des adultes, la question du langage au travail doit être élargie à la littéracie et plus particulièrement, à la raison graphique. Les métiers, comme celui d'agent de nettoyage, où la gestion du temps et de l'espace sont des éléments essentiels, constituent un cas intéressant. Les horaires particuliers, la durée de l'intervention et la présence des usagers nécessitent une gestion efficace du temps et de l'espace. Des stratégies spontanées issues de l'expérience sont mises en œuvre par ces employés pour être plus efficaces dans leur activité professionnelle et rendre le travail moins pénible. Les observations de terrain menées dans cette recherche, inspirées de l'ethnologie, montrent que ces travailleurs utilisent effectivement des « tactiques » au sens de M. de Certeau (1990). Mais ces manières de faire sont des compétences ignorées et non valorisées, ni par les employeurs ni par les formateurs. Ainsi cette recherche contribue à une meilleure connaissance du milieu professionnel et permet de proposer des pistes pour des formations linguistiques qui prendraient en considération leurs acquis. En effet, les résultats informent sur la place du langage dans l'activité de nettoyage ainsi que sur ce que l'on peut qualifier de logique au travail : mise au jour de manières de faire, d'astuces et de compétences ignorées ou masquées, pourtant essentielles à l'organisation du travail, notamment dans la gestion de l'espace et du temps. / This study concerns the linguistic training of employees with a basic level of qualification. The research work shows that the lingual part has an important place in the professional activity of the employees, including those who are the least qualified. Training courses called basic have been established for the past decades to give to the personnel who do not master them well, linguistic skills useful for the exercise of their professional activity. We have analyzed different types of training. Are they adapted to the needs of employees ? Are they an adapted answer to their expectations and their real needs ? The study undertaken aims to understand how these employees use their linguistic skills in the workplace. It is based on the hypothesis that in training for adults, the issue of language at work should be extended to the issue of literacy and more specifically, to the logic of writing. Jobs, such as those of a cleaning agent, where time and space management are crucial elements, are interesting cases. Particular schedules, work duration and presence of users need an effective time and space management. Spontaneous strategies based on experience are implemented by these employees in order to be more efficient in their professional activity and make the work less difficult. Observations in the field led by this research, inspired by ethnology, show that workers use « tactics» effectively in the sense of M. de Certeau (1990). But these methods are ignored skills which are not appreciated, either by employers, or by trainers. Hence, this research contributes to a better understanding of professional environment and allows approaches for linguistic training that should take into consideration their skills. Indeed the results give information about the place of language in professional activity and about what we can call work logic : updating the know-how, tricks and ignored or hidden skills, which, however, are crucial to work organization, especially in time and space management.

La présente thèse s’intéresse aux pratiques orthographiques des personnes en difficulté à l’écrit et en particulier des adultes illettrés. L’illettrisme qualifie les personnes de plus de 16 ans qui, après avoir été scolarisées en France, n’ont pas acquis une maitrise suffisante de la lecture, de l’écriture et du calcul, ce que l’on appelle, dans le champ de la formation pour adultes, les compétences de base. Cette étude vise à mieux connaître l’hétérogénéité de la population illettrée et à identifier plus particulièrement les compétences et les difficultés en orthographe qu’on y observe. Elle propose ainsi une description et une analyse linguistique des pratiques orthographiques des adultes en difficultés à l’écrit, et montre que pour l’essentiel, ils savent faire des choses à l’écrit, y compris du point de vue orthographique. Cette étude cherche également à mieux connaître les dispositifs institutionnels de la formation aux compétences de base des adultes illettrés, en particulier en Haute-Normandie. L’ensemble des analyses vise à dégager des pistes de réflexion didactiques, fût-ce brièvement, et à donner des outils concrets afin de « lire autrement » qu’en termes normatifs, les pratiques orthographiques qui s’écartent de la norme. / The following thesis tackles the subject of orthographic practices among persons struggling to write and more especially the illiterate adults. Illiteracy concerns 16-year-olds and over who, after attending school in France, have not yet mastered reading, writing, using calculus, and did not acquire basic competencies, as it is qualified in the adult training field. This study aims to find out more about the heterogeneity of this illiterate population, and more particularly to identify the competencies and difficulties that are linked to spelling. This thesis offers a description and a linguistic analysis on orthographic practices with adults who are struggling with written language. It shows that for the majority, they can actually put things in writing, even from an orthographical outlook. Furthermore, it delves into the understanding of the institutional means in place to help training illiterate adults, especially in the region of Upper-Normandy (France). All the analyses have for objective to draw didactic food for thought and suggest tangible tools in order to « read differently » than with normative terms, the orthographical practices that divert from the norm.