O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre os três métodos para obtenção das características aerodinâmicas de tabuleiros de pontes: analítico, experimental e numérico. O tema é motivado pelo crescimento das necessidades de conhecimento científico e tecnológico na área de desempenho aerodinâmico de seções típicas de pontes nas etapas mais iniciais de projeto. A precisão de uma ferramenta de previsão certamente acelera a convergência ao modelo final; porém, qualquer metodologia numérica deve ser extensivamente testada antes de ser utilizada nos escritórios de cálculo. Inicialmente mostra-se a lógica da análise de instabilidades provocadas pelo vento, resume-se a modelagem de tabuleiros de pontes para ensaios em túnel de vento e descreve-se o método numérico implementado no programa comercial de análise de pontes RM. Comparam-se dados disponíveis de testes de modelos reduzidos no túnel de vento com as estimativas de aproximação do Método da Vorticidade em Partículas (MVP). Confrontam-se resultados para casos clássicos, um estudo paramétrico, dados dos relatórios de três pontes Brasileiras já ensaiadas no Túnel de Vento Joaquim Blessmann do LAC – PPGEC/UFRGS: Paulicéia, Guamá e Roberto Marinho. Finalmente, considera-se o método experimental como preciso e julga-se o método numérico comparativamente, analisando a confiabilidade dos resultados e procurando definir a sua faixa de aplicabilidade. Examinando a variabilidade dos resultados, bastante baixa, definiu-se sua faixa de aplicação considerando os resultados obtidos como satisfatórios para projetos básicos e executivos de estruturas; necessitando, porém, para os casos especiais, de comprovação experimental em túnel de vento antes da sua execução. Exemplifica-se então o uso do método para alguns problemas de análises de seções. Os resultados e comparações corroboram verificações anteriores do método dos vórtices discretos para verdadeiras seções de pontes e mostram porque o seu uso vem se tornando cada vez mais aceitável. / The work has the objective to realize a comparative study between three methods to obtain bridge aerodynamic coefficients: analytic, experimental and numerical. The theme is motivated by the increasing need of knowledge about the aerodynamic behaviour of bridge decks in the early stages of the design process. The accuracy of a predictive tool will certainly accelerate the convergence to the final design. However, any numerical methodology must be extensively tested ascertain and hence validated before it becomes of current use by designers. Collaboration is made comparing wind tunnel data of reduced models and numerical estimations by a simplified approach. After a brief overview of wind loading and wind tunnel modeling, the bridge wind resistance design in the commercially available bridge design software package RM is shown. The Discrete Vortex Method and the implementation are shortly described. Initially, classical fluid problems are indicated together with the comparison of parametric cross sectional bridge shapes. After, three Brazilian large cablestayed bridge projects are presented as instance of analysis: Paulicéia, Guamá and Roberto Marinho. Bridges aerodynamic coefficients were experimentally obtained at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Joaquim Blessmann at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Finally, experimental results are considered precise and those results evaluated with CFD are compared analyzing the liability and applicability. According to the results variability, quite low, we considered them appropriated for basic and final structural designs; needing, although, for special cases, of experimental probation in wind tunnel tests before the construction phase. Some CFD analysis problems of cross sections are then presented as application examples. The results and similitude corroborate earlier verifications of the method and this implementation, demonstrating why its use is becoming increasingly acceptable.

Este trabalho apresenta a simulação numérica do escoamento turbulento em torno de uma turbina eólica de eixo vertical de pequeno porte, Savonius tipo helicoidal com torção de 180° nas pás. Com o intuito de avaliar a metodologia computacional empregada os resultados numéricos obtidos são comparados com os resultados experimental e numérico contidos no estado da arte. Também, compara-se o coeficiente de toque da turbina Savonius helicoidal com a turbina Savonius convencional. As simulações numéricas são baseadas no Método de Volumes Finitos, e para tal emprega-se o programa Fluent /Ansys versão 13.0 que resolve as equações da continuidade e as equações de Navier-Stokes com médias de Reynolds, juntamente com o modelo de turbulência . As simulações são desenvolvidas empregando diferentes malhas computacionais em estudos transientes, tridimensionais, com a turbina estacionária. A avaliação da qualidade da malha é realizada através do método de Índice de Convergência de Malha (GCI) o qual analisa o quão longe os resultados estão da solução assintótica para a malha utilizada. Após a análise da qualidade de malha, realizam-se simulações com a turbina em rotação as quais fazem uso da malha contendo uma região móvel possibilitando a imposição de uma velocidade angular ao rotor. O coeficiente de torque é obtido nas simulações e a partir dele calcula-se o coeficiente de potência. Além da análise do desempenho do rotor realiza-se uma análise qualitativa das características do escoamento sobre a turbina. A turbina Savonius helicoidal apresenta um valor de coeficiente de potência de 0,175 para a razão de velocidade de ponta de 0,58 considerando correção do efeito de bloqueio. Os resultados obtidos apresentam boa concordância com os resultados publicados por outros autores. / This dissertation presents the numerical simulation of the turbulent flow around of a small sized vertical axis wind turbine, consisting in a helical Savonius type with a 180° degree of blade twist. In order to evaluate the used methodology the obtained results are compared with the state of the art numerical and experimental data. It will be also presented the comparison between the torque coefficient of the conventional Savonius turbine and the helical Savonius turbine. The numerical simulations are based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM), using the commercial code Fluent/ANSYS version 13.0, which solves the continuity and Navier-Stokes through the Reynolds time-averaged methodology, including the turbulence model. The simulations are developed using different computational meshes for transient and three-dimensional studies with the stationary turbine. The evaluating the quality of the mesh is performed by of Grid Convergence Index (GCI) method which analyzes how far the results are the asymptotic solution to the mesh used. After the evaluation of the mesh quality, it was simulated a case considering the rotor motion using the moving mesh configuration, allowing the imposition of an angular velocity to the turbine. In the post-processing stage, it is possible to obtain the torque coefficient on the rotor shaft, allowing the calculation of the power coefficient for the turbine. In addition to the performance analysis, it is also made a qualitative analysis of the flow characteristics over the turbine rotor and in both cases presenting a good correspondence with the results in the literature. The helical Savonius turbine presents a value of power coefficient of 0.175 to a tip speed ratio of 0.58 whereas blocking effect correction.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’application des connaissances acquises grâce à des expériences de phonétique expérimentale à l’enseignement de la prononciation des voyelles dans le cadre du FLE. Les formants des voyelles orales françaises et arabes prononcées par des natifs indiquent que les voyelles /iː aː uː/ de l’arabe diffèrent phonétiquement des /i a u/ du français, en particulier /iː uː/ qui se rapprochent plutôt de /e o/ du français. L’étude acoustique des voyelles du français montre que la voyelle /u/ perd son identité quand elle est réalisée par des apprenants jordaniens : les formants de /u/ réalisée par des débutants sont proches de /ø/ et ceux par des apprenants avancés sont proches de /o/. Les études perceptives confirment que /u/ est confondue avec /o ø/ et indique que les apprenants réalisent seulement un timbre des paires: [e-ɛ], [ø-œ] et [o-ɔ] et qu’ils réussissent à reproduire et identifier /y/ et /ø/ pourtant absentes de leur système phonologique. En revanche, les voyelles nasales représentent, pour eux, une grosse difficulté. Ils les confondent entre elles et avec des voyelles orales. L’étude aérodynamique des voyelles /ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ des apprenants jordaniens montrent qu’ils synchronisent différemment l’arrivée du débit d’air nasal et qu’ils répartissent différemment sa quantité sur les voyelles par rapport aux natifs. La mesure des formants au début des voyelles nasales montre que les apprenants ne possèdent pas les mêmes cibles articulatoires pour /ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ que les natifs. Notre thèse s’achève par une réflexion portant sur des stratégies de correction phonétique, des propositions matérielles et techniques d’entraînement à la prononciation. / The dissertation deals with the application of knowledge acquired from experimental phonetics to the teaching of vowels pronunciation within the framework of French as a foreign language. The formants of French and Arabic oral vowels pronounced by natives indicate that Arabic vowels /iː aː uː/ differ phonetically from French /i a u/, in particular /iː uː/, which were realized more like /e o/ of French. The acoustic study of French vowels shows that the French /u/ loses its identity when it is produced by the Jordanian learners: The formants of /u/ realized by beginners are close to those of /ø/, and close to /o/ in the realization of advanced learners. The perceptive studies confirm that the learners merge /u/ with /ø o/ and reproduce only a single sound for the following pairs: /e-ɛ/, /ø-œ/ and /o-ɔ/ whereas they realize and identify correctly /y ø/ in spite of the absence of /y ø/ in their phonological system. By contrast, the nasal vowels /ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ pose a serious problem for the learners. They are mutually merged and also confused with oral vowels. The aerodynamic study of French nasal vowels, pronounced by Jordanians learners indicates that they synchronize differently the onset of nasal airflow and distribute in different manner its quantity on the vowels with regard to the realization of natives. The formants measured at the beginning of /ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ show that the learners do not have the same articulatory targets for the nasal vowels as the natives. The dissertation ends up with a reflection concerning strategies of phonetic correction, materials and technical propositions for pronunciation teaching

L’amélioration des performances des turboréacteurs actuels est un enjeu crucial dans un contexte de contraintes économiques et environnementales fortes. Au sein du turboréacteur, le canal inter-turbines, localisé à l’interface entre la turbine Haute Pression (HP) et le premier distributeur Basse Pression (BP), est le siège d’écoulements très complexes. Ainsi, les structures aérodynamiques issues de la turbine HP (sillages, tourbillons et ondes de choc) interagissent fortement entre elles et impactent l’écoulement du distributeur BP, engendrant ainsi des pertes de rendement de l’ensemble de la configuration. Ce travail de thèse s’attache à étudier les phénomènes d’interactions aérodynamiques entre une turbine HP et le premier distributeur BP et à analyser les mécanismes à l’origine des pertes aérodynamiques dans le distributeur BP. Une campagne expérimentale antérieure, réalisée sur un banc d’essai comprenant une turbine HP couplée à un distributeur BP, avait permis de recueillir des mesures de l’écoulement dans des plans situés dans le canal inter-turbines et à l’aval du distributeur BP. En lien avec ces résultats expérimentaux, les simulations numériques menées dans cette étude avec le logiciel elsA s’attachent à restituer précisément la nature tridimensionnelle, instationnaire et turbulente de l’écoulement au sein de cette même configuration. Ces travaux se développent alors en trois étapes principales. Dans un premier temps, une étude stationnaire avec traitement plan de mélange permet de comprendre et quantifier les aspects généraux de l’écoulement. Une évaluation de l’effet de la modélisation turbulente RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) et du schéma numérique spatial sur les structures aérodynamiques présentes dans la configuration est réalisée. Dans un deuxième temps, une modélisation turbulente avancée de type ZDES (Zonal Detached-Eddy Simulation) est employée pour la résolution de l’écoulement dans le distributeur BP. Les structures aérodynamiques instationnaires issues de la roue HP amont sont modélisées par une condition limite à l’entrée du domaine de calcul. L’approche ZDES est comparée à une approche Unsteady RANS (URANS) sur la même configuration. La formation et la dissipation des sillages et des tourbillons est significativement différente entre les deux modélisations, ce qui impacte de manière importante la génération des pertes aérodynamiques. Enfin, des simulations URANS de plusieurs configurations permettent de mieux comprendre les effets d’interaction entre les différentes rangées d’aubes. Ainsi, les approches instationnaires chorochroniques prenant en compte un seul rotor et un seul stator évaluent des effets instationnaires importants dans le canal inter-turbines. Ces approches conduisent à la mise en oeuvre d’un calcul sur une configuration multipassages-chorochronique prenant en compte les deux stators et le rotor afin de modéliser complètement les interactions déterministes existantes. Afin de quantifier celles-ci avec précision, une décomposition modale du champ instationnaire est mise en place. Les niveaux d’interactions liées aux différentes roues sont alors quantifiés et l’impact sur les pertes aérodynamiques est évalué. / Improving the performance of current aeronautical turbines is an important issue in a context of severe economical and environmental constraints. In a turbofan, the inter-turbine channel which is located between the High-Pressure (HP) turbine and the first Low Pressure (LP) vane is characterized by a complex flow. Therefore aerodynamic structures coming from the HP turbine (wakes, vortices and showkwaves) strongly interact between each other and affect the LP vane flow field. This generates efficiency losses of the overall configuration. This PhD thesis aims at studying the aerodynamic phenomena between a HP turbine and the first LP vane and at analyzing the mechanisms creating aerodynamic losses. A previous experimental campaign, which was carried out on a facility including a HP turbine coupled to a LP vane, enabled to gather flow field measurements in planes located in the inter-turbine channel and downstream of the LP vane. In comparison with these experimental data, the numerical simulations done with elsA software intend to reproduce accurately the 3D, unsteady and turbulent nature of the flow within this configuration. The work can be divided into three mains steps. As a first step, steady simulations with a sliding mesh treatment enable to understand the general aspects of the flow. An assessment of the effects of RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) turbulent predictions and of spatial numerical schemes on the aerodynamic structures present in the configuration is carried out. As a second step, the advanced turbulence approach ZDES (Zonal Detached-Eddy Simulation) is considered for the LP vane flow prediction. The unsteady aerodynamic structures coming from the upstream HP rotor are set as an inlet boundary condition of the computational domain. The ZDES approach is compared to a URANS (Unsteady RANS) approach on the same computational domain. The generation and dissipation of the wakes and vortices are significantly different on the two simulations, and thus impact the creation of aerodynamic losses. Finally, URANS simulations enable to better understand the interaction effects between the different blade rows. First, the unsteady phase-lagged approaches that take into account a single rotor and stator assess the important unsteady effects in the inter-turbine channel. They finally lead to the implementation of a multipassages phase-lagged computation that takes into account the two stators and the rotor in order to model all the existing determinist interactions. In order to quantify them accurately, a modal decomposition of the unsteady flow field is set up. The interaction levels linked to the different blade rows are therefore quantified and the impact of the aerodynamic losses is evaluated.

Bien que les méthodes de calcul peuvent donner de bons résultats, ils ne sont généralement pas en accord avec exactement les données d'essais en vol en raison des incertitudes dans les modelé de calcul de structure et aérodynamiques. Une méthode efficace est nécessaire pour la mise à jour des modelé aeroelastiques en utilisant les données d'essais en vol, les données d'essais de vibration au sol ( GVT ) et les données de soufflerie. Tout d'abord tous les développements ont été valides sur une section de l'aile 2D et sur un modèle 3D simple et après l'approche POD a été applique= a une configuration industrielle (modèle de soufflerie aile-fuselage et modèle d' avions complète). / Although computational methods can provide good results, they usually do not agree exactly with the flight test data due to uncertainties in structural and aerodynamic computational models. An effective method is required for updating computational aeroelastic models using the flight test data along with Ground Vibration Test (GVT) data and wind tunnel data. Firstly all developments have been validated on a 2D wing section and on a simple 3D model and after the POD approach has been applied to an industrial configuration (wing-fuselage wind tunnel model and complete aircraft model).

One important source of coarse particulate matter in urban atmosphere is the resuspended street dust. The aim of this study was to determine the emission potential of street dust samples, to conduct shape and mineralogical analysis of resuspendable fraction and on the bases of the findings carry out a comparison between the different sampling sites. The dust samples were collected in February 2014 in three cities: Ostrava, Prague and Pilsen. For the purpose of this study, nine samples from the selected sites were dispersed in a resuspension chamber. The samples were collected in the center of every city in the following locations: the main square, the tram railway and the curbside. Morphological and elemental analysis was performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope with EDS detector. The presence of mineral components such as quartz, chlorite, calcite, feldspar and kaolinite was observed. In samples from Ostrava were found spherical-shaped particles composed of iron oxides. The samples of Pilsen contained amphibole mineral fibers - actinolite. X-ray Powder Diffraction at high sensitivity showed the presence of amphibole asbestos in the samples from Ostrava and Prague. The mass of each size fraction of resuspended samples was determined. The mass size distribution was bimodal (2.5 µm and 8 µm),...

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Ronaldo G. Maghirang / Nanostructured particles possess unique chemical and physical properties, making them excellent candidates for air purification, smoke clearing, and obscuration. This research was conducted to investigate the aerodynamic, charging, and infrared (IR) extinction properties of nanostructured particles. Specific objectives were to: (1) measure the size distribution and concentration of aerosolized nanostructured particles; (2) evaluate their IR extinction properties; (3) determine their relative chargeability; and (4) numerically model their transport in enclosed rooms. The size distribution and concentration of two nanostructured particles (NanoActive® MgO and MgO plus) were measured in an enclosed room. The particles differed in size distribution and concentration; for example, the geometric mean diameters of NanoActive® MgO and MgO plus were 3.12 and 11.1 [Mu]m, respectively. The potential of nanostructured particles as IR obscurants was determined and compared with other particles. Four groups of particles were considered: nanostructured particles (NanoActive® MgO plus, MgO, TiO[subscript2]); nanorods (MgO, TiO[subscript2]); conventional particles (NaHCO[subscript3] and ISO fine test dust); and common obscurants (brass, graphite, carbon black). The extinction coefficients of the nanostructured particles were generally significantly smaller than those of the other particles. Graphite flakes had the greatest mass extinction coefficient (3.22 m[superscript2]/g), followed by carbon black (1.72 m[superscript2]/g), and brass flakes (1.57 m[superscript2]/g). Brass flakes had the greatest volume extinction coefficient (1.64 m[superscript2]/cc), followed by NaHCO[subscript3] (0.93 m[superscript2]/cc), and ISO fine test dust (0.91 m[superscript2]/cc). The relative chargeability of nanostructured particles was also investigated. Selected particles were passed through a Teflon tribocharger and their net charge-to-mass ratios were measured. Tribocharging was able to charge the particles; however, the resulting charge was generally small. NanoActive® TiO[subscript2] gained the highest net charge-to-mass ratio (1.21 mC/kg) followed by NanoActive® MgO (0.81 mC/kg) and ISO fine test dust (0.66 mC/kg). The transport of NanoActive® MgO plus and hollow glass spheres in an enclosed room was simulated by implementing the discrete phase model of FLUENT. In terms of mass concentrations, there was reasonable agreement between predicted and measured values for hollow glass spheres but not for NanoActive® MgO plus. In terms of number concentration, there was large discrepancy between predicted and measured values for both particles.

The turbulent nature of the wind flow coupled with additional turbulence created by the wind-building interaction result in highly non-uniform, fluctuating wind-loading on building envelopes. This is true even for simple rectangular symmetric buildings. Building codes and standards should reflect the information on which they are based as closely as possible, and this should be achieved without making the building codes too complicated and/or bulky. However, given the complexity of wind loading on low-rise buildings, its codification can be difficult, and it often entails significant inconsistencies. This required the development of alternative design methods, such as the Database-Assisted-Design (DAD) methodology, that can produce more accurate and risk-consistent estimates of wind loads or their effects. In this dissertation, the DAD methodology for rigid-structures has been further developed into a design tool capable of automatically helping to size member cross sections that closely meet codified strength and serviceability requirements. This was achieved by the integration of the wind engineering and structural engineering phases of designing for wind and gravity loads. Results obtained using this method showed DAD’s potential for practical use in structural design. Different methods of synthesizing aerodynamic and climatological data were investigated, and the effects of internal pressure in structural design were also studied in the context of DAD. This dissertation also addressed the issues of (i) insufficiently comprehensive aerodynamic databases for various types of building shapes, and (ii) the large volume (in size) of existing aerodynamic databases, that can significantly affect the extent to which the DAD methodology is used in engineering practice. This research is part of an initiative to renew the way we evaluate wind loads and perform designs. It is transformative insofar as it enables designs that are safe and economical owing to the risk-consistency inherent in DAD, meaning that enough structural muscle is provided to assure safe behavior, while fat is automatically eliminated in the interest of economy and CO2 footprint reduction.

No description available.

Tall buildings are wind-sensitive structures and could experience high wind-induced effects. Aerodynamic boundary layer wind tunnel testing has been the most commonly used method for estimating wind effects on tall buildings. Design wind effects on tall buildings are estimated through analytical processing of the data obtained from aerodynamic wind tunnel tests. Even though it is widely agreed that the data obtained from wind tunnel testing is fairly reliable the post-test analytical procedures are still argued to have remarkable uncertainties. This research work attempted to assess the uncertainties occurring at different stages of the post-test analytical procedures in detail and suggest improved techniques for reducing the uncertainties. Results of the study showed that traditionally used simplifying approximations, particularly in the frequency domain approach, could cause significant uncertainties in estimating aerodynamic wind-induced responses. Based on identified shortcomings, a more accurate dual aerodynamic data analysis framework which works in the frequency and time domains was developed. The comprehensive analysis framework allows estimating modal, resultant and peak values of various wind-induced responses of a tall building more accurately. Estimating design wind effects on tall buildings also requires synthesizing the wind tunnel data with local climatological data of the study site. A novel copula based approach was developed for accurately synthesizing aerodynamic and climatological data up on investigating the causes of significant uncertainties in currently used synthesizing techniques. Improvement of the new approach over the existing techniques was also illustrated with a case study on a 50 story building. At last, a practical dynamic optimization approach was suggested for tuning structural properties of tall buildings towards attaining optimum performance against wind loads with less number of design iterations.