Movement and storytelling are the links between past and present; both dance and literature have the same artistic and primal origins. We began to dance to express and communicate, to worship and feel. We tell stories for the same reasons: to learn from the past and to be able to communicate in the present. This work explores the many connections between literature and dance through examinations of six dance forms: Native American, Bharatanatyam, West African, Ballet, Modern, and Post-Modern dance.

Poor loan repayment causes the decline and failure of some microfinance institutions. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies that microfinance (MFI) leaders use to reduce loan default in the base of the pyramid market. The study population included 6 MFI leaders, 12 borrower community-based groups, and 4 staff members of the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA Rwanda) who reduced MFI loan default in Rwanda. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 3 MFI leaders, 3 ADRA Rwanda staff members, and 3 members of borrower groups. Data were also collected through focus groups with 3 borrower community-based groups comprising 6 to 8 members. Additional data were collected through the analysis of MFI and ADRA Rwanda organizational documents. The Varian group lending model was the conceptual framework for the study. Data analysis involved methodological triangulation and the Gadamerian hermeneutics framework of interpretation. Four major themes emerged: intrapreneurship and environmental business opportunities, favorable loan repayment conditions, strategies for choosing borrower groups, and loan use monitoring. A sustainable microfinance institution can produce social change by providing microfinance loans that clients can use to start and grow microenterprises that can become the source of income for improving the lives of clients and their family members. Findings may also be used to create economic growth through the participation of more people in economic activities in the base of the pyramid market.

Supply chain disruptions are detrimental to the performance of companies due to the associated loss of profitability and reduced sustainability. In 2016, organizations lost at least $1.2 million in a single supply chain disruption. Guided by the contingency theory of fit, the purpose of this exploratory multiple case study was to explore the strategies agribusiness managers use to prevent and mitigate the effects of disruptions in the agro-food supply chains. A total of 5 purposefully-selected agribusiness managers from Harare, Zimbabwe participated in semistructured interviews. Participants were senior agribusiness managers who implemented successful strategies for preventing and mitigating the effects of disruptions in agro-food supply chains. Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis of interview data and review of organizational documents: collaboration among supply chain partners, business continuity management, and the use of a multiple supplier base. Agribusiness managers must first understand the sources of disruption risk, assess the impact of the risk, and then select an appropriate strategy based on the level of uncertainty and risk. By managing the risks effectively, managers can improve the performance and competitiveness of their businesses. The implications for positive social change may include a reduction in supply chain costs, provision of better services and products to consumers, and lower prices of agro-food products to consumers which could lead to an improvement in the lives of consumers.

This thesis aims to explore how conceptions of the black prophetic tradition, as discussed by thinkers Cornel West and George Shulman, might be expanded into the realm of African American musical traditions and genres. I argue that musical genres like the blues and hip-hop function as an affective discourse that aesthetically, politically and religiously function as sites of resistance to white supremacy and provide alternate pathways to liberation as compared to more canonical instantiations of the black prophetic. In particular I provide close readings of performances and art by Nina Simone and Kanye West.

This study aimed to determine whether the current African language translation facilitation course (ALTFC) held at the Directorate Language Services (D Lang) is in tune with contemporary trends in translator training, as well as the needs of the South African Department of Defence (DOD) and ALTFC candidates. In order to accomplish these aims, the research methodology was divided into a theoretical component in the form of a literature survey and an empirical component by means of questionnaire research. While the literature survey revealed that with the exception of using corpora of parallel texts, the ALTFC largely follows contemporary trends in translator training, the questionnaire research identified four problem areas, i.e. feedback on practical work, the time factor, the candidates' English proficiency and teacher enthusiasm. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, four new ALTFC models were developed. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / MA (Linguistics)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu / This six-chapter study is a qualitative research work conducted within the Afrocentricity framework covering the application and testing of three newly found Afrocentric theories in African literature with special emphasis on isiZulu texts. The aim of this study is to test the application of Afrikan Humanism, Intsomi dream theory, and Africentricity theory. These theories were developed as a result of the debate between Eurocentric and Afrocentric scholars in literature and literary criticism. In this study the research comprised of examination of existing literature on literary criticism with particular focus on Afrocentricity perspectives on the literary criticism debate. The researcher employed the purposive sample on the theories as well as on the 5 short stories, and 2 novels on which Afrikana Humanisim, Intsomi dream theory, and Africentricity theory were applied. Amongst the findings, it is evident that South African scholars are still yearning to contribute on the debate and this has led to modifications of theories and development of new ones such as the Afrikan Humanism, Intsomi dream theory, Africentricity theory, African materialist aesthetics, multi-approach reading, systems, inter-cultural. Future research includes continued studies in decoloniality of African literature, orality research and empirical data should be generated to expand the field of African literary criticism with fresh approaches being tested and applied. New theories, literary frameworks need to be further investigated with a view of entrenching the application of Afrocentricity whilst decolonizing literature in Africa. , Materialist, Aesthetics, Literature, Orality, Orature, Decolonisation, Feminism, Theory, isiZulu, culture, tradition. / Feministiese geleerdes voer al geruime tyd 'n warm debat oor die kwessie of die normalisering van kosmetiese chirurgie vroue positief beïnvloed, vroue bemagtig deurdat dit volmag en keuse vir hulle in die hand werk (Gimlin 2002; Kuczynski 2006), of vroue onderdruk deurdat dit patriargale ideologieë voorstaan wat die vroueliggaam inperk en gevolglik die vrou inhibeer om haar stem te laat hoor (Blood 2005; Blum 2005; Clarke en Griffin 2007; Heinricy 2006; Tait 2007). In plaas daarvan om by hierdie debat betrokke te raak, gaan ek van die veronderstelling uit dat die normalisering van kosmetiese chirurgie 'n vorm van implisiete en eksklusiewe geweld is. Aan die hand van post-strukturalistiese, feministiese en psigoanalitiese teorieë ontleed ek die manier waarop hierdie vorm van geweld vroue se liggaam onderwerp en hul psige vorm. Ek dekonstrueer die vorming van die genormaliseerde self, die bewussyn en die daad van belydenis, soos dit in die konteks oorgebring word, aan die hand van Jacques Lacan, Judith Butler en Michel Foucault se beskouings van herderlike oftewel pastorale mag. Hierbenewens onderstreep ek die rol wat liberale feminisme in hierdie vorm van onderwerping speel. Sodoende demonstreer ek teoreties hoe die voortdurende en effektiewe funksionering van pastorale mag in die konteks van ’n individualiseringstegniek vroue in die tweede dekade van die een-en-twintigste eeu onderdruk. Ek maak die aanname dat die normalisering van kosmetiese chirurgie daartoe bydra dat vroue die swye opgelê word, die individu se psige uitgebuit en onderdruk word en die lewende liggaam ontkragtig word deur middel van ’n inkerkering wat minder sigbaar en minder eksplisiet is en agter ’n estetiese en morele sluier verdoesel word. In hierdie konteks bied ek ’n teendiskoers aan vir die onderwerping wat onderliggend is aan die normaliseringsdiskoerse wat die kosmetiesechirurgiebedryf ondersteun, en ek bepleit dat die patriargale norme wat in diskoerse oor kosmetiese chirurgie vassit, gedestabiliseer word. Ek demonstreer verder ’n teoretiese rekonstruksie wat ’n inskripsie insluit van wat ek ’n geloofwaardige feministiese stem in die eietydse verbruikerskultuur noem – ’n modus van intieme, onbewuste opstandigheid. Ek bepleit 'n terugkeer na Julia Kristeva se teorie en die intieme oproer wat deur haar etiese benadering voorgestaan word. Afgesien hiervan stel ek ’n stem voor wat ’n intieme opstand demonstreer – ’n stem wat patriargale norme uitdaag en nie uitsluitlik onderdruk word deur die normaliseringsmeganismes wat vorm gee aan die vrou van die een-entwintigste eeu nie, waar die klem op die kosmetiesechirurgiebedryf en die boliggende diskoerse daarvan val – Antjie Krog, Suid-Afrikaanse digter. Dit is juis Krog se kunstig gestruktureerde digterlike tekste wat my teoretiese rekonstruksie fasiliteer. Aan die hand van Kristeva se teorie oor semanalise toon ek teoreties dat Krog se werk ’n ruimte daarstel wat "uitstyg" bo die grense wat die wet van die Vader en die normaliseringsmeganismes stel. Hierbenewens stel ek ’n "originêre gehegtheid" as aanpassing van Kristeva se beskouing van die chora voor, en my voorstel van ’n "originêre ideaal" daag Kristeva se opvating oor paragramme uit in die konteks van dit wat ten grondslag lê aan die gebied van die paternalistiese metafoor. Op grond van Louise Viljoen se ontleding van Krog se werk en Bridget Garnham se navorsing oor opkomende diskoerse oor ontwerpers- kosmetiese chirurgie bied ek Krog se digterlike tekste aan as ’n teendiskoers vir die "morele" diskoerse oor kosmetiese chirurgie wat die verouderende individu in die tweede dekade van die een-en-twintigste eeu uitbuit. Daarby, deur Kristeva se teorie oor paragramme op Krog se digterlike teks(te) toe te pas, demonstreer ek 'n destabilisering van die patriargale norme wat implisiet in diskoerse oor kosmetiese chirurgie teenwoordig is. Hierbenewens brei ek Kristeva se teorie oor die negatiwiteitsbeginsel uit deur middel van ’n heroorsetting van die belydenisdaad in Krog se digwerk(e), ’n uitbreiding van Foucault se pastorale mag en Butler se opvatting oor die eksklusiwiteit van normalisering, en ’n opeising van Krog se verouderende liggaam in Verweerskrif/Body Bereft (Krog 2006). / Sekubekhona izingxoxo-mpikiswano eziningi kwizifundiswa zama-feminist ukuthi ngabe ukwenza isurgery yohlinzo olungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka ngokwemvelo (cosmetic plastic surgery) kunomphumela omuhle yini kwabesimame, ngabe kuhlinzeka ngamandla kwabesimame ngokuphakamisela phezulu ukuthi umuntu azenzele akufunayo kanye nokuzikhethela (Grimlin 2002, Kuczynski 2006) noma kuyinto ecindezela abesimame ngokuqhubela phambili indlela nama-idiyoloji abekwa ngabesilisa ukuthi imizimba yabesimame kumele ibukeke kanjani, kanti lokhu kucindezela izwi labesimame (Blum 2003, Blood 2005, Heinricy 2006, Clarke and Griffin 2007, Tait, 2007). Kunokuthi iphuzu nami ngingenele kule ngxoxo-mpikiswano, elami iphuzu lona liqhubeka ukusukela kwisimo sokuthi ukwamukela uhlujzo olungajulile lokuzitshintsha ukubukeka kwabesimame (cosmetic surgery) kuyindlela yodlame olungaqondile ngqo kanye nolukhipha inyumbazane abesimame. Ngokusebenzisa amathiyori epost-structuralist, awe-feminist kanye nawepsychoanalytical, ngihlaziya indlela le nhlobo yalolu dlame ecindezela ngayo imizimba yabesimame kanye nokuhlela indlela okumele bacabange nokuzibona ngayo. Ngokusebenzisa iphuzu likaJacques Lacan, Judith Buttle kanye noMichel Foucault lamandla okukhokhela ngokomoya, ngiqhaqha indlela okubumbeka ngayo isithombe sokuzibona, unembeza kanye nomoya wokuhlambulula ngokuzidalula (confession) lapho kubhekwa izinto ngaphansi kwesimo somzimba wokuhlinzwa okungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka ngokwakho. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ngigqamisa indima ye-liberal feminism ngokwayo kule nhlobo yencindezelo. Ngokwenza lokho, ngikhombisa ngokwethiyori ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwamandla esikhokhelo ngokomoya ngaphansi kwethekniki yokuzazi komuntu eyedwa okucindezela abesimame kwiminyaka elishumi yesibili, yesenshuri yamashumi amabili nanye . Ngiqhubela phambili iphuzu lokuthi ukwenziwa kohlinzo olungajulile lokuzishintsha ukubukeka kuqala umoya wokucindezela izwi labesimame, ukuxhashazwa kwabo, kanye nendlela umuntu azibona ngayo ngokwengqondo, kanye nokucindezela umzimba ophilayo ngezindlela ezingazibonakalisi obala, ezifihlekile, indlela yokubopha efihlwa yindlela yokubukeka kanye nokwembozwa umoya. Kungaphansi kwalesi simo lapho ngethula khona i-discourse yencindezelo eyenza ukuthi imboni yohlinzo olungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka kwabesimame kube yinto ephakanyiswayo nokubonwa iyinhle, ukuphazamiseka kwama-norm endlela yengcindezi yabesilisa, ngaphansi kwama-discourse okuhlinzwa okungajulile ukushintsha ukubukeka, kanye nokwakha ithiyori ebandakanya ukubona izinto ngendlela ethize, engikuchaza njengezwi okuyilo elifanele le-feminism, kwisimo sosiko esiphila ngaphansi kwaso samanje - okuyindlela abantu abazibuka ngayo ezingqondweni ngendlela engekho obala. Ngigcizelela ukubuyela kwithiyori kaKristeva, kanye nokuthi abantu babhoke indlobana ngezindlela eziphansi, okuyinto ayiphakamisayo yenkambiso yokwazi okulungile nokungalunganga (ethical approach). Naphezu kwalokho, ngiveza izwi elibonisa ukubhoka indlobana kwabesimame ngendlela engekho sobala - izwi elifaka inselele kuma-norm okubhozomelwa ngumqondo wokulawula kwabesilisa, kanti futhi leli zwi aligcinanga nje kuphela umumo wabesimame ngendlela ejwayelekile njengowesimame wesenshuri yamashumi amabili-nanye ngokugcizelela kwimboni yohlinzo olungajulile lokuzishintsha ukubukeka, kanye nendlela lokhu okuyisihibe ngayo – ngokusho kukasonkondlo waseNingizimu Afrika, u-Antjie Krog. Imibhalo yezinkondlo zikaKrog ezinobungcweti yiyo eyenze ukwakha kwami kabusha ithiyori. Ngokusebenzisa ithiyori kaKristeva ye-semanalysis, ngibonisa ngokwethiyori ukuthi umsebenzi kaKrog uqambe okweqele ngaleya kwizihibe zomthetho kubaba kanye nezindlela zokwenza izinto zibukeke ngendlela evamile noma zingavamile. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ngifakela i-"originary attachment" njengokwenza ukuthi kube kwesinye isimo, iphuzu likaKristeva ku-chora kanti isiphakamiso sami se-"originary ideal" sifaka inselele kusigcizelelo sikaKristeva ngamagremu efonethiki ngaphansi kwesimo esigcizelela umfanekiso ngasohlangothini lobaba. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya kukaLouise Viljoen kumsebenzi kaKrog kanye nocwaningo lukaBridget Garnham ngokuvela kwama-discourse ohlinzo olungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka njengesisekelo, ngase ngethula imibhalo yezinkondlo zikaKrog njenge-discourse yokuphikisa ama-discourse e-"moral" yama-discourse ohlinzo olungajulile lokuzishintsha ukubukeka, elixhaphaza abantu abagugayo ngeminyaka eyishumi yesibili kwisenshuri yamashumi amabili-nanye. Naphezu kwalokho, ngisebenzise ithiyori kaKristeva kumapharagramu kwimibhalo yezinkondlo zikaKrog, ngaphazamisa imibono yokuphatha kwabesilisa equkethwe kuma-discourse ohlinzo ulungajulile ukuzishintsha ukubukeka. Ukuqhubekela phambili, nginwebe ithiyori kaKristeva ngesimiso se-negativity ukwethula ukuhumusha kabusha umoya wokuzihlambulula ngokuzidalula otholakala kwizinkondlo zikaKrog, ukuwukunweba amandla umbono kaFaucault wamandla okuthi abantu bazibone ngenye indlela kanye nephuzu likaButler wlkuthi into engavamile engaphandle ibonwe njengento efanele, kanye nokwamukela umzimba ogugayo kwinkondlo ye- Verweerskrif/Body Bereft (Krog 2006). / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.(African Languages)

The study interrogates the marginalisation of the Tonga language in the school curriculum of Zimbabwe. It explores the causes of marginalisation and what can be done by the Zimbabwean government to promote the Tonga language in the school curriculum at all levels in the education domain in Zimbabwe. In the study, the researcher uses a mixed method approach where qualitative and quantitative research techniques are used to corroborate data from different data gathering sources. The postmodernist theory is used in this research because of its encouragement of pluralism in society so as to enhance social cohesion. This is so because all languages are equal and they share the same functions and characteristics. There is no superior or inferior language in the eyes of the postmodernists. Participants for this study were drawn from district officials, selected primary and secondary school educators, primary and secondary school heads, all from Binga district of Zimbabwe and three university Tonga language lecturers, all purposefully selected. Focus group discussions, interviews, questionnaires, documents analysis and observations were used to collect data for this study. The data collected was then analysed using qualitative and quantitative analysis for triangulation purposes. The research established that the marginalisation of the Tonga language in Zimbabwe is caused by both exogenous and endogenous factors. The major factor is Zimbabwe‘s lack of a clear language policy exacerbated by attitudes of the different stakeholders which has also facilitated and enhanced the peripherisation of the Tonga language in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe has a tendency of declaring policies and not implementing them. Consequently, the government reacts to language problems as they arise. The study also reveals the importance of the Tonga language in the school curriculum in Zimbabwe. It also establishes that, for the Tonga language to be promoted there is need for the expeditious training of educators by the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. There is need for the government of Zimbabwe to strengthen their language policy so that the status of Tonga is enhanced and uplifted. A strong language policy will compel different stakeholders to stick to their mandate thereby improving the place of the Tonga language in the school curriculum at all levels of the curriculum in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The study sought to explore possibilities of using African languages and their literature to enhance socio-cultural and economic development in Zimbabwe. In broad terms the study considered empowerment through language. Basically the research was an exploration of the different linguistic patterns and attitudes that prevail in the African continent in general and Zimbabwe in particular. The descriptive survey research design was employed for its usefulness in exploratory studies. A total of 600 people participated in the research. Respondents were from across the breath of linguistic divides in the country. Questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary reviews were used to gather data. Data gathered was subjected to both quantitative and qualitative analysis resulting in data triangulation for validation. Major findings of the research indicated a disparity in the roles and functions allocated to languages in Zimbabwe. English is preferred and over valued in administration, education and wider communication as a carrier of modern knowledge in science and technology Zimbabwe’s dependence on English provides selective access to socio-cultural and economic services that results in the exclusion of a majority of indigenous people. Zimbabwe’s dependence on English therefore limits adequate exploitation of potential in socio-cultural and economic development. The linguistic landscape of Zimbabwe is not adequately exploited. Zimbabwe is a multi-lingual and multi-cultural country without a clear defining instrument for the status and use of indigenous languages, (Gatawa, 1998; NLPAP, 1998 and Nziramasanga et al, 1999). A clear language policy that recognises that language is a resource is likely to be linguistically all-inclusive and facilitate socio-cultural and economic participation by all Zimbabweans Implementation of proposals for inclusion of African languages is retarded by centuries of linguistic marginalisation and fossilised attitudes in the belief that English carries modern knowledge, coupled with the lack of resources theory. Zimbabwe’s pursuance in the use of English is mainly for nationistic reasons.Proposals and recommendations to avoid reverse discrimination and come up with an all-inclusive multi-lingual policy that uplifts the status of indigenous languages and their literature without annihilating English were made. The level of development for English should illuminate and challenge the heights to which African languages can be developed. / African languages / D.Litt. et Phil.

La présente étude porte sur la terminologie de la gynécologie-obstétrique en langue igbo. L’objectif principal est double : d’une part, recenser et classer les termes de la gynécologie-obstétrique en igbo et examiner l’adéquation entre la terminologie igbo et la terminologie internationale des langues de grande diffusion comme l’anglais et le français ; d’autre part, tenter de dégager les procédés à l’œuvre dans la création terminologique du domaine. Des vides ayant été constatés dans la terminologie igbo du domaine par rapport au français et à l’anglais, nous avons essayé de les combler, validant ainsi l’idée selon laquelle la langue igbo, à l’instar de toutes les langues, a bel et bien la capacité de désigner tout concept, quel qu’en soit le domaine. Notre recherche vise spécifiquement à recueillir les termes igbo de la gynécologie-obstétrique autant pour permettre les types de jugement théorique que nous nous sommes engagée à faire que pour les fins utilitaires d’un tel recueil. La méthode utilisée pour étudier la terminologie de la gynécologie-obstétrique en igbo devait convenir à l’étude d’un domaine tabou dans une langue sans documents écrits. Nous avons donc dû tenter de recueillir oralement les termes recherchés, en utilisant des techniques permettant de contourner la réticence de nombreux locuteurs igbo à s’exprimer sur le sujet.Pour constituer la nomenclature du domaine, nous avons mené une enquête sur le terrain auprès d’un groupe de locuteurs igbo constitué de 57 professionnels de santé soit 20 gynécologues-obstétriciens, 10 sages-femmes, 3 infirmiers, 15 médecins traditionnels, 5 sages-femmes traditionnelles, deux chefs de village et deux personnes âgées. Notre démarche s’est inspirée de la socioterminologie de Gaudin (2003, 2005) et de la méthodologie d’enquête d’Halaoui (1990, 1991), auxquelles nous avons emprunté l’aspect méthodologique de la recherche en terminologie des langues africaines. Au vu des résultats de notre enquête, nous avons constaté des vides terminologiques que nous avons tenté de combler à partir des propositions des personnes rencontrées et en nous inspirant de la démarche proposée par Diki-Kidiri (2008). Les matrices terminologiques sous-jacentes aux termes proposés ont été dégagées et analysées. Elles témoignent des tendances générales de l’igbo en la matière. Ce travail aboutit donc à la création d’un lexique trilingue anglais-français-igbo des termes de la gynécologie-obstétrique. Ce lexique contient les termes désignant l’anatomie du bassin féminin et parties génitales, l’anatomie des parties génitales internes femelles, l’anatomie de l’organe sexuel masculin, la physiologie du système reproducteur, le développement de l’embryon, la physiologie de la nutrition pendant la lactation et la grossesse, la surveillance fœtale, le travail/accouchement, le nouveau-né, les maladies liées aux organes reproducteurs, les maladies sexuellement transmissibles, les anomalies structurales, le cancer du système reproducteur et les maladies du système urinaire. Notre travail comprend trois parties. La première partie intitulée « La langue igbo du Nigeria » est composée de trois chapitres. Le chapitre 1 : « le Nigeria Terre de diversité ethnique et Linguistique », le chapitre 2 : « Description de la langue Igbo » et le chapitre 3 : « Problèmes Terminologiques igbo ». La deuxième partie intitulé « Un domaine Terminologique particulier : La médecine » comporte deux chapitres. Le chapitre 4 : « La maladie et la santé chez les igbo », et le chapitre 5 : « La pratique de la médecine au Nigeria ». La troisième partie : « La terminologie igbo de la gynécologie-obstétrique : Etat des lieux » comprends deux chapitres. Le chapitre 6 : « L’enquête sur le terrain » et Le chapitre 7 : « La création Terminologique en igbo : Le cas de la gynécologie-obstétrique ». / This study focuses on gynaecology-obstetrics terminology in Igbo. Our main objective is to take an inventory of Igbo terms in the area of gynaecology-obstetrics and classify them. This will enable us to examine and evaluate the adequacy of Igbo terms in relation to English and French terms. A second objective involves exposing the methodology used in Igbo term creation in the gynaecology-obstetrics domain.In our research we noticed that gaps exist in the area of gynaecology-obstetrics of the Igbo language when compared to English and French languages. We tried to fill in the gaps thereby validating the idea whereby the Igbo language like all other languages, is capable of naming concepts in any area. Our research specifically aims at collecting Igbo terms from the domain of gynaecology-obstetrics in a way that enables us explain or give information on the method of collection of such terms.The method used in the terminological study of the gynaecology-obstetrics domain in Igbo, should be suitable in studying a taboo domain of a language without written documents. An oral documentary research became necessary. Thus the Igbo terms were compiled by means oral documentation research using techniques that helped us bypass the hesitation or reluctance of many Igbo speakers to express themselves on our area of research.To constitute the nomenclature of the domain, we carried out field work. This involved the observation of and interviews with Igbo speakers namely: traditional doctors, orthodox doctors, midwives both traditional and orthodox, nurses, local chiefs and elderly persons. We thus interviewed 57 resource-persons and experts: 20 doctors, 3 nurses and 10 midwives (for the orthodox medicine component), 15 traditional doctors, 5 traditional midwives, 2 local chiefs and 2 elderly persons (for the traditional medicine component). We were equally inspired by socioterminology as exposed by Gaudin (2003, 2005) and the methodology of research as outlined in Halaoui (1990, 1991) from which we borrowed the methodology of research in terminology of African languages.Looking at our field work result, we noticed terminological gaps which we tried to fill using proposals from the people we interviewed. The work also involved the creation of terms for concepts and objects not already named in Igbo. This naming drew principally on the method described in Diki-Kidiri (2008). An analysis of the process underlying each coinage is included. The result obtained is a clear indication that the Igbo language can be used to name things.This work equally proposes a trilingual glossary: English-French-Igbo. The glossary covers such areas as: Anatomy of the female pelvis and the external genitalia, Anatomy of the internal genital organs – female, Anatomy of the male reproductive system, Physiology of the reproductive system, Development of the embryo, Physiology and nutrition in pregnancy and lactation, Foetal surveillance, Labour, The new born infant, Infections of the reproductive organs, Infections of the reproductive tract, Sexually transmitted diseases, Structural anomalies, Cancers of the reproductive system and Disorders of the urinary system.Our work comprises three parts. Part 1: “The Igbo Language of Nigeria” consists of three chapters. Chapter 1: “Nigeria a Land with ethnicity and Linguistic diversity”, Chapter 2: “Description of the Igbo Language” and Chapter 3: “Problems of Igbo Terminology”. Part 2: entitled “A Distinctive Terminological Domain: Medicine” is made up of two chapters. Chapter 4: “Sickness and Heath among the Igbos” and Chapter 5: “Practicing Medicine in Nigeria”. Part 3 comprises two chapters. Chapter 6: “Field Work” and Chapter 7: “Creating Terms in Igbo: the Gynaecology-Obstetrics Domain”. / Nnyọcha anyị a dabere n’ihe gbasara amụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nwa ohụụ n’asụsụ igbo.Ebum n’obi anyị nke mbụ bụ ịchọpụta ma hazie aha dị iche iche e nwere n’asụsụ igbo gbasaraọmụmụ nwa na nwa ohụụ na ngalaba amụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ. Nkea ga-eme ka anyị nwalee aha ndịa e nwere n’asụsụ igbo na ngalaba amụmamụ maka ọmụmụnwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ na aha ndi e nwere na olu bekee m’obụ frenchi. Ebum n’obi anyị nkeabụọ bụ ikwupụta otu anyị si nwete ma depụta aha gbasara ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụn’asụsụ igbo. Anyị kwadoro usoro mkpụrụ edemede nke igbo izugbe.Mgbe anyi n’eme nnyocha a, anyị chọpụtara n’oghere dị n’asụsụ igbo n’ihe metutara mkpọpụtaaha ihe. Nke a mere n’enwere ọtụtụ ihe ndi n’enweghị aha n’asụsụ igbo na ngalaba amụmamụmaka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ. Ihe ndia nwechara aha n’asụsụ ndi ọzọ. Anyị gbalịrịịfachisi oghere ndia dị n’asụsụ igbo iji gosi n’asụsụ a bụ asụsụ igbo nwekwara ike ịkpọpụta ahaihe ndi ha aka akpọbeghị aha.Usoro anyị kwesiri ịgbaso mgbe anyị na-amụ gbasara mkpọ aha n’asụsụ igbo na ngalabaamụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ, kwesiri ka ọ bụrụ nke ga-adaba na ọmụmụihe gbasara asụsụ n’enweghị ihe ndeda gbasara ngalaba amụmamụ a na kwa ngalaba nwereọtụtụ nsọ ala. Nke a mere oji dị mkpa na anyị gara mee nchọpụta n’obodo jụọ ajụjụ ọnụ iji mataaha ndi a n’agbanyeghị na ọ dịghịrị ndi mmadụ mfe ikwu maka ngalaba ihe ọmụmụ a.viNdi anyị gakwuru maka ajụjụ ọnụ a bụ ndi dibịa bekee, ndi nọọsụ, ndi dibịa ọdịnala, ndi ọghọnwa, ndi nchịkọta obodo na ndi okenye. N’ihe niile, anyị na ihe dịka mmadụ 57 kparịtara ụka.Nke a gụnyere ndi ọkachamara. N’ime ha e nwere ndi dibịa bekee 20, ndi nọọsụ 3 na ndi ọghọnwa bekee 10 n’otu akụkụ. N’akụkụ nke ọzọ, e nwere ndi dibịa ọdịnala 15, ndi ọghọ nwaọdịnala 5, ndi nchịkọta obodo 2 na ndi okenye 2. Anyị dabekwara na sosioteminọlọjị nkeGaudin (2003, 2005) na kwa usoro Halaoui (1990, 1991). Usoro a gbasara ịjụ ndi igbo ụfọdụajụjụ ọnụ na iso ha nọrọ mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ.Nchọcha anyị gụnyekwara ịkpọpụta aha dị iche iche n’asụsụ igbo nke sistemu njiamụnwa nkenwoke na nwaanyị, aha gbasara nwa e bu n’afọ na nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụụ. Anyị gbasoro usoroDiki-Kidiri (2008) maka mkpọpụta aha. Anyị mekwara nkọwa iji gosipụta otu anyị si kpọọ ahandịa. N’ikpe azụ anyị depụtara aha ndi niile anyị ji rụọ ọrụ na asụsụ bekee, frenchi na kwa igbo.Aha ndi anyị depụtara gbasara : Amụmamụ ọkpụkpụ ukwu nwaanyị na njiamụnwa, Amụmamụime njiamụnwa kenwaanyị, Amụmamụ ọganụ njiamụnwa kenwoke, Fiziọlọjị sistemunjiamụnwa, Ntolite nwa nọ n’afọ, Fiziọlọjị kenri na mmiriara n’afọ ime, Nledo nwa nọ n’afọna kwa nwaọhụụ, Imeomume, Mbido ndụ nwaọhụụ, Ọrịa ọganụ njiamụnwa, Ọrịa nwaanyị,Nkwarụ, Kansa njiamụnwa na kwa Ọrịa akpamamịrị.

\"Are there any national literatures in black Africa yet? The simple answer is no. [...] If one examines the development of the African language literature that do exists, one is struck by certain recurring tendencies. Many of the books produced, particularly the early works, are of a predominantly moralistic nature. Sometimes they are retelling of folk stories or Bible stories, sometimes imitations of European religious literature, sometimes both.\\\" (Lindfors 1997: 121; 123) Certain anomalies are obvious in the above extract. Swahili written literature with its long-standing tradition, dating far back to the 17th century, has relativly gathered its own aesthetic criteria, values and sensibility, hence \\\''own\\\'' integrity and world view. I dare say that Lindfors will be suprised to learn today, how fast the Swahili novel has developed since when he had left it when he read Andrzejewski et al (1985) and Gérard (1981), who (by the way), themselves did not then see the their works as presenting a complete picture of African literatures in African languages. This essay aims at showing the predicament of the Swahili novelist at the crossroads and how, in a contemporary situation, s/he works out his or her strategies towards resolving the impasses.