Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DD (Church History and Church Polity))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

Muslimische Frauen in Nigeria sind »eingeschlossen«, aber nicht eingesperrt. Was bedeutet das aus ihrer Sicht? Die Ethnologin Katja Werthmann untersuchte während eines sechzehnmonatigen Feldforschungsaufenthaltes in Kano, der größten Stadt Nordnigerias, zentrale Aspekte des Alltagslebens dieser Frauen. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich vorwiegend mit Frauen an der Schnittstelle zwischen Tradition und Moderne, Arm und Reich, Abhängigkeit und Autonomie. Individuelle und kollektive Strategien im Umgang mit kulturellen Normen und gesellschaftlichen Realitäten stehen im Vordergrund dieser Studie. Katja Werthmann betrachtet Frauen im islamischen Afrika nicht aus eurozentrischer Perspektive als homogene Gruppe, sondern als konkrete, handelnde Personen in einem komplexen sozialen Umfeld.

Afrika war im Zeitraum von 1990-99 eine Region, welche jahrzehntelang von Militärre- gimen bestimmt wurde und in der sich die soziale sowie wirtschaftliche Lage einiger Länder zunehmend verschlechterte. Zu dieser Zeit haben verschiedene Staaten Afrikas Millionen in die militärische Rüstung investiert, wobei einige Länder weder ein intaktes Bildungs- und Gesundheitssystem, noch eine bestehende Infrastruktur besaßen. Eine häufig angeführte Begründung dieser Ausgaben war, dass die militärische Sicherung der Landesgrenzen die Wirtschaftslage stabilisieren sowie verbessern würde. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit wird aus staatlicher Perspektive mithilfe empirischer Daten und ökonometrischer Methoden aufzeigen, dass die Wirkung von Militärausgaben auf das Wirtschaftswachstum afrikanischer Staaten in den 90er Jahren nicht einheitlich, sondern abhängig von zeitlichen und staatlich-funktionalen Restriktionen war. Es kann mithilfe eines statistischen Analyseverfahrens bewiesen werden, dass in den 90er Jahren der Einfluss militärischer Ausgaben auf das wirtschaftliche Wachstum afrikanischer Staaten von geschichtlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Hintergründen bedingt wurde.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis II Abbildungsverzeichnis III Abkürzungsverzeichnis IV Symbolverzeichnis VI 1 Einleitung 2 Politische, soziale und wirtschaftliche Situation Afrikas 2.1 Überblick aus kontinentaler Perspektive: Zeitliche Abgrenzung 2.2 Überblick aus staatlicher Perspektive: Funktionale Abgrenzung 3 Forschungsergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Literatur 3.1 Statistisches Modell nach Benoit 3.2 Statistisches Modell nach Frederiksen und Looney 3.3 Statistisches Modell nach Hess 3.4 Statistisches Modell nach Deger und Smith 3.5 Zusammenfassung und kritische Betrachtung der Forschungsergebnisse 4 Das statistische Material: Die Datenlage 4.1 Verfügbarkeit und Verlässlichkeit von militärischen Daten 4.1.1 SIPRI 4.1.2 Weltbank 4.1.3 U.S.Bureau of Verification and Compliance 4.2 Vergleich und Schlussfolgerung 5 Ökonometrische Analyse und ökonomische Auswertung 5.1 Aufbau und Struktur des statistischen Modells: Multiple Regression 5.1.1 Modellaufbau: Definierung und Inkludierung der Variablen 5.1.2 Methodisches Vorgehen 5.2 Ökonometrische Schätzung und ökonomische Implikation 6 Sensitivitätsanalyse 6.1 Zeitliche Untergliederung des Betrachtungszeitraumes 6.2 Funktionale Untergliederung der Grundgesamtheit 7 Ausblick Anhang A1: Analytische Herleitung des Modells nach Deger und Smith (1983) A2: Militärausgaben (in Mio. US $) aus staatlicher Perspektive (SIPRI) A3: Anteil der Militärausgaben am BIP (in%) (SIPRI) A4: Anteil der Militärausgaben am BIP (in%) (Weltbank) A5: BIP (zulaufenden Preisen in Mio. US$) (Weltbank) A6: Anteil der Militärausgaben am BNE (in%) (AVC) A7: Militärausgaben (in Mio. US $) aus staatlicher Perspektive (AVC) A8: Berechnung des gleitenden Durchschnitts für den Anteil der Militärausgaben am BIP (in %) A9: Anteil der Militärausgaben am BIP (in %): Datenblatt zur statistischen Analyse A10: Robuste Regressionsergebnisse A10.1: Bestimmungsgleichung von (g) A10.2: Bestimmungsgleichung von (m) A10.3: Bestimmungsgleichung von (s) A11: Vergleich der Multiplikatoren A11.1: Zeitliche Untergliederung A11.2: Funktionale Untergliederung A12: Regressionsergebnisse mit Berücksichtigung von Interaktionsbeziehungen unter dem Merkmal der Funktionalität in den Staatengruppen A12.2: Regressionsgleichung von (g) A12.2: Regressionsgleichung von (m) Literaturverzeichnis Eigenständigkeitserklärung

Phylogenetic relationships of a sample comprising 248 bats belonging to 19 species and four families (Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae, Molossidae and Vespertilionidae) from Senegal (Western Africa) were investigated with the use of multi-locus sequence data and non- differentially stained chromosomes. The karyotypes of Hipposideros ruber, H. tephrus, H. jonesi and H. cyclops were described for the first time. The standard Hipposideros formula was recorded in H. tephrus, H. jonesi and H. ruber (2n = 32, FNa = 60, FN = 64). The karyotypes of H. cyclops (2n = 36, FN = 66) and H. gigas (2n = 52, FN = 64) substantially diverged from this typical chromosomal complement. Rhinolophus landeri and R. fumigatus shared the same diploid number (2n = 58), but differed in the chromosome morphology (R. fumigatus - FNa = 60, FN = 64; R. landeri - FNa = 64, FN = 68). Rhinolophus landeri was found karyotypically distinct to other African populations, thus signalling a possible presence of cryptic forms within this species. The karyotypes of Chaerephon pumilus and Mops condylurus had a 2n = 48, FN = 54 and were similar to other previously studied species of this chromosomally conservative family. Chromosomal, Bayesian, maximum likelihood and genetic distance analyses revealed an indication for the existence of cryptic...

Magister Artium - MA / Despite the loss of speakers of |xam, one of the 28 Khoisan languages once spoken across Southern Africa, a part of the heritage of these speakers can be found in predominantly two archives: that of Wilhelm H. I. Bleek and Lucy Lloyd (1911) and Gideon R. von Wielligh (1919-1921). The archives form the heart of Bushman* Studies, and has long since received attention in, amongst others, anthropology, literature, and linguistics. This study presents an investigation into the ethical views of the |xam, an investigation which, with the single exception of the studies of Antjie Krog (2004-), has not been undertaken in a philosophical tradition. Through a comparative study of texts across archival boundaries, I engage critically with the ethical views of the |xam, specifically the phenomenological nature of these views. To this end, I use the hermeneutical approach in African philosophy, an approach which focuses on identifying and analysing concepts in texts. The approach to ‘reading’ |xam texts remains, however, a burning issue, and the limit to which disciplinary boundaries are appropriate, is debatable (Wessels 2010). Consequently, and as a result of the relative density of the available texts, insights from anthropology, literature, linguistics and rock art are incorporated within the comparative study. I secondly bring the ethical views which are identified through the comparative analysis into conversation with the dominant ethical framework in African philosophy, namely Ubuntu. Where Ubuntu as been ‘read’ through various lenses (Van Niekerk 2013), a phenomenological approach is absent. Further, where Ubuntu, African ethics broadly, is generally regarded as humanist, a salient ecological consciousness is present in the |xam views. A comparison between Ubuntu and the |xam views therefore deepens the discourse around African ethics in general, and further provides insights into the unique nature of the ethical views of the |xam in particular. Through this I attempt to add value both to Bushman Studies and African philosophy, whilst highlighting an important voice unique to Africa which could be added to the burning discussion around ecological decay in the time of the Anthropocene.

Noun class systems are reported from a number of areas in the world, including Africa, the Pacific, the Caucasus, and various parts of North America. This paper deals with such systems found in Africa and the Pacific because of fairly idiosyncratic interests, not because they are especially closely related.

This publication is one of the outcomes of a long-term project entitled “Aspects of a Comparative Grammar of the Southern Lwoo Languages”.

Die swart kind in Suid-Afrika is weens die proses van akkulturasie blootgestel aan die westerse kultuur. Die veranderende sosiale omgewing waarin hy hom bevind, ontwrig sy bestaanswyse sodanig dat sy geestesgesondheid in gedrang kom. 'n Tekort aan swart opvoedkundige-sielkundiges gee aanleiding tot kruiskulturele betrokkenheid om in die behoefte aan pedoterapeutiese begeleiding in die swart gemeenskap te kan voorsien. Kruiskulturele terapie staan in die brandpunt van die swart kleuter se geestesgesondheidsorg. Die taalprobleem, 'n kultuurvakuum, rassevooroordeel, sosiale verskille en selfs lewensopvatlike verskille, kan kommunikasieprobleme meebring. Daar is bevind dat kennis aangaande die swart kind se kultuur en sy sosiale strukture kan bydra tot begrip van die kind. Akkulturasie verminder kultuurverskille in afwykings in Suid-Afrika. 'n Universele benadering in terapie, wat oor die grense van kultuurinhoud strek, word aanbeveel om die afwykenheid op te hef. Speel as kommunikasiemedium is aan die hand gedoen om die swart kind se betekeniswereld aan die orde te stel. Die speelgoed, speletjies en speelwyses van die swart kind is beskou ten einde die speelmateriaal vir kruiskulturele terapie te kon saamstel. Verder blyk dit dat die speelterapeut se houding van warmte, empatie en opregtheid van deurslaggewende belang kan wees om rapport met die kind te stig. Terapeutiese verandering berus op 'n leerproses; 'n ervaring en verkenning waarvan die kwaliteit daarvan afhang van die interaksie tussen twee persone in die hier-en-nou en nie soseer deur hulle kulturele agtergrond nie. Voortspruitend uit die navorsingbevindinge word bepaalde aanbevelings gemaak ten aansien van die rol van die terapeut as die fasiliteerder van die speelgebeure en ook ten aansien van kruiskulturele terapie. Verder is aanbevelings gedoen omtrent die toerusting van die speelruimte, speelmateriaal, speelgoed en speelwyses van die swart kind. Dit blyk dat daar ruimte is vir verdere navors1ng op die gebied van die onderskeie pedagogiek-dissiplines ten opsigte van kruiskulturele bemoeienis met die kind. Die terapeut het 'n professionele verantwoordelikheid teenoor die swart kind met probleme wat op hom aangewys is vir hulp. Verder het die terapeut ook 'n verantwoordelikheid teenoor die samelewing deur die uiteenlopenheid van die menslike natuur te erken, te aanvaar en te respekteer. Dit is nie die verskille tussen mense nie, maar dit is die houding wat die individu teenoor daardie verskille inneem, wat as struikelblokke in die weg le tot sinvolle kultuurkontak. Verskille sal daar altyd wees, maar houdings kan verander. ENGLISH : The black child in South-Africa is exposed to the western culture. Due to the process of acculturation he finds himself in a changing social environment which disrupts his existing social security in such a way, that his mentality becomes affected. A shortage of black Educational Psychologists in the community, leads to cross-cultural involvement to provide in the need for pedotherapeutical guidance. Cross-cultural therapy seems to be the centre of attention concerning the mentality of the black child. The language problem, a cultural vacuum, racial discrimination, social differences and even differences concerning view of life, may cause communication problems. Knowledge concerning the black culture as well as social structures in the community of the black child, contribute to a relationship of understanding. In South-Africa the cultural differences concerning deviation decreases due to acculturation. An universal approach in therapy, which extend the boundaries of the con tense of a culture, is recommended to abolish deviation. Play as a medium of communication is advocated to put right the experiences of the black child. The toys, games and ways of playing of the black child is studied in order to compile the equipment necessary for cross-cultural therapy. The warm, sincere and empathic attitude of the therapist plays a vital part in the therepeutical relationship. Therapeutical changes submit to a learning process: experiencing and exploring a relationship from which the quality depend upon the two persons involve in the here-and-now and not upon their cultural background. The relationship and interaction between the therapist and the child is of greater importance than their cultural differences. From the research results certain recommendations are done with regard to the role of the therapist as well as with regard to cross-cultural therapy. Further recommendation concern the equiping of the playroom, playthings, toys and games of the black child. The final conclusion of this study is that the therapist has a proffesional responsibility to the black child in need. Further more the therapist carries a responsibility towards the society to acknowledge, to accept and to respect the divergence of human nature. It is not the differences between people, but their attitudes towards these differences, which stand in the way of closer cultural contact. There will always be differences, but attitudes are adaptable. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 1991. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Over the past decades, Lesotho has been a source of, primarily, unskilled migrant labour entering South Africa, with Basotho men working on the South African mines and Basotho women restricted to domestic work. This dissertation examines the experiences of both ‘skilled’ and ‘unskilled’ Lesotho migrants currently living in South Africa. The study aims to establish those factors that are influential in prompting Lesotho citizens to leave Lesotho for South Africa. Moreover, it probes differences and similarities with regard to the work patterns encountered by skilled and unskilled workers as well as establishes the impact which migration has had on the lives of migrants. The literature tends to suggest that skilled workers face fewer restrictions and receive better treatment from management and colleagues in companies, while unskilled workers, on the other hand, may be exposed to considerable harassment, exploitation and poor treatment. This study concurs with the evidence in the literature in finding that unskilled workers are at a greater disadvantage when entering the South African labour market as compared to skilled workers. Moreover, it would appear that skilled workers are benefiting more in terms of their jobs, and in having their expectations met than unskilled workers. For the research participants in this study, xenophobia did not appear to be a serious factor, despite the fact that much public attention has been focused on the situation of foreign workers in South Africa. However, these workers from Lesotho highlighted racism as more of an obstacle than xenophobia. In addition, the study reiterates the popular findings that it is better job opportunities that remain the main motivation behind both skilled and unskilled workers migrating to South Africa with development, growth, training opportunities, mentoring, and interaction with more experienced colleagues also emerging as motivating factors. The discourse of the research participants also revealed social networks to be influential in the acquiring and maintaining of jobs. The study illustrates the relevance of ‘dependency’ theory for building understanding of the reasons why ‘skilled’ and ‘unskilled’ workers persist in migrating to South Africa. Finally, migration remains the ‘coming of age’ for Lesotho migrants, impacting positively on both their lives as well as the lives of their families. AFRIKAANS : Lesotho was tydens die afgelope paar dekades ʼn bron van ongeskoolde arbeid vir Suid-Afrika, waar manlike trekarbeiders gewoonlik in die mynwese werk en die vroulike trekarbeiders beperk is om betaalde huishoudsters te word. Hierdie dissertasie bestudeer die ervarings van ‘geskoolde’ en ‘ongeskoolde’ Lesotho trekarbeiders wat in Suid-Afrika woon. Die studie stel die faktore vas wat besluite rondom trekarbeid beïnvloed, veral díe wat die inwoners van Lesotho motiveer om hul land te verlaat om in Suid-Afrika te gaan werk. Die studie ondersoek boonop die verskille en ooreenkomste ten opsigte van werkspatrone wat geskoolde en ongeskoolde werkers teëkom. Dit stel ook vas wat die impak van trekarbeid op hierdie mense se lewens het. Die literatuur is geneig om voor te stel dat geskoolde arbeiders minder beperkinge ondervind en binne maatskappye beter behandel word deur bestuur en kollegas, terwyl ongeskoolde arbeiders aansienlike teistering en uitbuiting ervaar gepaard met swak behandeling. My studie stem ooreen met die literatuur – ek het gevind dat ongeskoolde arbeiders meer benadeel word as geskoolde arbeiders wat na Suid-Afrika migreer. Geskoolde arbeiders ervaar ook meer voordele ten opsigte van werk en hulle verwagtinge word verwesenlik. Deelnemers van hierdie navorsingsprojek het aangedui dat xenofobie nie ʼn ernstige faktoor was nie, al was daar baie publieke aandag gevestig op buitelandse arbeiders in Suid-Afrika. Vir die Lesotho arbeiders was rasisme ʼn groter struikelblok as xenofobie. Hierdie studie herhaal populêre bevindings dat daar beter werksmoontlikhede in Suid-Afrika is as in Lesotho, en dít is steeds die hoof motivering waarom geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeiders daarheen migreer. Verdere motiverende redes was geïdentifiseer, naamlik: ontwikkeling, groei, opleidingsmoontlikhede, mentors, en interaksie met meer ervare kollegas. Die Lesotho arbeiders se besprekings het dit duidelik gemaak dat sosiale netwerke ‘n groot rol het in verband met werkwerwing en behouding daarvan. Hierdie studie illustreer die toepaslikheid van ‘afhanklikheidsteorie’ wat bydrae tot die begrip waarom geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeiders na Suid-Afrika migreer. Laastens is migrasie steeds ʼn soort mylpaal vir Lesotho trekarbeiders en dit het ‘n positiewe impak op hul, en hul families se lewens. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Sociology / unrestricted

Unidentified bodies in the forensic setting constitute a global problem. Though this should be of great concern to many governments, very little data on the extent of this phenomenon is available in international literature and few countries require that statistics on the number of unidentified deceased be kept. To determine the extent of this phenomenon in South Africa, a study into the number of unidentified deceased at the Pretoria Medico-Legal Laboratory and their demographic profile was undertaken. The study has indicated that between 7% and 10% of bodies remain unidentified at the Medico-Legal Laboratory in Pretoria. Publications further indicate that a total of 846 bodies remained unidentified at Medico-Legal Laboratories in Gauteng for the period January 2010 to August 2010. This number is very high when compared to international literature. Of great concern is the fact that these statistics do not include the cases in which persons die in hospital facilities from natural causes without an identity, which are not referred to the Forensic Pathology Service for investigation. The true extent of the problem may thus be far greater than imagined. Determining the true extent of this phenomenon in South Africa is therefore important, as these unidentified bodies have many social and economic consequences. Not only are families unaware that their loved ones have passed away, but they are also unable to bury and mourn them. Unidentified bodies at Medico-Legal Laboratory facilities also impacts on the service delivery capability of the government departments involved in the investigation of such cases. The drafting of additional legislation for the management of unidentified bodies is therefore required. A need to establish and enforce specific protocols to be followed in the event of unidentified bodies has also been identified. The creation of a National Unidentified Decedent website and DNA database is recommended as they will greatly assist in reducing the number of unidentified bodies throughout South Africa. It is however only through coordinated efforts and interdepartmental cooperation that these proposals will be successful. AFRIKAANS : Ongeïdentifiseerde liggame in die forensiese omgewing is ‘n wêreldwye probleem. Alhoewel dit ‘n bron van kommer vir meeste regerings behoort te wees, is baie min data oor die omvang van hierdie verskynsel beskikbaar in die internationale literatuur, met min lande wat vereis dat amptelike statistieke oor onbekende oorledenes versamel word. Om die omvang van hierdie verskynsel in Suid Afrika te bepaal, is ‘n studie na die aantal onbekende liggame by die Regsgeneeskundige Laboratorium in Pretoria en hul demografies profiel onderneem . Die studie het getoon dat tussen 7% en 10% van alle liggame wat deur die Regsgeneeskundige Laboratorium in Pretoria opgeneem word, onuitgeken bly. Publikasies dui ook aan dat 846 liggame ongeïdentifiseerd was by Regsgeneeskundige Laboratoriums vir die tydperk Januarie 2010 to Augustus 2010. Hierdie getal is aansienlik hoër as díe wat in die internasionale literatuur gesien word. ‘n Groot bron van kommer is die feit dat hierdie statistieke nie gevalle insluit waar die oorledene in ‘n hospitaal gesterf het as gevolg van natuurlike oorsake, sonder dat hul identiteit bekend is. Die ware omvang van die problem kan dus veel groter as geskat wees. Die bepaling van die omvang van hierdie verskynsel in Suid Afrika is belangrik, omdat ongeïdentifiseerde liggame beide sosiale en ekonomiese gevolge het. Nie net is families onbewus daarvan dat hul geliefdes gesterf het nie, maar kry hul ook nie die geleentheid om hul geliefdes te begrawe en oor hul afsterwe te rou nie. Ongeïdentifiseerde liggame by Regsgeneeskundige Laboratoriums het ook ‘n invloed op die diensleweringskapasiteit van die verskeie staatsdepartemente wat betrokke is by die ondersoek van sulke gevalle. Die opstel van addisionele wetgewing wat die bestuur van ongeïdentifiseerde liggame reguleer is dus nodig. Die behoefte aan spesifieke protokolle vir die hantering van sulke gevalle is ook geïdentifiseer. Daar word verder aangeraai dat ‘n Nasionale Onuitgekende Liggaam webwerf en DNS databasis geskep word in ‘n poging om die aantal ongeïdentifiseerde liggame in Suid Afrika te verminder. Dit is egter slegs deur middel van gekoördineerde pogings en interdepartmentele samewerking wat hierdie voorstelle sukses sal behaal. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Forensic Medicine / unrestricted