Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Hierdie tesis was onderneem as 'n empiriese studie wat fokus op kurrikulumimplementering in 'n afgesonderde geografiese streek in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika, bekend as die Overberg. Die identiteitsbasis waarvolgens onderwysers Kurrikulum 2005 ontvang en implementeer, dien as die sentrale fokus vir 'n onderneming van hierdie studie. My sleutelbevindinge het ek geneem op die basis van empiries- interpretatiewe tegnieke, wat insluit observasies en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Hiervolgens het ek bevind dat die persoonlike, ontologiese, kontekstuele, opleiding, professionele en pedagogiese invloede, 'n impak gehad het op die samestelling van identiteitsbasis van onderwysers in die Overbergstreek. Dié onderwysers het Kurrikulum 2005 ontvang en geïmplementeer in die lig van hul vorige identiteite. Ek het die empiriese resultate van dié studie vergelyk met die konseptuele raamwerk van my literatuur studies. Dié resultate het aangedui dat daar 'n gaping tussen 'n kurrikulumformulering en 'n kurrikulum-implementering bestaan. Dié gaping verwys na die behoefte om die 'stemme' van onderwysers op die vlak van 'n kurrikulumbeleidformulering, aan te hoor en te verreken. Die studie benut dus kwalitatiewe en interpretiewe metodes, sodat die institusionele gedrag en stem-identiteite van onderwysers verstaan kan word. Die studie stel voor dat die impak van die onderwyser se sosio-kulturele konteks soos ingebed in hul biografieë, primêr is die vorming van hul professionele identiteitsbasis. Relevant tot dié studie, is hoe onderwysers op Kurrikulum 2005 respondeer op die basis van hul identiteite.

Traditional bioenergy practices in sub-Saharan Africa involve collecting natural forest wood and burning it in simple fireplaces for household cooking. This is actually still very common, especially in rural areas. The situation is unfortunately connected to health issues, inequality and natural forest degradation and deforestation. To alleviate these problems, agricultural residues and agroforestry trees can be used as feedstocks in more efficient and less polluting cooking solutions and local electricity production, via thermochemical conversion processes. However, the feedstock availability and suitability for such processes needs to be better mapped, evaluated and understood. With a focus on Rwanda, the aim of this study was therefore to investigate the potential feedstock for thermochemical energy utilization of agricultural residues and woody biomass produced in agroforestry settings.Interviews with 14 agro-processing companies were conducted, which provided data for the available amounts of a range of different potential biomass fuels based on agricultural residues, such as cassava peels, coffee husks, coffee pulps, maize cobs, maize screening, rice husk and sugarcane bagasse. This data was then applied to estimate the total residue quantities available in Rwanda. 23 biomass samples, both agricultural residues and woody biomass, were also collected and characterized in the laboratory by means of a so called proximate analysis, i.e. moisture, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon.Based on this study, it was clear that there are significant amounts of agricultural residues produced and handled in Rwanda. Cassava peels and maize cobs were estimatedly abundant, with sugarcane bagasse and rice husk also being available in large quantities. Depending on the application, moderate to strong seasonalities of some residues, such as maize cobs, can be challenging. Another circumstance of great relevance here is that a vast majority of the agricultural residues assessed in this work already seemed to be utilized for different purposes, such as fuel for heating or cooking.Regarding fuel properties and quality, related to ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon content, many of the feedstocks investigated indicated good suitability in some kind of thermochemical conversion process. However, high moisture contents may need to be addressed in some cases to avoid low process efficiencies, such as for maize cobs, sugarcane bagasse and fresh agroforestry trees.

The rise of Swahili in the American academy in the 1960s was prompted by two forces: African identity politics among African Americans, on the one hand, and the politics of the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union, on the other. Both these sources of Swahili ascendency were themselves a response to the unfolding dynamics and counter-dynamics of independence politics in “Swahiliphone” Africa, that is in the East African nations where the Swahili language was in wide use. But now that the Cold War is over more or less, and the nature of African American politics has undergone significant change in focus, what is the fate and direction of Swahili studies in the USA? This is the central question that this article will seek to address as it considers, at the same time, the shifting disciplinary areas with which the study of Swahili has been associated. In the process the article will also touch on the state of Swahili studies in some other spaces of the world.

The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in democracy in two Subsaharan African countries. Namibia and Zimbabwe were compared in order to discover factors as to why there is a significant difference in democratic status in otherwise quite similar countries. To be able to do this, Linz and Stepan’s theory of consolidated democracy was used. The study used three of their five arenas, civil society, political society and the rule of law society, which were the basis of the analysis. To answer the purpose of the study, two questions were used; “What does civil society, political society and the rule of law society look like in Namibia and Zimbabwe 2023?” and “What factors make Namibia more democratic compared to Zimbabwe 2023?”. The study was qualitative and used a comparative method with a most-similar design to answer the purpose and questions. The conclusion was that Namibia’s civil society, political society and rule of law society functions broadly in accordance with democratic values and fulfills Linz and Stepans arenas to a large extent, while Zimbabwe has not progressed as far in its democratization process according to the arenas or in comparison with Namibia. Zimbabwe’s government is using autocratic tactics to consolidate their power which hinder the arenas to operate democratically.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Ögonhälsan är ett globalt problem med över 2,2 miljarder människor som lider av synnedsättning. Studier visar att endast en liten del av de som behöver ögonvård får det. Bristen på ögonvård är ett faktum i Kenya, det finns 120 ögonläkare och 307 optiker i hela landet. Tidigare studier har urskiljt kostnad, brist på kunskap och lång transportsträcka som de främsta barriärerna för att söka ögonvård. Syfte: Att undersöka hur många som aldrig tidigare hade sökt ögonvård av de hjälpsökande i Kenya och varför.  Metod: Studien är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie som genomfördes i Nairobi- och Nakuru-området bland hjälpsökande i samarbete med Vision For All. Totalt deltog 122 hjälpsökande varav 77 kvinnor och 45 män, alla från 15 år. Deltagarna fick svara på en enkät med flervalsfrågor angående deras tidigare erfarenhet av ögonvård. Där de fick välja mellan 13 olika barriärer, såsom “kostnad” och “inte medvetna om behovet av ögonvård”.  Resultat: Majoriteten av deltagarna, både män (64,44%) och kvinnor (54,54%), hade inte sökt ögonvård tidigare. “Kostnad” var den största barriären hos både männen (44,80%) och kvinnorna (33,30%) och det fanns ingen skillnad mellan svaren (p=0,640). I Nairobi (40,54%) och Nakuru (35,29%) var kostnad den största barriären, med ingen skillnad i svaren mellan städerna (p = 0,762). Även i åldersgrupperna var det “kostnad” som var den huvudsakliga barriären förutom ≥ 60 där det var “synnedsättning är normalt med åldrande” (33,33%) och ingen skillnad i svar (p = 0,258).   Slutsats: Ett betydande antal deltagare hade aldrig sökt ögonvård tidigare, med kostnaden som den främsta barriären. Denna trend är konsekvent mellan kön och städer, vilket överensstämmer med resultaten från andra globala studier. Dessutom var äldre deltagare och kvinnor mer benägna att uppfatta att “synnedsättning är normalt med åldrande”, snarare än som ett problem som kräver vård.

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Registered counsellors were regarded as part of the solution to the ever-increasing void in mental healthcare and were acknowledged by the South African government over a decade ago. Some challenges have however arisen regarding the implementing of their vocations in the community, that impact service delivery as well as career satisfaction of registered counsellors, but limited information is available in terms of the exploration of the perceptions of registered counsellors regarding their role in the South African context. This study focused on exploring how registered counsellors perceive their role in South Africa and describing these perceptions. This research is important because little is known about the perceptions of registered counsellors and their experience of their role in the South African context. The research was conducted in Johannesburg and Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. 12 participants (one man and 11 women) volunteered to be part of the research. The size of the sample was not predetermined, but was rather based on data saturation. The participants were purposefully selected on the basis of having acquired the registration of registered counsellor with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Data was collected through conducting semi-structured interviews with all the participants. An interview schedule was used to facilitate the interview process for consistency in the interviews. Thematic analysis was utilised to delineate different themes. To ensure the trustworthiness of the research process, the guidelines suggested by Lincoln and Guba (1985) were followed. The current researcher found that the registered counsellors experienced conflicting perceptions of their role in South Africa. They felt that their role was a necessary and important one in South Africa and in the context of the development of mental healthcare in South Africa. However, some negative feelings were also expressed as they experienced uncertainty regarding their role in the profession as well as the changing scope of practice for registered counsellors in South Africa. Additional negative perceptions were associated with a lack of acknowledgement of their role by other mental healthcare professionals and some ignorance from the public regarding the work of registered counsellors. To promote adequate mental healthcare in South Africa, mental health professionals such as registered counsellors are particularly important. But what appears to be the uncertainty and a lack of information related to the role of registered counsellors, has impacted negatively on their perception of their role in South Africa and, as a result, many individuals do not work in the professional mental healthcare field. It is recommended that the perception of the registered counsellors be acknowledged and taken into consideration to further the development of mental healthcare and treatment for mental health difficulties within the South African context. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Registered counsellors were regarded as part of the solution to the ever-increasing void in mental healthcare and were acknowledged by the South African government over a decade ago. Some challenges have however arisen regarding the implementing of their vocations in the community, that impact service delivery as well as career satisfaction of registered counsellors, but limited information is available in terms of the exploration of the perceptions of registered counsellors regarding their role in the South African context. This study focused on exploring how registered counsellors perceive their role in South Africa and describing these perceptions. This research is important because little is known about the perceptions of registered counsellors and their experience of their role in the South African context. The research was conducted in Johannesburg and Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. 12 participants (one man and 11 women) volunteered to be part of the research. The size of the sample was not predetermined, but was rather based on data saturation. The participants were purposefully selected on the basis of having acquired the registration of registered counsellor with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Data was collected through conducting semi-structured interviews with all the participants. An interview schedule was used to facilitate the interview process for consistency in the interviews. Thematic analysis was utilised to delineate different themes. To ensure the trustworthiness of the research process, the guidelines suggested by Lincoln and Guba (1985) were followed. The current researcher found that the registered counsellors experienced conflicting perceptions of their role in South Africa. They felt that their role was a necessary and important one in South Africa and in the context of the development of mental healthcare in South Africa. However, some negative feelings were also expressed as they experienced uncertainty regarding their role in the profession as well as the changing scope of practice for registered counsellors in South Africa. Additional negative perceptions were associated with a lack of acknowledgement of their role by other mental healthcare professionals and some ignorance from the public regarding the work of registered counsellors. To promote adequate mental healthcare in South Africa, mental health professionals such as registered counsellors are particularly important. But what appears to be the uncertainty and a lack of information related to the role of registered counsellors, has impacted negatively on their perception of their role in South Africa and, as a result, many individuals do not work in the professional mental healthcare field. It is recommended that the perception of the registered counsellors be acknowledged and taken into consideration to further the development of mental healthcare and treatment for mental health difficulties within the South African context. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Hierdie studie ondersoek die beroepsgeleenthede vir literatuurgraduandi in postapartheid Suid-Afrika. Die subjekvorming van literatuurstudente en -dosente word ondersoek deur ideologie-kritiese analises van akademiese en politieke diskoers. Uit die analises blyk 'n kloof tussen die wêreld van werk en die akademiese ivoortoring, tussen brood en boeke. Dit blyk dat diskoers uit die beroepswêreld nie die ivoortoring deurdring en die literêr-akademiese diskoers insemineer nie. Die kloof word toegeskryf aan akademiese magsverhoudings wat subjekvorming reguleer, en aan die ideologiese prosesse waarmee literatore gemarginaliseer word in die "regte wêreld". As 'n eerste stap ondersoek die studie die akademie as 'n kerngesin en pas Luce lrigaray se feministiese psigoanalise toe op die verhouding tussen dosente en studente. Die gevolgtrekking is dat literatuurdosente die ekonomiese potensiaal van literatuurgraduandi uitsluit, om so hulle eie subjek nisse as houers van simboliese kapitaal vol te staan. Subjekvorming is 'n beweging vanaf die (akademiese) kerngesin in die wyer wêreld in. Daarom ondersoek die studie in 'n tweede stap hoe literatuurgraduandi se subjekvorming plaasvind in die drie ideologiese staatsapparate (ISA's) van Althusser (ekonomie, onderwys en politiek). Hieruit spruit insigte oor identiteitsvorming in die spanningsvelde tussen kapitalisme, postkolonialisme, neokolonialisasie en globalisasie. Dit blyk dat literatuurgraduandi goed kan vaar in ruwe nuwe ekonomiese terreine soos ontwikkelingswerk, omgewingsonderwys, kennisbestuur en elektroniese joernalistiek. Hulle is egter nie bewus van hierdie beroepsgeleenthede nie, as gevolg van die kloof tussen brood en boeke. Om die kloof te oorbrug, beveel die studie in 'n derde stap aan dat literatuuronderrigdoelstellings eksplisiet vertaal moet word tot beroepsvaardighede. Om literatuurdosente te help om doelstellings te formuleer wat begeerlik is op die arbeidsmark, is 'n interaktiewe rekenaarprogram ontwikkel as deel van die studie. Dit is beskikbaar op die internet by http://www.smartt.co.za/wizz/wizz.htm Literatuurdosente kan die kloof ook oorbrug deur studente te bemagtig deur middel van die dialogiese onderrigmetode, soos ontwikkel deur bevrydinspedagoog Paulo Freire. Verder kan dosente die magsverhoudings van die akademie dekonstrueer en as radikale dosent onderrig bied in dissent en diskursiewe vaardighede. Dissent en diskursiewe vaardighede is ook kosbaar op die arbeidsmark, en aktiveer literatuurdosente en -studente se vryheid en verantwoordelikheid om hulle eie subjek nisse te bepaal en etiese plekke in te neem as kritiese en revolusionêre intellektueles. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002

Ganz allgemein zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung, dass die gegenwärtige Lage der Bibliotheken in staatlichen Universitäten durch extrem geringe Ressourcen für die Bücher-, Zeitschriften und Mediensammlungen und hinsichtlich Ausstattung und Personal gekennzeichnet. Private Universitäten haben diese Probleme in weit geringerem Maße. Unter Studierenden, Lehrenden und Universitätsbeamten ist durchaus die Ansicht verbreitet, dass Universitätsbibliotheken eine entscheidende Rolle in Lehre, Forschung und Studium spielen. Man nimmt allerdings auch zur Kenntnis, dass die Universitätsbibliotheken in Kenia, besonders diejenigen der staatlichen Universitäten, keine wirkungsvollen Dienstleistungen erbringen. Dies hat zur Entwertung ihrer Rolle in der Hochschullandschaft geführt. Die Studie zeigt, dass die moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik in die kenianischen Universitätsbibliotheken Einzug gehalten hat. Doch ist die Entwicklung zum einen durch die Finanzierungslücken behindert worden, sodass Computer nicht angeschafft und Netze nicht aufgebaut werden konnten, zum anderen durch das Fehlen von geschultem EDV-Personal und durch die kümmerliche Telekommunikations-Infrastruktur im Lande. Diese Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Maßnahmen erforderlich sind, die Situation der Universitätsbibliotheken in Kenia zu verbessern - dies auch als ein Weg, die Qualität des Universitätsstudiums in Kenia zu steigern. Diese Maßnahmen umfassen zunächst die Aufnahme einer langfristigen Planung auf allen Gebieten bibliothekarischer Arbeit. Zweitens sollten die leitenden Bibliothekare die zentrale Bedeutung der Bibliotheken hervor heben, welche ihnen im Zusammenhang der gesamten Universität zukommt. Um nutzbare Quellen der Information zu bleiben, müssen die Universitätsbibliotheken in Kenia, die moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik einsetzen. Die Anwendung neuer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik kann den Bibliothekaren an den Universitäten helfen, besseren Zugang zu örtlichen und zu globalen Informationen zu schaffen, zum Beispiel durch elektronische Media und Internetzugang. / This study argues that the provision of library services in Kenyan public universities is characterised by extremely inadequate resources in terms of funds, information materials, equipment and staff. Private university libraries experience these problems albeit to a lesser degree. Although there is widespread opinion among students, lecturers as well as university administrators that university libraries play a critical role in the teaching, research, and learning activities, there is also awareness that university libraries in Kenya, especially those in public universities are not effectively providing services which has limited their role in research and learning in the university. Finally, modern information and communication technology is being incorporated in the management of university libraries in Kenya. However, this trend has been hindered by first, lack of funds to purchase equipment such as computers and set up networks, secondly by lack of skilled personnel in information technology, and finally by poor telecommunications infrastructure in the country. There is therefore need for adoption of strategic planning in all areas of library management and to remain viable sources of information, university libraries in Kenya have to make use modern information and communication technology. This will enable university libraries to facilitate better access to local and global information for example through electronic and internet media.