Perhaps due to the increase in the workforce of mothers with young children, much attention has been directed in the past decade towards the subject of out-of-home child care. In order to gain further understanding of the socialization of preschool children, an observational study was carried out which was designed to measure the amount of negative behavior expressed by children participating in mixed-age versus same-age preschool groups.

No description available.

No description available.

This study was divided into two parts. Study 1 examined the spoken language production of neurologically healthy adults (NHA) in selective and divided attention conditions during a story retell task. NHA participant groups consisted of 21 younger (26–54), 19 older (55–69), and 20 elderly (70–85) adults. Study 2 investigated how the language production of four people with aphasia (PWA) compared to their respective NHA group. All participants retold stories in a silent baseline condition, three background noise conditions (cocktail party, conversation, phone call), and one dual-task condition (tone discrimination). Language production measures (speech rate, disfluent verbalizations, language efficiency, lexical diversity, lexical-phonological errors), tone-discrimination accuracy and response time, and perceived effort and stress were compared across groups and conditions. Results of Study 1 revealed that the language of elderly adults was significantly less efficient and had more disfluent verbalizations than that of both younger and older adults, and the language of older adults was significantly less efficient and had more disfluent verbalizations than that of younger adults. The tone discrimination accuracy and response time of elderly adults was significantly lower than that of younger adults. Older and elderly adults showed greater levels of perceived stress than younger adults. Across groups, lexical diversity decreased and lexical-phonological errors and disfluent verbalizations increased during the dual-task and phone call conditions. Costs to tone discrimination accuracy, response time, perceived effort, and perceived stress were found in the dual-task condition across groups. These findings suggest that some, but not all, measures of spoken language production are impacted by aging, and that selective and divided attention interferes with spoken language production for NHA. Results of Study 2 show that the four PWA were distinguished from their respective NHA adult group for all dependent variables in at least one condition. Percent lexical-phonological errors, percent disfluent verbalizations, and speech rate were the dependent variables that distinguished PWA from NHA the most. However, the language production, tone-discrimination response, perceived effort, and perceived stress of each PWA were unique to the individual. These findings suggest that lexical-phonological errors, percent disfluent verbalizations, and speech rate may be useful measures for discerning individuals with mild aphasia from NHA speakers in a variety of conditions.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify and compare differences in leadership behaviors of senior student affairs officers (SSAOs) based on their generational cohort (Baby Boomer, Generation X, Millennial). The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to measure nine leadership behaviors and three leadership outcomes. Surveys were administered electronically to 3,361 individuals identified as a chief student affairs officer or director of student affairs in the Higher Education Online Directory (2014). The 449 respondents included 246 Baby Boomers, 192 Generation Xers, and 11 Millennials. Due to an uneven sample size, the Millennial group was removed from the data analysis. The total respondents consisted of 215 male and 219 female SSAOs with 260 employed at four-year private institutions and 170 employed at four-year public institutions. A MANOVA was utilized to determine whether or not statistical differences existed between the nine dependent variables (leadership behaviors) and independent group variables (generational group). The findings showed that whereas Generation X SSAOs exhibited more transactional leadership behaviors, Baby Boomer SSAOs were more transformational. The results of this study have implications for the field of student affairs in that research and practice support the need for more transformational leaders in senior administrative positions in higher education. If Generation X SSAOs who represent the next generation of administrators are more transactional in their leadership, college presidents and professional associations may need to develop a new, more transformational generation of SSAOs to replace Baby Boomers as they retire.

The purpose of this thesis is to reveal the age-related norms which control the process of making public archives accessible. It focuses on physical access and visitors at the physical archival institutions. More specifically, it examines which groups are not included in the archival institutions’ target groups and why this is the case, the archival employees’ views on visitors’ needs and the archival institutions’ action space regarding the process of making archives accessible. The theoretical framework for this thesis is a combination of a norm critical and an intersectional perspective. The main method used is qualitative interviews with employees at archival institutions. Two different archival institutions have been examined, which are both departments of public authorities. The main result of the thesis is that there exist normative systems within the archival institutions which favour elderly people and people within the academic world. Age also matters less for people within the academic world. Accordingly, people outside of these groups can be regarded as non-target groups. Factors which can contribute to exclusion are also non-western origin and to be occupied at daytime. The explanations to why some groups are excluded are lack of resources and knowledge, a reactive approach, and the institutions’ opening hours. Regarding visitors’ needs, many visitors need help searching for material and formulating their needs, which they can also expect to be helped with. Needs which the archival employees can not satisfy are extensive reading of handwriting or carrying out research for the visitor. In general, it seems that people within the archival institutions’ target groups are more likely to get the exact help they need. The archival employees have a relatively great action space when it comes to making archives accessible, as the policy documents don’t mention this activity in detail. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

O reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções (REFE) é essencial para a interação social cotidiana e a comunicação interpessoal e é considerado um aspecto importante da cognição social. É uma condição inata e universal nos seres humanos, mas pode ser influenciada por diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas como sexo, idade e escolaridade. Apesar do número expressivo de estudos relacionados ao REFE, não existe uma tarefa padrão utilizada em sua avaliação e as que se encontram disponíveis nem sempre passaram por um procedimento de padronização e normatização. O presente estudo propôs-se a avaliar comparativamente três diferentes tarefas de REFE utilizadas no contexto brasileiro, e disponibilizar um procedimento normatizado às características socioculturais de nossa população, considerando as variáveis anteriormente destacadas, em uma amostra da população geral, estimada estatisticamente (n=240). Para composição desta amostra, foram incluídos sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 75 anos, sem prejuízos intelectuais e com variados níveis de escolaridade. A coleta de dados foi realizada individualmente. Os dados referentes a acurácia, tempo de resposta e intensidade para o reconhecimento das expressões foram salvos automaticamente pelo programa computacional gerador da atividade e alocados manualmente em um banco de dados. Utilizou-se para as análises estatísticas o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Os dados sociodemográficos da amostra e aqueles relacionados ao desempenho nas tarefas foram analisados através de testes estatísticos descritivos e paramétricos (teste t de Student, Anova, Qui-Quadrado e Teste de Correlação de Pearson). O tamanho de efeito das diferenças foi calculado por meio do eta2 parcial e do d de Cohen. Para realizar o procedimento de normatização calculou-se a distribuição dos dados em percentis de acordo com cada tarefa e grupo estudado. Os resultados apontaram para uma ligeira superioridade das mulheres no REFE em tarefas dinâmicas, maior prejuízo do grupo na faixa etária dos 61-75 anos independente da tarefa, e menor acurácia dos sujeitos com menor escolaridade na tarefa estática. No que diz respeito às tarefas utilizadas observou-se que a acurácia foi maior na tarefa dinâmica preto e branco e que a tarefa estática exigiu maior tempo de resposta mas menor intensidade de emoção para o REFE. Em análises comparativas a tarefa dinâmica pareceu ser aquela com maior proximidade à condição real de contato humano. Considerando que a TDPB foi aquela com maior média de acerto considerou-se esta a mais apropriada para uso no nosso contexto. O estudo apresentou/disponibilizou ainda dados normativos para o contexto brasileiro em função do sexo, idade e escolaridade, que poderão servir como parâmetro de comparação em outros estudos clínicos, bem como para pesquisa de avaliação do reconhecimento emocional. / The recognition of facial expressions of emotions (REFE) is essential for everyday social interaction and interpersonal communication and is considered an important aspect of social cognition. It is an innate and universal condition in humans, but it can be influenced by different sociodemographic variables such as sex, age and schooling. Despite the significant number of studies related to the REFE, there is no standard task used in its evaluation and those that are available do not always undergo a procedure of standardization and normatization. The aim of this study was to compare three different REFE tasks used in the Brazilian context and to provide a normalized procedure to the sociocultural characteristics of our population, considering the variables previously mentioned in a statistically significant sample of the general population (n= 240 ). For the composition of this sample, subjects of both genders, aged between 18 and 75 years, without intellectual losses and with varying levels of schooling were included. Data collection was done individually. The data referring to the accuracy, response time and intensity for the recognition of the expressions were automatically saved by the computational program generating the activity and manually allocated in a database. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for statistical analysis. The sociodemographic data of the sample and those related to performance in the tasks were analyzed through descriptive and parametric statistical tests (Student\'s t test, Anova, Chi-Square and Pearson\'s correlation test). The effect size of the differences was calculated by means of partial eta2 and Cohen\'s d. To perform the standardization procedure, the distribution of the data in percentiles was calculated according to each task and group studied. The results pointed to a slight superiority of the women in the REFE in dynamic tasks, greater loss of the group in the age group of 61-75 years independent of the task, and lower accuracy of the subjects with less schooling in the static task. Regarding the tasks used it was observed that the accuracy was higher in the black and white dynamic task and that the static task required a longer response time but a lower intensity of emotion for the REFE. In comparative analyzes the dynamic task seemed to be the one with the closest proximity to the real condition of human contact. Considering that the TDPB was the one with the highest average accuracy, it was considered that this was the most appropriate for use in our context. The study presented / provided normative data for the Brazilian context based on sex, age and schooling, which may serve as a benchmark in other clinical studies, as well as for the evaluation of emotional recognition.

O movimento de passar de sentado para em pé é uma habilidade que confere independência a todos os indivíduos e seus déficits podem causar dependência funcional. Conhecer melhor este movimento complexo permite aos profissionais da reabilitação reformular suas terapias e refletir sobre novas possibilidades de intervenção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ordem de ativação dos músculos tibial anterior (TA), gastrocnêmio medial (GM), reto femoral (RF), bíceps femoral (BF) e paravertebral lombar (PL) durante o movimento de passar de sentado para em pé em dois grupos de voluntários e comparar as estratégias musculares utilizadas por eles. Os sujeitos foram divididos em Grupo A: composto de vinte sujeitos com idade entre 20 a 35 anos, saudáveis, sem patologias associadas, sem uso de medicação e que obtiveram mais de 50 pontos no Teste de Berg; e Grupo B: composto de vinte sujeitos com idade entre 60 a 65 anos, sem doenças neurológicas associadas e que obtiveram mais de 50 pontos no Teste de Berg. Os dois grupos foram estudados sob duas condições: com os olhos abertos e com os olhos fechados. O sinal elétrico dos músculos foi mensurado através da eletromiografia de superfície e para indicar o momento do início do movimento um eletrogoniômetro flexível bidimensional foi utilizado nas articulações do quadril e joelho unilateralmente. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo A realizou o movimento num tempo menor que o grupo B, contudo na condição de olhos fechados teve seu tempo de execução do movimento aumentado em relação à primeira condição, enquanto que o grupo B não apresentou aumento significativo da primeira para a segunda condição. Em relação às estratégias musculares os resultados demonstraram, que a ordem de ativação muscular do grupo A foi diferente da ordem de ativação do grupo B na condição de olhos abertos, mas quando comparamos o grupo A na condição de olhos fechados a ordem de ativação muscular utilizada foi semelhante à do grupo B. Já no grupo B não houve diferença estatística nas duas condições. Concluímos que as estratégias musculares se alteram com a falta da visão no grupo A, tornando-se uma importante aferência sensorial na execução deste movimento para este grupo; que a ordem de ativação muscular no grupo B nas duas condições (olhos abertos e fechados) não teve diferença estatística e que o tibial anterior (TA) foi o primeiro músculo recrutado nos dois grupos e nas duas condições. / The sit -to-stand movement is an ability that confers independence to all individuals and its alterations can cause functional dependence. To know about this complex movement allows the physiotherapists to reformulate its therapies and to reflect on new possibilities of intervention. The aim of this dissertation was study the activation order of the muscles tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoralis (RF), biceps femoralis (BF), medial gastrocnemius (GM) and paravertebral lumbaris (PL) during the sit-to-stand movement in two groups of volunteers and to compare the muscular strategies used by them. The subjects had been divided in group A: twenty subjects with age between 20-35 years, healthful, without pathologies associates, without medication use and that they had more than gotten 50 points in the Bergs test; and Group B with twenty subjects with age between 60-65 years, without neurological diseases and that had more than 50 points in the Bergs test. Both the groups had been studied under two conditions: with the open eyes and the closed eyes. The electrical signal was measured with surface electromyography and to indicate the beginning of the movement , a bidimensional flexible electrogoniometer was used in the joints of the hip and Knee unilaterally. The results had shown that the group A realized the movement in a lesser time that the group B, however in the condition of closed eyes had its time of execution of the task increased in relation to the first condition. The group B did not present significant increase of the first one for the second condition. In relation to the muscular strategies the results had demonstrated that the order of muscular activation of the group A was different of the order of activation of group B in the condition of open eyes, but when we compare the group A in the condition of closed eyes the order of muscular activation was similar to the one of group B. Already in this group did not have difference statistics in the two conditions. We conclude that the muscular strategies if modify with absence of the vision in the group A, becoming an important sensorial reference in the execution of this movement for this group; that the order of muscular activation in group B in the two conditions did not have difference statistics and that the tibialis anterior (TA) was the fisrt muscle enlisted in the two groups in the two conditions

INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação do discurso tem sido considerada um componente essencial e discriminativo nas avaliações fonoaudiológicas. Existem várias modalidades de produção do discurso, entre elas a descrição de figuras, que ganhou destaque na prática clínica pois elicia amostras de fala encadeada e permite a comparação entre grupos. A análise do desempenho em um determinado tipo de discurso pode fornecer informações importantes sobre as habilidades linguísticas de uma determinada população. Grande parte das pesquisas na área de lesados cerebrais compara o desempenho de indivíduos lesados com o de indivíduos sadios; entretanto, pouca ênfase tem sido oferecida aos padrões normais do discurso. Uma melhor caracterização do discurso de indivíduos sadios pode auxiliar na avaliação, diagnóstico e reabilitação dos sujeitos lesados cerebrais com alterações de linguagem. OBJETIVO: Verificar o impacto das variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, gênero e escolaridade) na produção do discurso descritivo oral e escrito de adultos brasileiros sadios, obter referências de desempenho nestas tarefas em relação a parâmetros utilizados na clínica de linguagem de lesados cerebrais e comparar a descrição oral com a escrita. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 200 adultos sadios com idades a partir de 30 anos, sendo divididos em 8 grupos de acordo com as idades e escolaridades. Para a avaliação do discurso oral e escrito foram utilizadas 2 pranchas temáticas, cada uma representando uma cena diferente, sendo uma prancha simples e uma complexa. Para a análise das descrições foram definidas algumas variáveis do discurso. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se impacto de todas as variáveis sociodemográficas nas descrições dos sujeitos, sendo a escolaridade a que mais apresentou influência. Nas descrições escritas verificou-se impacto da escolaridade em 6 variáveis do discurso. Na descrição oral da prancha simples constatou-se impacto da escolaridade em 6 variáveis e na descrição oral da prancha complexa em 3 variáveis do discurso. Descreveu-se o perfil de cada grupo nas tarefas propostas sendo criada uma curva de desempenho. Observouse diferença significativa entre a descrição oral e a descrição escrita em relação ao número de palavras, extensão e complexidade frasal e na quantidade de informações. CONCLUSÃO: O discurso dos indivíduos sadios foi significativamente influenciado pela escolaridade, demonstrando a importância da consideração dessa variável em avaliações que contenham essa tarefa. O estudo contribuiu para obter referências de desempenho dos grupos que poderão auxiliar profissionais na prática clínica e constatou diferenças entre a descrição oral e escrita mostrando a necessidade de consideração das duas modalidades em avaliações / INTRODUCTION: Discourse evaluation has been considered an essential and discriminative component in speech-therapy evaluations. There are various modalities of discourse production, among them is that of describing pictures, which has gained importance in clinical practice, as it elicits chained speech samples and permits comparison among groups. Performance analysis of a determinate type of discourse can supply important information about the linguistic skills of a given population. A large number of the studies compare the performance of subjects with brain lesions with healthy individuals; however, little emphasis has been offered to normal discourse standards. A better characterization of the discourse in healthy individuals can assist in the evaluation, diagnosis and rehabilitation of brain injured individuals with language alterations. OBJECTIVE: To verify the impact of socio-demographic variables (age, gender and schooling) in the production of oral and written descriptive discourse of healthy Brazilian adults, to obtain references of performance in these tasks in relation to parameters used in the language clinic of the brain-injured and compare the oral description with the written. METHODS: Two-hundred (200) healthy adults with ages beginning from 30 years were divided into 8 groups according to their ages and schooling, and were then evaluated. To evaluate oral and written discourse two pictures were used, each representing a different scene, one being a simple picture and the other a complex one. Some variables for discourse were defined for the descriptive analysis. RESULTS: The impact of all the socio-demographic variables were reported in the descriptions given by the individuals, with schooling demonstrating the greatest influence. In the written descriptions, the impact of schooling was verified in six (6) discourse variables. In the oral description of simple picture the impact of schooling was verified in six (6) variables and in the oral description of complex picture, in 3 discourse variables. The profile of each group in the proposed tasks was described and a performance curve was created. A significant difference was observed between the oral description and the written description in number of words, sentence complexity, extension and content. CONCLUSION: The discourse of healthy individuals was significantly influenced by schooling, demonstrating the importance of considering this variable in evaluations containing this task. This study contributed to obtaining performance references for the groups that could assist professionals in clinical practice and found difference between oral and written descriptions demonstrating the need to consider the two modalities

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Sociology