M. S.

The Jasmin Revolution in Tunisia began at the end of 2010. Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest against the corrupt police officials that had forced him to pay bribes in order to run his business. His protest became the symbol for the revolution that followed. A combination of political instabilities along with an economic downturn that lead to unemployment created dissatisfaction among the people in Tunisia. The Protest grew into a revolution that demanded action against the widespread unemployment, lack of democracy and human rights. A democratization process started after the revolution because of the protests. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how Tunisia developed a democratic system of governance, if the notion of human rights has changed since the democratization process started and to analyse the relationship between human rights and democracy within the case of Tunisia. Three democratization theories, are applied to this case on Tunisia in order to answer these questions. The theorists are Robert A. Dahl with a theory of constitutionalism and institutionalism, Chantal Mouffe with a theory of agonistic pluralism and Seyla Benhabib with a theory of deliberative democracy.  The three theorists have different opinions regarding democracy and democratization processes but they all agree that the modern notion of democracy is of liberal character and that inclusion and that equality is important for a democracy. This thesis shows that the democratization of Tunisia’s governance could arise because the process had a relatively liberal agenda, which is perceived through the theories as the modern concept of democracy. The three theories require inclusion and equality for a transition to be democratic. Tunisia has included the citizens in the work of establishing a better relationship between the state and citizens but also when drafting the new constitution after the revolution. The actions taken by Tunisia are compatible with the theories, and maybe an explanation to the democratization process. The relationship between democracy and human rights is important when discussing the democratization of Tunisia. The revolution demanded democracy and human rights, something that the state could not deny. In order to honour the revolution and its demands the government in Tunisia tried to incorporate human rights into the democratic work, linking the relationship between democracy and human rights. Therefore, it can be viewed as a liberal democratization process. This thesis proves that Tunisia is not a democracy, but the process after the revolution is still remarkable and one day I can only hope that the process will be complete.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Red deer males aggregate during the period of antler growth to bachelor groups. Social position - Rank - is unstable in these groups. Previous experiments revealed that rank modulated by agonistic behaviour influence the antler growth and antler cycle timing. Antlers are the secondary sexual characteristics of the deer family and one of the fastest growing tissue in vertebrate taxa. Their development is modulated by androgenic hormone, testosterone. In our experiment, we observed agonistic behaviour of 19 males. They were equipped with GPS collar and observation lasted for two hours in the evening an in the morning, once or twice a week from the end of May to the end of August. Deer were handled regularly for blood samples and downloading the telemetrical data from collars. Base on a statistical analysis we found that in our bachelor group 13 stags kept similar interindividual distances which did not exceed the 22 metres level. These stags - the closest associates - differed in the sum of agonistic interactions. Those who reached 8 or less interactions were called Friends, while subgroup of the others reaching much more interactions were classified as Rivals. We found that number of interactions depended on average distance among males in groups (Friends and Rivals). Rivals with increasing distance...

Biological invasions of non-native species are one of the most serious factors threatening global biodiversity. Their negative impacts are particularly evident in the case of freshwater ecosystems and native crayfish populations that live there. Generally, the higher dominance of non-native crayfish species over the native species is relatively well known, but the interactions between non-native crayfish species are significantly less investigated. Although their distribution is increasingly more important and it is obvious that non-native crayfish species will dominate in European waters. However, it is not yet clear which of these crayfish will be more successful. The aim of this diploma thesis was to create a literature review on the topic of interspecific interactions in crayfish with emphasis on native and non-native crayfish species occurring in Europe. The experimental part of the thesis was focused on the comparison of direct interactions and competition for shelter between the widespread spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) and the newly increasingly occurring marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis Lyko, 2017. These species are becoming increasingly common in the European wild, but about their mutual direct interactions and competition is largely unknown. During agonistic interactions the marbled crayfish won in significantly more fights than the spiny-cheek crayfish in the absence as well as presence of the shelter. The marbled crayfish established a significantly greater dominance over the females of the spiny-cheek crayfish in the absence and in the presence of shelter, but not over the males. It is also important to say that the presence of the shelter reduces the number of fights and their total duration. There was no significant difference in dominance established by occupation of shelter between the marbled crayfish and the spiny-cheek crayfish. Still, thanks to its aggressiveness, marbled crayfish is able to compete with other non-native species or displace them from freshwater ecosystems.

QC 20100702

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the agonistic behaviors and reconciliation in captive and free-ranging Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis). The dominance style of Formosan macaques was compared with long-tailed, rhesus and Japanese macaques. I have used scan, focal sampling and ad libitum on aggressions of adult macaques. I have recorded post-conflict (PC) focal samplings on victims and compared those with matched control (MC) focal samplings. Agonistic behaviors had significantly higher frequency in captive than in free-ranging Formosan macaques. The frequencies of hostile and submission were significantly higher in captive than in free-ranging Formosan macaques. The captive adult females of higher rank had higher frequency of threat and hostile, and lower frequency of submission. Threat was the most frequent aggression (52-72%) expressed by both the captive and free-ranging adult monkeys. The victims in captive and free-ranging Formosan macaques usually submitted immediately after aggression (82-89%). The proportion of counter aggression in captive and free-ranging Formosan macaques were relative low (9-16%). The aqerage conciliatory tendency for adult Formosan macaques was 14.3% to 19.6%. The affiliative contacts in PC and MC in captive and free-ranging Formosan macaques were striking that both preferred grooming. The Formosan macaques significantly reconciled more during PC than MC period both in captive and free-ranging conditions. In addition, both had significantly more attracted than dispersed PC-MC pairs. The conciliatory tendencies in captive and free-ranging Formosan macaques were similar regardless of kin and non-kin partners. This study indicated that Formosan macaques were close to the macaques of Fascicularis group. Therefore, Formosan macaques had a despotic dominance style as suggested by Phylogenetic hypotheses.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This thesis is focused on horse social behaviour and reproduction under human management. First part of the thesis covers issues about reproduction influenced by humans, breeding in restricted areas and artificial processes which can interfere or threaten the domestic horse population survival. These issues are described in lifetime order from conception, through lactation and maternal investment up to weaning, and on the background of detailed information about particular individuals. The second part is focused on social interactions and forming dominance hierarchy within the groups of domestic horses.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 326287 bytes, checksum: ced8f806a9f781354126d0e8f2a17650 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-04 / Aiming at itself to evaluate the behavior and the welfare of pigs, in function of the grouping for sex and type of maternity had been used 180 pigs weaned to the 28 days distributed in an experiment with delineation entirely casualizado in factorial project 3x3 (three groupings for sex: males, females and compound with three types of maternity origin: conventional maternity, maternity with floor with cooling for matrices and maternity with access the poles), five repetitions of four animals for experimental unit. The comments had been carried through in the day wean of it and in days 2 and 3 it weans after it. The analyses of the images had been carried through by an only person. Significant differences (P≥ 0,05) for the isolated factors had not been observed and nor effect of the interaction enter the factors how much to the performance of the pigs. Significant effect (P≥0,05) of the interaction of the type of maternity with sex how much to the number of times had been observed where the animal used the water through, where the animal mounted the friend of bay and where the animal practised biting. For the behaviors, playful permanence in cocho, behaviors and agonísticos behaviors had verified effect of the factors of isolated form (P≥0,05). It was verified that the effect of the factor type of maternity and the interaction of the factors had been significant (P≥0,05) how much to the time where the pigs had remained lying. One concludes that the grouping for sex enriches the welfare conditions of the pigs, weaned to the 28 days, in the day-care center; that the grouping exclusively of males harms the behavior of pigs weaned to the 28 days of age and that the maternity with access the pole improves the behavior of the pigs in the day-care center weans after it to the 28 days of age, presenting resulted better of welfare that of the maternity with cooling for the nuts. / Visando-se avaliar o comportamento e o bem estar de leitões, em função do agrupamento por sexo e tipo de maternidade foram usados 180 leitões desmamados aos 28 dias distribuídos em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três agrupamentos por sexo: machos, fêmeas e misto com três tipos de origem de maternidade: maternidade convencional, maternidade com piso com resfriamento para matrizes e maternidade com acesso a piquetes), com cinco repetições de quatro animais por unidade experimental. As observações foram realizadas no dia do desmame e nos dias 2 e 3 após o desmame. As análises das imagens foram realizadas por uma única pessoa. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P≥0,05) para os fatores isolados e nem efeitos da interação entre os fatores quanto ao desempenho dos leitões. Foram observados efeitos significativos (P≥0,05) da interação do tipo de maternidade com sexo quanto ao número de vezes em que o animal utilizou o bebedouro, em que o animal montou o companheiro de baia e em que o animal praticou biting. Para os comportamentos, permanência no cocho, comportamentos lúdicos e comportamentos agonísticos verificaram-se efeitos dos fatores de forma isolada (P≥0,05). Verificou-se que os efeitos do fator tipo de maternidade e a interação dos fatores foram significativos (P≥0,05) quanto ao tempo em que os leitões permaneceram deitados. Conclui-se que o agrupamento por sexo enriquece as condições de bem estar dos leitões, desmamados aos 28 dias, na creche; que o agrupamento exclusivamente de machos prejudica o comportamento de leitões desmamados aos 28 dias de idade e que a maternidade com acesso a piquete melhora o comportamento dos leitões na creche após o desmame aos 28 dias de idade, apresentando resultados melhores de bem estar que os da maternidade com resfriamento para as porcas.