Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-13T14:37:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marselhaevangelistadesouza.pdf: 1071788 bytes, checksum: 49f15cb51beca04d15d7be463639a1f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:14:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marselhaevangelistadesouza.pdf: 1071788 bytes, checksum: 49f15cb51beca04d15d7be463639a1f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:14:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marselhaevangelistadesouza.pdf: 1071788 bytes, checksum: 49f15cb51beca04d15d7be463639a1f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / A presente dissertação pretende abordar o conflito público/político envolvendo os Evangélicos e o movimento LGBT, dando enfoque à fala e aos argumentos apresentados. O conflito abarca situações nas quais o movimento LGBT busca direitos, partindo da Constituinte de 1987, passando pelo casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, pelo “Kit Gay” e tendo como conflito central o debate sobre a “Cura Gay”. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de revisões bibliográficas, da leitura de arquivos de jornais e de documentos da Câmara dos Deputados, além de vídeos das audiências públicas e das postagens dos atores envolvidos no Facebook. O objetivo é saber como os evangélicos discursam na esfera pública e as mudanças operadas por estes em seu discurso com relação a questões de moral e sexualidade. O conflito é analisado com base nas teorias da laicidade, secularização e nas noções de democracia agonística e pânico moral. / This dissertation aims to address public/political conflict opposing the LGBT movement and protestant by focusing on their speech and arguments. The conflict involves situations where the LGBT movement fight for rights, since the context of 1987 Constituent Assembly, going through same-sex marriage and the "Gay Kit", taking the "Gay Cure" issue as the central conflict. The research was developed from bibliographic review, newspaper archives and House of Representatives’ documents reading, as well as videos of public hearings and Facebook posts from activists. The goal is to understand evangelic speech in the public sphere and its changes about moral issues and sexuality. The conflict was analyzed according to theories of secularism, secularization, agonistic democracy and moral panic.

In the last decade, anthropogenic climate change has caused strong impacts on natural and human systems worldwide. It is of particular importance to include youths in the international decision-making process centred on climate change as they represent the closest living relatives to future generations. Therefore they need to have a say in the decisions affecting their future. Different schools of thought defined characteristics for ideal communication in these political decision-making arenas. The most contradicting theories are on one hand deliberative democrats who favour dialogic and consensus-based proceedings and on the other hand proponents of agonistic pluralism who prefer the conflictual elements of force and disruption in communication processes. The aim of this study is to explore synergies and intersections between both in theory contradicting paths. The study follows a case study design of the international climate change negotiations COP22 in Marrakech 2016. The data collection process involved empirical observations and semi-structured interviews with 30 international youth participants as to their experiences of participating in proceedings, petitioning politicians, and protesting outside venues. The results of this study show that young people concurrently navigate between formal deliberative proceedings and informal agonistic approaches, taking advantage of their underacknowledged positive cumulative and complementing effects. The interplay between both paths stimulates meaningful involvement for youths at the conference and within the climate change social movement. Youths navigating simultaneously between both paths are shown to have both insider knowledge about the vulnerabilities of the system and outsider knowledge providing enough distance to criticise the proceedings. Thus, these youths have the best merits to meaningfully involve in the decision making and successfully introduce change. The process of enculturation to the norms and procedural rules of the conference contributes to the level of meaningful youth involvement and determines the participation path chosen. Moreover, the results outline that the influence of each path in the decision-making process and the definition of meaningful involvement varies with the arena in which it is executed. Whereas meaningful involvement for deliberative inclined youths can be best described through a shared power youth-adult participation, youths following the agonistic path seek meaningful involvement through emotion work and empowerment expressed in direct actions and protest.

The rapidly changing political environment in our Western liberal democracies poses a big challenge not only to elected representatives but also to scholars. In this dissertation thesis I describe and clarify the main principles and ideas of the three currently most dominant, debated and promising democratic theories, namely participatory democracy, deliberative democracy and Mouffe's agonistic pluralism. Their criticisms and the most important polemics are included as well. The first theory introduced in dissertation's theoretical part is participatory democracy, which is heavily neglected in the Slovak academia. It is presented especially through the prism of Carole Pateman's, C.B. Macpherson's and Benjamin Barber's writings. Their ideas on civic engagement in public life appear to be noteworthy again, especially in the light of the changing conditions of democratic citizenship - particularly in regards to the EU-wide decline in voter turnout, increasing income inequality, downgrade of social solidarity and cooperation, growing intolerance or dissatisfaction with representative democracy and its institutions. This theory has been verified on the example of the European Citizens' Initiatives (ECI), which are deemed to be one of most promising political tools adjusting EU's democratic deficit....

This diploma thesis is focused on animal play behaviour, it's features and factors that influence it. It also shows how play can be used as an animal welfare indicator and moreover that play may also improve welfare. Play is interesting from physiology and neurology point of view as well because it is able to trigger positive emotions. This thesis also describes the main hypotheses explaing evolutionary functions of play. The newest hypothesis claims that play may be a "training for the unexpected"(Špinka et al., 2001). Our experiments tested this hypothesis. We investigated if play of piglets before weaning could improve their coping with stress and reduce agonistic behaviour after weaning and later in life. Results show that play in an extra space before weaning does not influence pig's behaviour very much, but it seems to have some impact. Results also show other factors influencing agonistic behaviour of pigs - groupsize, gender and weight gain.

This dissertation constitutes a critical examination of Swedish spatial planning for safety. Spatial planning for safety rests on a number of assumptions about the desired order of the world. These assumptions appear as given and unproblematic, making the formulation of alternatives appear unnecessary. This dissertation provides an account of how, and on what basis a spatial planning problem such as ‘fear and insecurity’ is formulated and acted upon. It is an account of how and what conceptions of knowledge operate to legitimise ideological representations of spatial planning problems. And furthermore, what these ideological representations of spatial planning problems substantially entail, so as to allow for a political spatial planning practice that formulates and deliberates alternatives. This is carried out by analysing assumptions of public life and knowledge within Swedish spatial planning for safety.  This dissertation finds that Swedish spatial planning for safety constitutes ‘certainty’ as a hegemonic criterion for participating in public life, which operates to limit the articulation of alternative discourses in spatial planning for safety. The desired for safe public life is organised based on visual certainty, where the urban fabric should be configured in such ways as to allow for stereotypical visual identifications of one another. Such a public life reflects an individualised practice, where perceptions of fear should be governed by individuals themselves, by independently assessing situations and environments in terms of risks. This individualised conduct is coupled with the fostering of active subjects, which encompasses being engaged in the local residential areas as well as in one another. Such substantial content of ‘planning for safety’ brings about tensions in terms of its ideological legitimating basis, by moving from principles of ‘rights’, where the individual constitutes the first ethical planning subject, to unitary principles of ‘collective values’, in which the ‘community’ constitutes the first ethical planning subject. These presuppositions are further enabled through the ways in which knowledge is conceptualised in spatial planning. This dissertation argues that a hegemonic instrumental emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning prevails. Having such a hegemonic emphasis on knowledge has the implication that even though spatial planning adopts different assumptions, or moves between alternative assumptions of knowledge, the knowledge becomes meaningful only in its instrumental implementation. The instrumental emphasis on knowledge should be regarded in light of the rational and goal-oriented nature of project-based planning, which constitutes a logic that constrains the emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning. This dissertation argues further that if spatial planning should be considered a political practice that debates its goals and values, a politicisation of the emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning is imperative.

A wide variety of factors are predicted to influence the intensity and outcome of agonistic interactions in animals, including the resource holding potential of the opponents and the nature and value of the resource over which the individuals are competing. Field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) have been used extensively as model organisms with which to study animal contests, but relatively few studies have examined the effect of mandible size or structure, or the level of contact with females on the intensity and outcome of agonistic interactions. To do so was the aim of the present thesis, using Gryllus bimaculatus as the study species. The first finding of this study was that there is a significant degree of sexual dimorphism for anterior components of the anatomy in G. bimaculatus. The mandibles, head and pronotum of male crickets were all relatively larger than those of females. This indicates that these traits may be acted upon by intrasexual selection. In many animal species that show sexual dimorphism, a trade-off in development sees enhanced weapon growth at the expense of testes size, but no such relationship was seen in this species. A comparison of the mandible structure of males that either won or lost at flaring and or wrestling showed that a relatively wider mandible span was a significant predictor of success during mandible displays. It was also found that specific components of tooth structure, namely the length of the incisor and length to distal tip, were significantly associated with victory at the jaw flaring stage. This is the first time that mandible shape has been shown to affect fight outcome in the Gryllidae, and also the first confirmed identification of a visual cue component of fighting behaviour. Despite the effectiveness of their weapons in fighting, body mass is a primary predictor of victory in combat between G. bimaculatus males, with the greater the degree of asymmetry in weight the more likely the heavier fighter will win. However, a study of fighting behaviour between asymmetrically matched opponents found that even males who were out-weighed by 40% were still likely to escalate the fight to grappling. Furthermore, males who were able to fend off their larger opponent in their first clash were significantly more likely to win their overall encounter. This hyper-aggressive response may therefore represent an adaptive mechanism to extreme odds and is worthy of further study. Female contact is known to be a significant promoter of male aggression and fighting enthusiasm, and mate guarding aggression is well documented in G. bimaculatus. A recreation of two contradictory studies, including one which concluded that mating makes males lose fights, highlighted that female contact after spermatophore transfer can overcome the loser effect and cause a male to re-engage with a previously dominant opponent. Fighting behaviour in this species is therefore highly flexible and factors affecting the outcome of contests are complex. There is much scope for further studies on this topic.

EIA's contribution to increased environmental awareness is a posited means by which EIA's contribution to a substantive level of environmental protection can be measured. However, little research has been done to evaluate and properly contextualise this increased environmental awareness in members of the public who participate in EIA and its associated processes of public participation. Utilising a Foucauldian understanding of power and governmentality, this research has shown how this process of becoming environmentally aware takes place within a broader application of governmental power and it is within this context which the success (or otherwise) of steering towards a greater environmental awareness must be evaluated. The biopolitical intentions EIA has for managing environmental life in general draws strict boundaries of expertise and authority in governing the environment, and as products of this formation of governmental power the public become subjects of expert direction. In opposition to this, the public produced a rural environment and local community as defined and governed by forms of experiential knowledge, which although pertaining to a truth-oriented mentality of rule, exerted a similar biopolitical control over the environment and immutable form of authority and expertise within it. It is contended that for EIA to penetrate bounded environments and disrupt their totalising environmentalities, the tool must extend the meaning of uncertainty to explicitly recognise the conflict that exists between actors and their respective environments. In this way, EIA can contribute to a form of self-reflexive and -critical environmental citizenship deemed necessary for a thorough investigation into the political dimensions of the environment and its associated substantive measures of enhancement and protection. Employing a realist governmentality approach to the case-study of the 2016 public inquiry in shale energy proposals in Lancashire, this research generated discourse analyses of key policy documents and public contributions to the inquiry in addition to a 'lived experience' of the inquiry as a participatory space through participant observation. The key findings were that at the policy level, the participating member of the public is produced as both a trustee and an expert, heightening the potential for conflict. Further to this, the experiences of the public inquiry added to this potential by seeking to impose on the participant an individualised, silent identity which was directly contradicted by the public during 'non-technical' sessions who sought to participate actively and collectively. Within their contributions the public produced further internal conflicts, with aspects of this discourse relying on existing institutionalised forms of knowledge and expertise to respond to environmental problems, while in others asserting that localised and personal experiences were necessary. EIA as a technique of government can have a leading role in defining the environment in both a physical, surrounding sense and as a mentality. To do so and challenge essentialised and concrete ideas regarding the environment avoiding the acts of exclusion that underpin them becoming normalised the thesis builds on the analysis to make a proposition for a more effective agonistic EIA process.

O comportamento territorial é exibido por animais que competem por recursos dentro de uma área específica defendida. Ao excluir competidores potenciais desta área através de comportamentos agressivos, os indivíduos territoriais garantem acesso prioritário aos recursos essenciais para sua sobrevivência e reprodução. Em anfíbios anuros, a territorialidade tem sido relacionada principalmente com espécies de reprodução prolongada, cujos sítios reprodutivos estão disponíveis durante todo o ano. O presente trabalho foi realizado em um trecho de riacho na Floresta da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizadas quatro visitas consecutivas a área de amostragem em cada mês (abril/2009 à agosto/2010). O objetivo foi responder questões sobre a territorialidade dos indivíduos da espécie Hylodes nasus: (área de vida, fidelidade ao sítio, comportamentos agonísticos e combates físicos). As áreas de vida dos machos apresentaram relação significativa com o número de recapturas. O tamanho da área de vida das fêmeas foi ligeiramente maior do que dos machos. Os machos apresentaram maior fidelidade do que as fêmeas. A fidelidade apresentou resultado significativo com o CRC e a massa corporal dos indivíduos. Foram observadas 50 interações agonísticas entre machos, sendo exibidos 11 comportamentos agressivos. Foram observados 19 combates físicos, sendo os machos envolvidos classificados como residente, intruso, vencedor ou perdedor. Todas as disputas foram vencidas por indivíduos residentes. Informações a respeito da influência de fatores ambientais sobre a população de H. nasus, aspectos da estrutura populacional e descrição do microhábitat também são fornecidos. / The territorial behavior is exhibited by animals that compete for resources within a specific defended area. By excluding potential competitors in this area through aggressive behavior, territorialist individuals ensure priority access to essential resources for their survival and reproduction. In anuran amphibians, territoriality has been mainly related to prolonged-breeding species, whose breeding sites are available throughout the year. This study was conducted in a portion of the river in the Tijuca Forest, Rio de Janeiro. There were four consecutive visits to the sampling area in each month (April/2009 to August/2010). The objective was to answer questions about the territorial behavior of Hylodes nasus (home range, site fidelity, agonistic behaviors and physical fighting). The males home range showed a significant relation with number of recapture. The home range estimated for females was slightly larger than males. Males have higher site fidelity than females. The site fidelity showed a significant relation with individuals' SVL and body mass. There were observed 50 agonistic encounters between males, showing 11 aggressive behaviors. There were observed 19 physical fights with males being classified as resident, intruder, winner or loser. All contests were won by resident individuals. Information about the influence of environmental factors on the population of H. nasus, aspects of population structure and description of microhabitat are also provided.

This study tries to understand the internal dynamics of the civil society organizations in Turkey on the experiences of three CSOs: the Ankara Branches of KADER, MAZLUMDER and IMO by focusing on the intra&ndash / organizational practices (the decision making processes, elections, general meetings, division of labor, basic conflicts and divergences, the disagreements, the way of deliberation and consensus). It tries to shed light on the transformative potential of the CSO&rsquo / s in public sphere as civil organizations themselves in time both in the sense of their political stances and organizational structure. The research was designed in the form of a case study including both the depth interwiews and participant observations. In this framework, ten depth-interviews were made with members having different qualities for each of these CSOs and participant observations were realized in the general meetings, elections and activities of these organizations. Since the aim of this study is to understand the contribution of the CSOs to the public sphere, the research findings were interpreted and considered basically in the light of the two main theoretical positions: the deliberative (Habermas) and agonistic (Laclau and Mouffe) democracy. The study espoused a post-structuralist conception of democracy combined with a weakened model of deliberation and dialogue pointing out the requirement of the existential publicity of man (Arendt) in the world. In this context, this study tries to discuss the following questions within the framework of the public sphere experience of the three CSOs throughout the thesis. Is the concept of civil society a proper concept for understanding the peculiar experience of Turkey (with reference to the historical context of civil associational life in Turkey and the recent civil resurrection)? Do civil organizations have the capacity to serve for deepening and consolidation of democracy in public sphere? Are these civil organizations democratic and participatory with regard to their intra-organizational structures and decision-making processes? And, more importantly, do they have any capacity to influence the process of democratic transformation in Turkey?

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1643253 bytes, checksum: 663b93e288d71dbedb37bcae9e72b850 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Damselfishes play key roles in reef environments and are widely used as models in ecological and behavioral studies.During the reproductive period, the damselfishes present strategies involving benthonic spawning. The parental care is performed by the male who, during the days of egg development, expelled all potential predators that try to attack their territory. It was studied here the behavioral ecology during spawning period and the reproductive success of Stegastes sanctipauli, a damselfish endemic to the remote St. Peter and St. Paul s Archipelago (Mid Atlantic Ridge, Brazil). Nest abundance was negatively influenced by depth and abundance of Caranx lugubris, an important damselfish predator. The number of clutches within male s nests was positively influenced by depth, nest area, and substrate inclination, with deeper, bigger and more inclined nests sheltering more clutches. Number of clutches within nests varied along the lunar cycle, peaking at two days before the new moon. Egg loss per clutch per day ranged from 3.5% to 50% and was positively influenced by the initial number of eggs laid by females and moon phase, with highest losses recorded also in the days before the new moon. Frequency of agonistic interactions increased with nest size. Bigger nests, that shelter more clutches, are possibly more attractive to potential egg predators. Species most frequently recorded attempting to predate S. sanctipauli eggs were the conspecifics, heterospecifics damselfishes (Chromis multillineata and Abudefduf saxatilis), Malacoctenus sp. and Halichoeres radiatus. Although, no successful predation events was witnessed, experimental offer of clutches and analysis of bite scars revealed Melichthys niger as the main potential predator of S. sanctipauli eggs. Filial cannibalism of eggs was frequently observed, and may be pointed as a major cause of S. sanctipauli embryo mortality. / Os peixes donzeladesempenham um importante papel nos ambientes recifais e são amplamente utilizados como modelo para estudos comportamentais. Durante o período reprodutivo, as donzelas apresentam estratégias que envolvem desova bentônica. O cuidado parental é realizado pelo macho que, durante o período de desenvolvimento dos ovos, expulsa todos os potenciais predadores que tentam invadir seu território.Neste estudo foi avaliada a ecologia comportamental durante a desova e o sucesso reprodutivo de Stegastes sanctipauli, donzela endêmica do remoto Arquipélago de São Pedro e de São Paulo. A abundância de ninhos foi influenciada negativamente pela profundidade e abundância de Caranx lugubris, um importante predador de donzelas. O número de desovas dentro dos ninhos de cada macho foi positivamente influenciado pela profundidade, área do ninho, e inclinação do substrato. Ninhos mais fundos, maiores e mais inclinados apresentaram um maior número de desovas. O número de desovas variou ao longo do ciclo lunar, atingindo um pico dois dias antes da lua nova. A perda de ovos por desova por dia variou de 3,5% a 50% e foi influenciado positivamente pelo número inicial de ovos desovados pelas fêmeas e pelas fases da lua, com as maiores perdas registradas também nos dias que antecedema lua nova. A frequência de interações agonísticas foi influenciada positivamente pelo tamanho do ninho. Ninhos maiores, que abrigam mais desovas, são possivelmente mais atraentes para potenciais predadores de ovos. As espécies registradas com maior frequência tentando invadir o território de S. sanctipauli foram os próprios coespecíficos, donzelas heteroespecíficas (Chromis multillineata e Abudefduf saxatilis), Malacoctenus sp e Halichoeres radiatus. Apesar de não ter sido registrado sucesso em tentativas de predação de ovos durante as observações comportamentais, a oferta experimental de desovas e análise de cicatrizes de mordidas revelou Melichthys niger como o principal potencial predador de ovos de S. sanctipauli. O canibalismo filial de ovos foi um comportamento frequentemente observado, e pode ser apontadotambém comouma das principais causas de mortalidade embrionária de S. sanctipauli.