This work introduces an alternative paradigm that claims that the primary industry of imperial Ethiopia has been (and still is) one that has evolved around the Abyssinian national mission vis-a-vis the populations it rules from a point of conquest. Abyssinia, like Catholic Spain in the Americas, carried out a series of 'civilising' missions (Christianising), that has spanned centuries to modern times. Around a theocratic mission evolved a service type industry, the author calls theo-industry. On that basis, the work demonstrates how well-known categories of 'land-tenure', namely, the gult/goolt, the gultenya/gooltenya, the rist, the ristenya, the gabbar and related others are categories of a fiscal system of theo-industry, not of an agrarian system or agrarian industry. It is argued how these rather complex categories belong in the realm of wages and pensions of a service-type industry, not in those of agriculture. By failing to establish the functional link between agriculture and the national mission of the rulers, the scholars of Ethiopian studies have so far been unable to identify this 'elusive' but all-pervasive primary industry of Ethiopia. That in turn, the author argues, has had a rub-off effect in hindering a clear and comprehensive understanding of issues such as poverty and famine. The central topic of this work is the 'identification' of this 'elusive' industry. The study of its evolution, set in historical grounds, of its dynamics and the intricate maze of multi-natured relations is attempted. On this basis, the option of creating an independent (from theo-industry), and more importantly, renewable agricultural industry is proposed as the key to tackling chronic levels of poverty and famine in Ethiopia / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T11:36:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 1796591 bytes, checksum: 378cc0a018900c6196c8339aa40959e6 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: primeira letra de cada palavra chave em maiúsculo on 2016-07-02T12:26:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T10:31:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 1796591 bytes, checksum: 378cc0a018900c6196c8339aa40959e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:14:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 1796591 bytes, checksum: 378cc0a018900c6196c8339aa40959e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:14:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunonovelinovittoretto.pdf: 1796591 bytes, checksum: 378cc0a018900c6196c8339aa40959e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / O tema central dessa pesquisa versa sobre o processo de incorporação produtiva do café mineiro ao mercado mundial da commodity durante o século XIX. Trata-se da ascensão da cultura cafeeira na região geográfica do Vale do Parahybuna, que com a introdução da rubiácea lança os elementos para a conformação da região historicamente constituída da Zona da Mata mineira. Ainda, tem como objetivo discutir os descompassos que caracterizaram a agricultura do café local, diferenciando-a das demais regiões cafeeiras do país, tanto em relação ciclo cronológico de sua produção, quanto em relação à capacidade de diversificação econômica que o produto básico proporcionou no período da transição capitalista. A base documental para esse estudo foi os inventários post-mortem, localizados no Arquivo Histórico da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (AHUFJF), além dos Relatórios de Presidentes da Província de Minas Gerais, as fontes demográficas – compostas pela Lista Nominativa de 1831 e o Recenseamento Geral de 1872, e os relatos de viajantes que passaram pelo Caminho Novo durante a primeira metade da centúria. / The main theme of this research talks about the process of Minas Gerais’ coffee productive incorporation into the world market in the nineteenth century. It contemplates the rising of coffee culture in the geographic region called Vale do Parahybuna, that was transformed into the historically constituted region of Zona da Mata, as soon as the rubiaceae grew there. Still, it aims to discuss the mismatches that characterized the coffee culture in the region, mainly considering the differences between other coffee-growing areas, as its temporal cycle and its ability of diversifying the local economy in the period of the capitalist transition. The documental basis for this research was the inventories post-mortem, located at Arquivo Histórico da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (AHUFJF), beyond the Reports of the Provincial Presidents of Minas Gerais, demographic sources – Nominal Lists of 1831 and Census of 1872, and reports of travelers who passed through Caminho Novo during the first half of the century.

Cette recherche se situe dans la perspective des travaux qui traitent du développement de l’agrobusiness du soja et de la viande en expansion particulièrement rapide depuis 2008 en Amérique Latine. Notre recherche analyse l’impact du développement de ces nouvelles formes de production reliées aux marchés financiers sur le fonctionnement technique et les résultats économiques des différents agents impliqués dans la production, et sur la durabilité des systèmes de production présents. Ce travail a été mené dans deux régions d’étude en Uruguay (Young et Ansina), choisies de manière à disposer de situations contrastées dans le moment et le degré d’expansion de ces formes productives financiarisées. Nous avons utilisé l’analyse-diagnostic de système agraire pour étudier la dynamique de différenciation des systèmes de production agricole des territoires concernés et évaluer leur niveau de productivité et la répartition de valeur ajoutée créée. Nous avons également analysé l’évolution des rapports de production au sein de ces systèmes agraires et les conséquences des inégalités croissantes d’accès aux ressources productives. Le mouvement de repli des très grandes sociétés en réseau, expérimenté en Uruguay depuis le début de la décennie 2010, nous a aussi amené à identifier les dynamiques naissantes des agents économiques restants dans la gestion des systèmes de production. Nous avons enfin replacé notre analyse en perspective des débats sur les transformations liées à la financiarisation de l’agriculture. / This research deals with the development of soybean and meat agribusiness, and of its particular expansion in Latin America since 2008. Our analysis considers the impact of the development of financial markets-linked productions onto the technical development and economic results of the agents involved in the production process, as well as onto the sustainability of theses production systems. This work was conducted in two areas in Uruguay (Young and Ansina), selected for having different characteristics about the timeline and the stage of the financialized productive forms development. We have used the agrarian system approach, in order to emphasize the differentiation dynamic of agricultural production systems in the concerned territories, and their production and added-value distribution. We have highlighted the evolution of relations of production in these farming systems, and their consequences onto growing inequalities in regards to access to productive resources. The reflux in very large networking companies, seen in Uruguay in the early 2010’s, has also led us to identify the remaining land users emerging strategies for productive system management. Finally, we have also taken into consideration the debates induced by these dramatic changes linked to financialization of agriculture to ponderate our study.

M.A. Faculty of Humanties, University of the Witwatersrand / The racial discrimination under colonialism and apartheid culminated to the dispossession of black people from their land, and to unequal land distribution between black and white people. Territorial segregation during this period was not only about the displacement of black people from their land and their deprivation to equal access to land compared to their white counterparts, it was also about economic deprivation, eradication of subsistence agriculture and the transformation of blacks into wage labourers (Hall, 2004; Walker, 2008).The post-apartheid land reform process was initiated to redress the injustices and inequalities of the past. It took a market-driven approach to blend the objectives of land reform with those of national reconciliation and maintenance of food security (DLA, 1997). The land reform process took a form of restoring land to its original owners who were forcefully removed from it after June 1913 or compensation if land could not be restored. It was also aimed at securing tenure rights for farm workers, labour tenants, farm dwellers and people residing in communal areas. The aims of the third part of the land reform programme was to redistribute 30% of commercial farms in white hands to black people with the view of redressing racial disparities in landholding. As early as in the initial stages of the development of South Africa’s land policy in the early 1990s, scholars and civil society groups warned about the ineffectiveness of the market to deliver on land reform objectives. This paper adopts a case study approach to study the South African land reform process in relation to the notion of empowerment. It focuses on the Land Reform for Agricultural Development (LRAD) sub-programme by looking at the intersection between race, gender and class. Bambanani Fruits (Pty) Ltd, an LRAD project based in the Gauteng province is used as a case study. This is an LRAD Equity Scheme project, meaning that its beneficiaries (who are former workers on the farm) acquired an LRAD grant to purchase equity shares to be co-owners of the project. Bambanani Fruits is a successful project considering its productivity and access to the market. This paper investigates how much LRAD beneficiaries are part of this success i.e. whether they have agency, whether they feel a sense of ownership and control of the project, and the extent at which they take part in decision making in the project. This task is carried out through the application of Kabeer’s (1999) instrumentalist model of measuring empowerment. Kabeer states that empowerment is measured by looking at three aspects, namely; resources, agency and achievement. Kabeer’s model is applied to the data which was collected through various means including in depth interviews with Bambanani LRAD beneficiaries and land officials from the province, document analysis and review of existing scholarly work on land reform. It is well documented that South Africa’s land reform process has been very slow in delivering to its objectives, and departmental reports used in this paper also confirm this assertion. The research results reveal that even though more land was transferred under LRAD, the sub-programme also encountered some of the challenges and hindrances faced by its predecessor Settlement/Land Acquisition Grant (SLAG). It faced budgetary constraints, complexities of the land market such as price restrictions and resistance by land owners to cede land, and so on. Generally, it was found that LRAD tended to entrench race, gender and class disparities in landholding. At Bambanani, I discovered that LRAD has affected beneficiaries differently. The sub-programme has stratified these beneficiaries into competing class factions. Divergent interests have emerged to distort the actual meaning of empowerment. I have labelled this tension a ‘dichotomous factionalism’. The struggle and conflict is caught up between beneficiaries themselves, and their disunity has left the hegemony of the farm’s management unchallenged. I argue that, their empowerment is firstly condemned from within and this internal condemnation limits their negotiating power with the management. Secondly, their empowerment is curtailed by the farm’s management in such as way that it sometimes uses its majority shares to justify unilateral decision making. According to Kabeer, empowerment ought to encompass egalitarian decision making. Respondents have reported this is not always being the case at Bambanani. One group of participants complained about how things have remained the same on the farm despite the acquisition of LRAD shares to co-own the farm. Another group which is mostly comprised by trust members argued that things have changed for the better compared to the period prior to the attainment of these equity shares. In doing so, this group blames the discontent group for the lack of commitment to the project and for being after money over the interest of the project. The discontent group has also complained that the trust is not representing their interests to the management, and whenever they lay complaints there are often threats of expulsion. Apart from the above mentioned conflict of interests amongst Bambanani beneficiaries, positive elements were also discovered where beneficiaries agreed on some areas of dissatisfaction. I have labelled this a Collective Discontent Spectacle. The plight of beneficiaries is caused by the lack of adequate exposure to the business side of the farm’s operation and the lack of delivery on houses which were promised to them by the management as part of the shareholding package. Having considered the Bambanani case and other literature on LRAD, I concluded that LRAD has failed to fulfil empowerment requirements as per Kabeer’s model.

En Sierra Leone, la marginalisation de l'agriculture est une composante essentielle de la crise économique, sociale et politique dont la manifestation la plus tragique a été la guerre civile entre 1991 et 2001. À l'échelle nationale, le secteur agricole représente toujours la majorité des actifs, mais la production alimentaire a chuté depuis les années 1970. Parallèlement au développement du secteur diamantifère, les importations massives de riz à bas coût, ont dévalorisé le travail des producteurs nationaux. Cette marginalisation se poursuit avec l'émergence, récente, d'un secteur agro-industriel financé par des capitaux internationaux.A l'échelle d'une petite région, cette crise des agricultures paysannes se décline selon une trajectoire spécifique. La diversité de la mosaïque paysagère témoigne de la transformation profonde des modes d'exploitation du milieu. Les paysans combinent la culture sur brûlis historique avec la riziculture inondée, le billonnage des savanes, les plantations pérennes, … La pression démographique a pesé sur ces dynamiques mais c'est la marchandisation des rapports sociaux qui a constitué la tendance déterminante. Les grands groupes domestiques, structurés par les rapports lignagers, ont éclaté. Aujourd'hui, les échanges de force de travail entre producteurs sont à l'origine de disparités économiques non négligeables. Cependant, dans des conditions d'intégration économique défavorables, la productivité du travail a stagné voire à reculé. De ce fait, la persistance de rapports sociaux d’antériorité, notamment l'adoption enfantine comme modalité d'accumulation, limite les processus de différenciation au sein de la paysannerie. / In Sierra Leone, the marginalization of the agriculture is inherent to the economic, social and political crisis that embroiled the country into a tragic civil war between 1991 and 2001. While, at the national scale, the agricultural sector still represents the larger part of the workforce, the food production has declined since the 1970s. Massive low cost rice imports, fuelled by the development of the diamond industry, have devalued the work of the national producers. Such marginalization continues with the recent emergence of agro-industrial units financed by international capitals.At the regional scale, the crisis of the peasant agriculture has followed a specific trajectory. The diversity of the landscape mosaic reflects the profound changes that affected the farming systems. Local farmers combine the historical slash and burn farming with swamp rice cropping, mounds cropping in savannah and tree plantations. Even if population pressure has impacted these dynamics, it is the commodification of social relations that was the decisive trend. The large domestic groups, structured by lineages, have broken up. Nowadays the labor exchanges between producers explain significant economic disparities. However, under unfavorable economic integration conditions, labor productivity has stagnated or even declined. Then, the persistence of social relations of precedence, including child fosterage as a form of accumulation, restricts the scope of the differentiation processes within the peasantry.