No description available.

<p>From the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, a number of different fossil agrarian landscapes can be found in southern Sweden - clearance cairn areas, celtic fields, stone-wall complexes and geometrically laid-out strip fields. With two different comparative analyses, this paper tries to explain some of the differences between clearance cairn systems and the other fossil field systems</p><p>The shape of the early Iron Age agrarian landscape varies between different provinces of southern Sweden. At Gotland, celtic field systems were laid-out before 500 BC. In Småland at the same time, areas with clearance cairns were created. How can the difference be explained? The different physical appearance of clearance cairn areas and celtic fields can be explained by the different ways to handle the ard in till and in sandy soil. In sandy soils, and other fine soils, the ard will at each turn deposit small amounts of roots, soil and debris at the edge of the field, which over the years will build up the walls of the celtic fields. But in boulder-rich soil the ard will constantly have to be lifted and tilted, which means that the material will be released before the ard reaches the edge of the field. Since crops, vegetation, houses, field system areas, etc. are identical or at least similar in both landscape types, they most likely represent the same farming system with hay-meadow – stabling – manure – intensely cultivated fields</p><p>In most provinces in southern Sweden, the pre-roman celtic fields and clearance cairn areas were replaced by geometrically laid-out strip fields or different kinds of stone-wall complexes enclosing the fields and farms, around AD 200, but not in Småland. There, the clearance cairn areas were used and extended throughout the Iron Age. How can this regional variation be explained? A comparison between the different landscape types reveals no significant differences in tools, crops, houses, etc. that would support that the difference is explained by a shift in farming systems. A more likely hypothesis is that the difference is due to regional pre-state or early-state political structures with an ambition to control land-use. This is based on the observations that 1) within each region the physical appearance of the fossil landscape is very coherent; 2) between the different regions there are significant differences, and; 3) the different systems were introduced approximately simultaneously in the regions Gotland, Öland, Östergötland, Uppland and Västergötland. This hypothesis implies that Småland either had a separate political structure which chose to keep the old clearance cairn land-use system, or lacked a corresponding regional structure.</p>

The Scanian woodfences has been determined by two mainly elements: Scania's composition of tree species, with a large element of deciduous forest, and the local building tradition which has more in common with the European continent than the Swedish tradition. By examining responses from ethnological question lists deriving from the first half of the 1900s, combined with literature studies, I have been able to deepen and broaden the knowledge behind the various fencing design. In addition I ́ve constructed maps which could illustrate their historical geographic distribution. I have come to the conclusion that there was three main types of woodfences that was most common until the barbed wire was introduced in the early 1900s and later on replaced the elderly woodfences. Common for the three main types is that the base material was made out of Juniperus communis, this largely because of its durability against rot. The most timber demanding type are mostly made out of hardwood, sometimes in combination with spruce, which only existed in the northern provinces of Scania. The two other types made solely from Juniperus communis has been the ones more widely dispersed in Scania, except from the area of the open farmland in the south and west regions.

No description available.

Examines the character construction of the Hesiodic ‘farmer’ in the scholarship of Works and Days. Questions Hesiod’s intimacy of agricultural knowledge: was he a practical farmer or a non-farming poet? Using my farming experience I question the adequacy of the information in Works and Days for use as a farming manual. Lines 635-640 - Hesiod’s description of the climatic conditions of Ascra in respect to farming are set against soil properties (soil biochemistry as an evaluating tool) and agricultural responses (farming methods of other cultures) shows Hesiod to have little grasp of the farming methods each situation requires. Text comparatives: Fan Shêng-Chih Shu an ancient Chinese agricultural text detailed with attention to soil fertility. Supporting ancient texts: Cato on Agriculture, Columella on Agriculture, Theophrastus on Plants, Xenophon Oeconomics and Homer’s Odyssey for references to dung and soil fertility. The vague farming information suggests a non-personalized experience - the Hesiodic ‘farmer’ is probably not a practical farmer at all.

From the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, a number of different fossil agrarian landscapes can be found in southern Sweden - clearance cairn areas, celtic fields, stone-wall complexes and geometrically laid-out strip fields. With two different comparative analyses, this paper tries to explain some of the differences between clearance cairn systems and the other fossil field systems The shape of the early Iron Age agrarian landscape varies between different provinces of southern Sweden. At Gotland, celtic field systems were laid-out before 500 BC. In Småland at the same time, areas with clearance cairns were created. How can the difference be explained? The different physical appearance of clearance cairn areas and celtic fields can be explained by the different ways to handle the ard in till and in sandy soil. In sandy soils, and other fine soils, the ard will at each turn deposit small amounts of roots, soil and debris at the edge of the field, which over the years will build up the walls of the celtic fields. But in boulder-rich soil the ard will constantly have to be lifted and tilted, which means that the material will be released before the ard reaches the edge of the field. Since crops, vegetation, houses, field system areas, etc. are identical or at least similar in both landscape types, they most likely represent the same farming system with hay-meadow – stabling – manure – intensely cultivated fields In most provinces in southern Sweden, the pre-roman celtic fields and clearance cairn areas were replaced by geometrically laid-out strip fields or different kinds of stone-wall complexes enclosing the fields and farms, around AD 200, but not in Småland. There, the clearance cairn areas were used and extended throughout the Iron Age. How can this regional variation be explained? A comparison between the different landscape types reveals no significant differences in tools, crops, houses, etc. that would support that the difference is explained by a shift in farming systems. A more likely hypothesis is that the difference is due to regional pre-state or early-state political structures with an ambition to control land-use. This is based on the observations that 1) within each region the physical appearance of the fossil landscape is very coherent; 2) between the different regions there are significant differences, and; 3) the different systems were introduced approximately simultaneously in the regions Gotland, Öland, Östergötland, Uppland and Västergötland. This hypothesis implies that Småland either had a separate political structure which chose to keep the old clearance cairn land-use system, or lacked a corresponding regional structure.

Examines the character construction of the Hesiodic ‘farmer’ in the scholarship of Works and Days. Questions Hesiod’s intimacy of agricultural knowledge: was he a practical farmer or a non-farming poet? Using my farming experience I question the adequacy of the information in Works and Days for use as a farming manual. Lines 635-640 - Hesiod’s description of the climatic conditions of Ascra in respect to farming are set against soil properties (soil biochemistry as an evaluating tool) and agricultural responses (farming methods of other cultures) shows Hesiod to have little grasp of the farming methods each situation requires. Text comparatives: Fan Shêng-Chih Shu an ancient Chinese agricultural text detailed with attention to soil fertility. Supporting ancient texts: Cato on Agriculture, Columella on Agriculture, Theophrastus on Plants, Xenophon Oeconomics and Homer’s Odyssey for references to dung and soil fertility. The vague farming information suggests a non-personalized experience - the Hesiodic ‘farmer’ is probably not a practical farmer at all.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T13:42:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelmartinsdeoliveiralaguardia.pdf: 6578301 bytes, checksum: a7ed7868ca194d34a7e00d9facb7d8e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-09T10:49:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelmartinsdeoliveiralaguardia.pdf: 6578301 bytes, checksum: a7ed7868ca194d34a7e00d9facb7d8e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-09T10:49:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelmartinsdeoliveiralaguardia.pdf: 6578301 bytes, checksum: a7ed7868ca194d34a7e00d9facb7d8e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta dissertação faz uma análise dos Registros Paroquiais de Terras de Santo Antonio do Paraibuna, atual município de Juiz de Fora e alguns distritos e cidades vizinhas, desenvolvendo um método de gerar mapas através de suas informações. Dessa forma, tem como objetivo: Representar parte da estrutura fundiária da antiga vila de Santo Antonio do Paraibuna por meio da modelagem da representação espacial das propriedades, principalmente as rurais. A ‘Distribuição Espacial’ produzida constituirá além de um instrumento de análise semiótica, um sistema de informações e resultará em nova metodologia para a História e, principalmente, para a História Agrária. A partir de uma leitura qualitativa, visando sua decodificação através de uma análise detalhada, e quantitativa das fontes que, neste caso, serão originários dos Registros Paroquiais de Terras e de seu cruzamento será possível identificar e possibilitar esta distribuição espacial das propriedades e representá-las em um instante de tempo. Após a espacialização, ou seja, a distribuição espacial buscar-se-á realizar a ‘Redistribuição Dimensionada’, isto é, realizar novamente a distribuição espacial acrescentando informações referentes à dimensão das propriedades. E, legitimar mutuamente, uma metodologia nova para o tratamento de uma fonte histórica com a composição parcial da estrutura fundiária de Santo Antonio do Paraibuna, em um estudo de caso. Tal metodologia busca sistematizar na forma de um “quadro sinóptico” um tema: Propriedades Rurais. O desenvolvimento de uma metodologia nova implica em um alargamento das possibilidades de pesquisas historiográficas e neste caso um uso a mais para as informações históricas oriundas do Registro de Terras. Tudo isto reafirma, para a pesquisa histórica, a importância de considerar e pensar a pesquisa dentro da relação tempo-espaço como um continuum, em um campo de variáveis qualquer, tal como são as propriedades rurais. Como em qualquer modelo, não se tem a pretensão de corresponder Ipsis litteris à realidade, principalmente esta que não existe mais, parte-se de uma modelagem matemática para alcançar a ideia de proporcionalidade entre propriedades nesta estrutura fundiária. Resulta em um método capaz de criar ferramentas na forma de um mapa reutilizáveis para novas avaliações históricas, tal como uma nova fonte histórica acrescida de novas informações, como as geográficas, e a recomposição da informação da fonte histórica. Conclui-se que é oportuna a inserção do Georreferenciamento nas pesquisas historiográficas, pois são notórias suas potencialidades na pesquisa. / This work is an analysis of the Registros Paroquiais de Terras of Santo Antônio do Paraibuna, current city of Juiz de Fora and some neighboring districts and cities, developing a method of generating a spatial distribution of properties through its information. Thus, it aims to: i) represent part of the land structure of the old town of Santo Antonio do Paraibuna by modeling the spatial representation of the properties, mainly the rural ones. The produced 'Spatial Distribution' will constitute an instrument of semiotic analysis and also an information system. This will lead to new methodology for the History and, especially, to the Agricultural History. From a qualitative reading, aiming its decoding through a detailed and quantitative analysis of the sources that, in this case, will have their origins in the Registros Paroquiais de Terras and their intersection. From this, it will be possible to identify and allow this spatial distribution of properties and represent them in an instant of time. After the spatial, ie, the spatial distribution will seek to perform the ‘Sized Redistribution’, ie, to perform again the Sized Distribution, adding to it information on the size of the properties. ii) to legitimize each other, a new methodology for the treatment of a historical source with the partial composition of the land structure of Santo Antonio do Paraibuna, in a case study. This methodology seeks to systematize in the form of a "summary table" a theme: Rural Properties. The development of a new methodology involves a greater scope for historical research and, in this case, one use more for the historical information derived from Registro de Terras. All this confirms, for historical research, the importance of considering and thinking about research into the relationship as a time-space continuum, in a field of any variables, as are the rural properties. As any model, we do not intend to match Ipsis litteris the reality, mainly that which no longer exists, it starts from a mathematical model to achieve the idea of proportionality between properties in this land structure. It results in a method capable of creating reusable tools in the form of a map for new historical evaluations, such as a new historical source added of new information, such as geographical, and the restoration of the information of the historical source. We conclude that the inclusion is timely in the Georeferencing in the historiographical research because their potentialities are notorious in research.

Traditional agriculture has played an important role in shaping the landscape for thousands of years. Agriculture and interactions between humans and their surroundings have changed since the beginning of historic time in Sweden, approximately 1000 years ago. Through botanical macrofossil analysis of plant remnants found in an urban ditch in Sigtuna, Sweden, I examine which natural landscapes the town’s inhabitants may have interacted with in terms of resource collection in the beginning of the Medieval period. The results showed indications of predominantly nutritious wet grassland habitats, but also dry grassland and forests, as well as remnants of urban and cultivated species. The species indicate that the resources may have been used as winter fodder for animals, but possibly also as sustenance for humans as well as building material. The results indicated little change over time, regarding which landscape types were interacted with, but there were possible indications of a decrease in grassland resource collection in the youngest sample from 1150 A.D. Further research is needed to understand the indication. The material indicates that the Cyperaceae family will be instrumental in continuing this research.

Deep anthropogenic topsoils – those augmented through long-term additions of mineral bulk among fertilising agents – retain in both their physical and chemical make-up significant indicators for cultural activity. This project researched the geographical distribution and historical context of deep anthropogenic topsoils in Scotland and the Isles, and used this information to investigate the impact of current land cover upon the cultural information they retain. In so doing, the project investigated the potential for conservation of this significant cultural resource. A review of the historical information available on agricultural and manuring practices for Scotland identified several factors likely to affect deep topsoil distribution and frequency. These were: the availability of bulk manures to Scottish farmers, the significance of the seaweed resource in determining fertiliser strategies in coastal areas, and the influence of urban settlement and associated patterns of domestic and industrial waste disposal on the location of deep topsoils. Evidence for widespread deep topsoil development was limited. The primary data source used – the First Statistical Account of Scotland – was manipulated into a spatial database in ArcView GIS, to which geographical data from the Soil Survey of Scotland and national archaeological survey databases were added. This was used to devise a survey programme aiming both to investigate the potential factors affecting soil development listed above, and to locate deep topsoil sites for analysis. Three sites were identified with deep topsoils under different cover types (woodland, arable and pasture). The urban-influenced context of two of these highlighted the significance of urban settlement to the location of Scottish deep topsoils. Analysis of pH, organic matter, and total phosphorus content showed a correlation between raised organic matter and a corresponding increase in phosphorus content in soils under permanent vegetation. By contrast, soils under arable cultivation showed no such rise. This was attributed to the action of cropping in removing modern organic inputs prior to down-profile cycling. The potential for pasture and woodland cover to affect relict soil signatures was therefore observed. Thin section analysis aimed to both provide micromorphological characterisation of the three deep topsoil sites and investigate the effect of modern land cover on micromorphological indicators. Distinctive differences in micromorphological character were observed between the rural and urban deep topsoils, with the latter showing a strong focus on carbonised fuel residues and industrial wastes. All sites showed a highly individual micromorphological character, reflective of localised fertilising systems. There was no correlation between land cover type and survival of material indictors for anthropogenic activity, with soil cultural indicators surviving well, particularly those characteristic of urban-influenced topsoils. Suggestions for preservation strategies for this potentially rare and highly localised cultural resource included the incorporation of deep anthropogenic topsoil conservation into current government policy relating to care of the rural historic environment, and the improvement of data on the resource through ongoing survey and excavation.