The growth of a country depends on the improvement of its human resources. The TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) system intends primarily to advance personal support and resources. Throughout education, people can build their knowledge, understanding, and skills to find a job. The TVET in Agriculture (ATVET) curriculum plays an essential role in designing interventions to deliver quality education, helping people increase productivity in the various agriculture sectors of economic activities, value chains, and associated occupations. The purpose of this research is to investigate what is necessisary to improve the agriculture technical and vocational education programs in Senegal by focusing on pedagogy and teaching strategies. Participants represented different ranges of teaching experience from five to more than ten years. The lead researcher interviewed two school directors and ten ATVET teachers. The interviews were semi-structured and were last from 30 minutes to one hour in Diourbel and Thies, Senegal. The researchers developed an interview protocol regarding the ATVET programs, implementation issues, and job market trends. The results showed that participants had various years of professional experience in the ATVET system and academic levels. All participants are well experienced and knowledgeable about working in strenuous physical and instructional conditions. The lack of infrastructure, equipment, and class facilities appears in the findings as significant problems. The deterioration of the resources such as human, material, financial and organizational influences the expected teaching outcomes because of insufficient and inadequate teaching and learning methods. Thereby, all authorities must consider the requirements and expectations of the the competency-based (CBA) program within the sustainability of the infrastructure, the learning environment, and the efficiency of maintenance to improve the technical context to guarantee practical and efficient administration of technological, environmental, and human resources. / Doctor of Philosophy / The growth of a country depends on the improvement of its human resources. The Vocational Training system (TVET) aims to strengthen human resources. Through education, people can build their expertise, comprehension, and abilities to find a job. The TVET in Agriculture performs a fundamental function in designing interventions to deliver concerning training, making people boost productivity in agriculture sectors of economic activities, value chains, and associated occupations. The purpose of this research is to investigate what is needed to improve agriculture vocational and technical education programs in Senegal by focusing on pedagogy and teaching strategies to address the new and growing competency demands of the different value-chains within the agriculture system. Participants in this study were the teachers and administrators in the current ATVET programs. The lead researcher interviewed two school directors and ten ATVET teachers in Diourbel and Thies, Senegal. The researchers developed an interview protocol regarding the ATVET programs, implementation issues, and job market trends. The results showed that participants are well experienced and knowledgeable about working in strenuous physical and instructional conditions. The availability and quality of material resources such as teaching materials and class sizes pose problems in teacher satisfaction in the classroom to boost learning outcomes. Thus, the didactic equipment also remains insufficient and poorly diversified, which testifies the limited pedagogical approaches used in these structures. The deterioration of the ATVET resources such as human, material, financial and organizational influences the expected teaching outcomes because of insufficient and inadequate teaching and learning methods. Thereby, all authorities must consider the requirements and expectations of sustainability of the infrastructure, the learning environment, and the efficiency of maintenance to improve the technical context.

BARAPROJEKTET: Av författarna formulerat samlingsnamn för Professional Golfers´ Association (PGA) National Sweden AB:s köp av aktuella fastigheter från Malmö kommun och planprocessen i Svedala kommuns regi.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka alternativ till, det av Malmö kommun valda förfarandet, att försälja fastigheten Värby 61:1 med flera till PGA: s golfbaneprojekt i Svedala kommun samt få kunskap om den planprocess som föregick beslutet.I vårt val av metod har vi varit angelägna om att skapa förutsättningar för replikation och utvärdering. Rapport är utförd med en kvalitativ fältstudie med ett strategiskt urval, kompletterat med en sekundär analys. Undersökningen bygger på en explorativ metod genom att vi kompletterat våra sekundärdata med ett flertal intervjuer. Genom vår omfattande granskning bedömer vi att rapporten har en god reliabilitet samt att vi fått tag i de intervjupersoner som kan tillföra rapporten god validitet.1996 initierade Mikael Sorling, vd PGA Sweden AB visionen om att anlägga en golfanläggning av högsta internationella klass i Sverige. 2003 började Nils Yngvesson, före detta kommunalråd i Malmö kommun, arbeta med golfanläggningen och det var han som lade fram iden om att golfanläggningen skulle ligga i Torup. Marken som golfanläggningen skall anläggas på ägdes sedan 1970 av Malmö kommun, medan marken ligger i Svedala kommun. Sedan Malmö kommuns förvärv av marken 1970 har Torups Gård AB arrenderat marken för jordbruk.Slutsatsen i denna rapport är att PGA National Sweden AB köpt jordbruksmark till ett rimligt pris sett i relation till marknadsvärdet. Dock så vet vi att jordbruksmarken inte skall fortsätta att brukas, utan jordbruksmarken skall istället användas för anläggandet av deras nya golfanläggning. Marknadsvärdet för golfbanemark ligger nästan dubbelt så högt per hektar än vad PGA National Sweden AB köpte jordbruksmarken av Malmö kommun för. I Malmö kommuns värdering av jordbruksfastigheterna har de inte tagit hänsyn till objektsbundna värdepåverkande faktorer. Vi menar att sådana föreligger, dock så är de svåra att värdera. Konsekvensen av detta blir att priset på jordbruksfastigheterna borde vara väsentligt högre.Den aktuella planprocessen för Baraprojektet har effektivt följt det normala planförfarandet. Orsaken är att de berörda aktörerna tidigt kom överens. N Yngvessons inträde i PGA National Sweden AB:s styrelse samt parternas kompetens och personkemi har även de varit en bidragande faktor till att arbetet med planprocessen förflutit effektivt.Den nyttjanderättsform som parterna kunde ha använt sig av, snarare än att försälja de aktuella jordbruksfastigheterna, är tomträtt. Valet av tomträtt bygger på att Malmö kommun kvarstår som fastighetsägare och behåller då sin handlingsfrihet. Under den första 10-års perioden kunde ett generöst tomträttsavtal ingås mellan parterna, därmed skulle goda förutsättningar för golfanläggningens etablering säkerställas. / Our aim is to investigate alternatives to the sale of the properties Värby 61:1 etc. by Malmö municipality to PGA:s golf course project in Svedala municipality and to understand the planning process that preceded the decision.Our investigation is based on an explorative method where we complemented our secondary data with a number of interviews. Through our extensive observation we estimate that the rapport has good reliability and that we have accessed the right people who are able to add good validity to the rapport.Malmö municipality has not taken in consideration the unique object value factors when selling the property. Our opinion is that these factors do exist, although they are difficult to estimate. The result of this is that the price of the land should be much higher. Nils Yngvesson joining PGA National Sweden’s board’ and the parties’ competence and personal chemistry have also been a contributing factor to why the work with the normal planning process has been carried out so efficiently. The right of use that could be utilized by the parties instead of selling the land would be a leasehold right. In our opinion this would have benefited both parties with concerns regarding risk and value.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / This thesis investigates gender relations in agricultural value chains by examining gender differentials in terms of gender roles in agricultural production and marketing, gender division of labour within the household, gendered daily and seasonal activities in the household, decision-making power within the household, and access to productive resources and agricultural support services. The study also assessed historical, socio-cultural, and institutional factors constraining gender equality and women’s empowerment in agricultural value chains. Employing critical theory, the study used a qualitative research approach, specifically basic classical ethnographic methods - participant observation, field notes, in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and secondary documents. The study also used a time-use survey and seasonal calendar as its primary source of data. The study revealed that women are generally underrepresented in most profitable nodes of the value chains. However, agricultural value chain interventions have different outcomes for women in female-headed households (FHHs) and women in male-headed households (MHHs). The commercialization of agriculture, particularly in MHHs, has led women to lose control over the commodities they traditionally used to control, as these commodities have fallen into the hands of men. Therefore women in this category are either disempowered or at least not empowered by the value chain interventions. Nevertheless, for women of FHHs, gender mainstreaming in agricultural value chains has contributed to improving gender equality, employment, and women’s empowerment by boosting their economic, social, and personal empowerment levels, though they still lag behind the men in many aspects. The participation of women in managing and controlling high-value crops is constrained by unequal power relations within the household and society. This could be explained in terms of limited resources, low level of literacy, shortage of labour and time, limited access to productive inputs, technologies, market information and agricultural extension services, restriction of mobility, and other socio-cultural and institutional barriers. / Hierdie studie handel oor genderverhoudings in landbouwaardekettings deur genderkenmerke te ondersoek ten opsigte van genderrolle in landbouproduksie en -bemarking, die verdeling van take by die huis op grond van gender, daaglikse en seisoenale werksaamhede tuis volgens gender, besluitnemingsbevoegdheid in die huishouding, en toegang tot produktiewe hulpbronne en landbouhulpdienste. Die studie verreken ook die historiese, sosiaal-kulturele en institusionele faktore wat gendergelykheid en die bemagtiging van vroue in landbouwaardekettings belemmer. Genderverhoudings word deur die lens van die kritiese teorie bekyk. ʼn Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is gevolg en klassieke etnografiese metodes is toegepas, waaronder deelnemerwaarneming, veldaantekeninge, deurtastende en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude, onderhoude met sleutelinformante, fokusgroepbesprekings en sekondêre dokumente. ʼn Tydbenuttingsopname en seisoenale kalender was die primêre databronne. Uit die studie het geblyk dat vroue by die mees winsgewende skakels van die waardeketting grotendeels onderverteenwoordig is. Die uitkomste van landbouwaardekettingintervensies vir vrouehuishoudings (VH) (huishoudings waarin ʼn vrou die broodwinner is) verskil van dié vir mannehuishoudings (MH) (huishoudings waarin ʼn man die broodwinner is). Weens die kommersialisering van die landboubedryf, in veral MH’s, het beheer oor die kommoditeite van vroue se hande in dié van mans oorgegaan. Gevolglik word vroue in hierdie kategorie ontmagtig of ten minste nie deur die waarde van kettingintervensies bemagtig nie. Ofskoon ʼn groter genderbewustheid in die landbouwaardeketting gelyke indiensneming en die ekonomiese, maatskaplike en persoonlike bemagtiging van vroue bevorder het, het vroue steeds ʼn groot agterstand. Ongelyke magsverhoudings tuis en in die samelewing beperk vroue se bestuur van en beheer oor lonende gewasse. Die redes hiervoor is onder meer beperkte hulpbronne, ongeletterdheid, ʼn tekort aan arbeid en tyd, beperkte toegang tot produktiewe insette, tegnologieë, markinligting en landbouverlengingsdienste, beperkte mobiliteit en talle ander sosiaal-kulturele en institusionele struikelblokke. / Lolu cwaningo luphenya ubudlelwano kwezobulili kwezemisebenzi yokukhiqiza ngasemkhakheni wezolimo , lokhu kwenziwa ngokuthi kuhlolwe izimpawu ezahlukile kwezobulili, mayelana nezindima ezidlalwa ubulili emkhakheni wezemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo, ukwehlukaniswa kwabasebenzi ngokobulili ngaphakathi kwekhaya kanye nokutholakala kwemithombo yokukhiqiza kanye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa ezolimo. Isifundo futhi sihlola izinto ezithinta umlando, inhlalakahle yabantu kwezolimo kanye nezimo/nezinto ezikumaziko ezidala ukungalingani kobulili kanye nokuhlonyiswa ngamandla kwabesimame emisebenzini yezokukhiqiza kwezolimo. Ukusebenzisa umqondo ogxekayo (critical theory), kusetshenziswe indlela yokucwaninga eyencike kwingxoxo, ikakhulukazi izindlela zokuqala ze-ethinogilafi, phecelezi (basic classical ethnographic methods) – ukubhekisisa izenzo zabadlalindima, ukuthatha amanothi wokwenzeka ezinkundleni zokusebenza ezingaphandle, ukwenza izinhlolo vo ezijulile, ukwenza izinhlolo vo ezimbaxambili, ukwenza izinhlolovo zomuntu onolwazi olunzulu, izingxoxo zeqembu eliqondiwe kanye nemibhalo yesigaba sesibili. Isaveyi yesikhathi ebizwa nge (time-use survey) kanye nekhalenda yenkathi (seasonal calendar ) zisetshenziswe njengemithombo yokuqala yedatha. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi abesimame ngokwenjwayelo bamele inani elincane labesimame emikhakheni eminingi yezokukhiqiza, okuyimikhakha engenisa inzuzo eningi. Yize kunjalo, imizamo yokuxhasa imisebenzi yokukhiqiza kwezolimo inemiphumela eyehlukahlukene kwabesimame kumakhaya aphethwe abesimame (FHHs) futhi le mizamo inemiphumela eyehlukahlukene kwabesimame kumakhaya aphethwe ngabesilisa (MHHs). Ukufakwa kwemboni yezolimo kwibhizinisi, ikakhulukazi kwimizi ephathwe ngabesilisa (MHHs), sekuholele ekutheni abesimame balahlekelwe yilawulo kwimithombo yezomnotho ebebejwayele ukuyiphatha, njengoba le mithombo yezomnotho seyiwele ngaphansi kwezandla zabesilisa. Ngakho-ke abesimame kulo mkhakha mhlawumbe bephucwe amandla noma mhlawumbe abahlonyisiwe ngokwanele ngamandla ngamakhono okuxhasa imisebenzi yezokukhiqiza. Yize-kunjalo, ngasohlangothini lwabesimame abaphethe imizi FHHs, ukulinganisa amanani ngokobulili kwimisebenzi yezolimo sekube negalelo ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana ngokobulili, kwezemisebenzi kanye nokuhlomisa ngamandla kwabesimame ngokuxhasa amazinga abo ezomnotho, ukuhlonyiswa kwamazinga abantu kanye nomuntu ngamunye, yize abesimame basahamba emuva kwabesilisa emikhakheni eminingi. Ukubandakanyeka kwabesimame ekuphatheni kanye nasekulawuleni kwezitshalo zecophelo eliphezulu kukhinyabezwa ukungalingani ngamandla ngaphakathi kwekhaya kanye nomphakathi. Lokhu kungachazwa ngokwemithombo yomnotho emincane, ngokwamazinga aphansi emfundo, ngokusweleka kwabasebenzi kanye nesikhathi, ngokwamathuba amancane okufinyelela izinsiza zokukhiqiza, ngokwezixhobo zobuchwepheshengokuswela ulwazi lwezimakethe kanye nokwandiswa kwemisebenzi yezolimo, ngokwemigomo evimbezela ukuhamba kanye nezinye izihibe ezivimbela inhlalakahle yabantu kwezolimo kanye nezihibe zamaziko. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)