As espécies do gênero Paspalum destacam-se pela maior resistência ao frio, produção e qualidade de forragem, quando comparados a outras gramíneas estivais nativas do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de híbridos interespecíficos de Paspalum, em relação à produção de forragem nos municípios de Eldorado do Sul e Coronel Barros e tolerância ao frio em Eldorado do Sul. “Foram avaliados os híbridos: “140”, “131”, ‘138”, “129”, “78”, “176”, “142”, “208”, “165”, “172”, “197”, “329”, “491”, “89”, “162” originados pelo cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton; juntamente os híbridos: “1” e “44”, cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão”; e os híbridos “43”, “31”, “90”, cruzamento de P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Azulão”; ou P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecótipo “Baio”; ou P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton, respectivamente. A cultivar Aruana (Panicum maximum) foi utilizada como testemunha. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas por meio de cortes, totalizando sete cortes. A variável massa seca de folhas foi a que apresentou maior correlação com a massa seca total. Ao selecionar os híbridos com maior massa seca total também estão sendo selecionadas as plantas de maior altura e diâmetro. Os híbridos apomíticos “129”, “138”, “208”, “329”, híbridos sexuais “78” e “165” e o híbrido “1” (modo de reprodução não determinado) apresentaram ao longo das avaliações altas produções de massa seca total e massa seca de folhas e em alguns cortes se destacaram, sendo superiores aos seus progenitores. Portanto foram selecionados para seguir no programa de melhoramento visando à obtenção de cultivares mais adaptadas às nossas condições de clima sub-tropical. / The genus Paspalum species stand out for the highest resistance to cold, production and forage quality compared to other native summer grasses of Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of interspecific hybrids of Paspalum in relation to the production of forage in Eldorado do Sul and Coronel Barros cities and cold tolerance in Eldorado do Sul. They were evaluated hybrids "140", "131", "138", "129", "78", " 176 ","142”, "208 "," 165 "," 172 "," 197 "," 329 "," 491 "," 89 "," 162 " originated by crossing P.plicatulum (4c-4X) x P. lepton; and hybrids, "1" and "44", crossing P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão"; and hybrid "43", "31", "90", crossing P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Azulão"; or P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. guenoarum ecotype "Baio"; or P. plicatulum (4c-4x) x P. lepton, respectively. Cultivar Aruana of Panicum maximum was used as control. The design was a randomized block with three replications. The evaluations were made through cuts, totaling seven cuts. The variable dry mass of leaves showed the highest correlation with total dry matter. When selecting hybrids with higher total dry matter are also being selected plants of greater height and diameter. The apomictic hybrids "129", "138", "208", "329", sexual hybrids "78" and "165" and the hybrid "1" (mode of reproduction not determined) presented during the evaluations high productions of total dry mass and dry mass of leaves, and in some cuts stood out and were higher than their parents. So, they were selected to follow in the breeding program aimed at getting cultivars more adapted to sub-tropical conditions.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-16T13:45:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GLAUCE CHRISTIAN ALVES DUARTE.PDF: 7412666 bytes, checksum: f0301da81bceac842c42e74f9d99cf80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T13:45:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GLAUCE CHRISTIAN ALVES DUARTE.PDF: 7412666 bytes, checksum: f0301da81bceac842c42e74f9d99cf80 (MD5) / Santander Universidades / A Ipecacuanha é uma planta medicinal de grande interesse da indústria farmacêutica e representatividade econômica devido à atividade dos seus principais metabólitos emetina e cefalina. Considerando que esses metabólitos são encontrados nas raízes, sua colheita foi extrativista, colocando a espécie na lista de espécies ameaçadas de erosão genética e de extinção. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, por meio de técnicas de RMN, o efeito da sazonalidade associado a fatores agronômicos e climáticos sobre os teores de emetina e cefalina em indivíduos da espécie cultivados na região de Niterói. Os indivíduos foram cultivados sob 4 diferentes tipos de substrato e 3 diferentes graus de sombreamento. Foram realizadas 4 colheitas referentes às 4 estações do ano, no período de 1 ano. Os extratos brutos obtidos a partir das raízes foram submetidos à doseamento por CLAE-DAD e analisados por duas técnicas de RMN, a saber, RMN em solução e HRMAS. Nessa última técnica, foram realizadas análises dos extratos e das raízes pulverizadas. Os resultados de doseamento por CLAE-DAD mostraram que, no outono, os indivíduos cultivados em terra preta + areia + bokashi e 70% de sombreamento apresentaram os maiores teores de emetina e cefalina (0,63 e 1,84, respectivamente). Apesar de não ser possível quantificar os alcaloides por meio das técnicas de RMN, as análises quimiométricas vieram a corroborar com os resultados e mostraram uma tendência a agrupamento das amostras coletadas no inverno, o que sugere diferenças metabólicas nesta estação. Dessa forma, conclui-se que, tanto na técnica cromatográfica quanto na espectroscópica, a sazonalidade foi o principal fator determinante para a escolha do período ótimo de colheita na região onde o estudo foi conduzido / The Ipecac is a medicinal plant of great interest to the pharmaceutical and economic representativeness industry due to the activity of its main metabolites emetine and cephaeline. Considering that these metabolites are found in the roots, his crop was harvested by hand, placing the species on the list of species threatened by genetic erosion and extinction. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasonality associated with agronomic and climatic factors on the content of emetine and cephaeline in individuals grown in the Niteroi region by NMR techniques. Individuals were cultured in 4 different types of substrate and 3 degrees of shading. 4 samples were collected regarding the four seasons, in the period of 1 year. The crude extract obtained from roots were assayed by HPLC-DAD and analyzed by two NMR techniques, namely solution NMR and HRMAS. In the latter technique, analyzes were performed of extracts and powdered roots. The results of determination by HPLC-DAD showed that in the fall, the grown individuals in black soil + sand + Bokashi and 70% shading showed higher levels of emetine and cephalin (0.63 and 1.95, respectively). Although it is not possible to quantify the alkaloids by NMR techniques, chemometric analysis came to corroborate the results and showed a tendency to cluster the samples collected in winter, suggesting metabolic differences in this season. Thus, we concluded that both the chromatographic technique as in spectroscopy, seasonality was the main determining factor for choosing the optimal harvest period in the region where the study was conducted

A porcentagem de grãos na MS é um dos principais parâmetros utilizados na determinação da qualidade do milho para silagem. A partir da década de 80 alguns trabalhos mostraram a importância da porção volumosa da planta na digestibilidade e valor nutritivo da silagem. Este trabalho avaliou as características agronômicas, frações químicas, digestibilidade da planta e potencial de produção de leite em vinte híbridos testados em quatro localidades do Estado de São Paulo. O material foi colhido quando os grãos atingiram o ponto de maturidade (2/3 da linha de leite), sendo esse dividido em grãos, espiga, haste e folhas, para análise posterior. Primeiramente, todas as amostras foram analisadas por espectroscopia (NIRS), para definir quais delas deveriam ser analisadas pela metodologia convencional com a finalidade de melhorar as curvas de predição. Segundo, as amostras selecionadas foram analisadas para se determinar os teores de FDN, FDN digestível, amido e amido digestível. E em terceiro, esses resultados obtidos foram utilizados para calcular a equação de regressão para estimar os teores de MS, FDN, FDN digestível, FDA, amido, amido digestível, EE, MM, proteína e digestibilidade “in vitro” da haste e da planta toda. Estes resultados foram utilizados para se determinar as correlações entre dados agronômicos e frações químicas, e estimar o potencial de produção de leite utilizando-se a planilha de Schwab e Shaver (Milk 2000) em cada localidade. Os resultados obtidos nas quatro localidades mostraram que na média a haste, espiga, grãos e folhas constituem 56, 27, 35 e 17% da planta, respectivamente. Os teores médios de FDN, FDNd, amido, amidod foram 55, 60,9, 22,6 e 99,97%, respectivamente. A DIVMS apresentou grande variação entre cultivares e locais (51,7 a 70,9%). A FDN e FDA foram negativamente correlacionadas com a DIVMS (-0,60 e -0,50, respectivamente), sendo que o teor e a digestibilidade do amido, e a FDN foram positivamente correlacionados coma DIVMS (0,43, 0,62 e 0,41, respectivamente). O potencial médio de produção de leite estimado foi acima de 30.000 litros de leite por hectare e 1.300 litros de leite por ton de MS de forragem. / Corn that is to be harvested for silage is usually selected from existing grain hybrids. Recent evidence suggests that improved nutritive value of corn silage could be achieved through selection for high stover fiber digestibility. Agronomic and nutritive characteristics and milk production potential of twenty corn hybrids were evaluated at four sites in the state of Sao Paulo. Plants were harvested when the milk line had progressed 2/3 down from the top of the kernel. The material was fractioned into stem, leaves and ears + husk to determine the agronomic parameters; nutritional characteristics were estimated in whole-plant corn and corn stover. All samples were spectroscopically analyzed (NIRS); NDF, digestible NDF, starch and digestible starch were analyzed by the conventional wet chemistry analytical methodology in 45% of the samples. The improved prediction equations were used to estimate the percentage of DM, NDF, digestible NDF, FDA, starch, digestible starch, EE, MM, protein and IVDMD. Milk production potential was estimated by the worksheet proposed by Schwab and Shaver (Milk 2000). Stover, ear+husk, kernel and leaves overall mean percentages were 56, 27, 35 and 17%, respectively. NDF, digestible NDF, starch and digestible starch overall mean percentages were 55, 61, 23 and 100%, respectively. IVDMD showed a large variation among hybrids and sites (51.7 to 70.9%). NDF and ADF were negatively correlated to IVDMD (-0.6 and –0.5) and starch content, starch digestibility and NDF digestibility were positively correlated to IVDMD (0.43, 0.62 and 0.41, respectively). Overall estimated potential milk production means were 30,000 liters per hectare and 1,300 liters per ton of forage dry matter.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-AnagilaJanenisCardosoSilva.pdf: 387241 bytes, checksum: 6333a1930e36328efecb8d1915cc5248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the humid tropical soils, the efficiency of nutrient use is very low, especially those required in larger quantities by plants, such as nitrogen. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of using leucena legume biomass coverage associated with mineral fertilizer and humic acid on the availability and efficiency of use of N; evaluate the agronomic performance of the variety of corn QPM BR 473 associated with the following treatments: 133 kg ha-1 of urea as a source of nitrogen (N); 15 t ha-1 leucena (L); 133 kg ha-1 of urea + 15 t ha-1 leucena (N + L); 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 15 t ha-1 leucena (AH + L); 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 133 kg ha-1 of urea (AH + N) and 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 133 kg ha-1 of urea + 15 t ha-1 leucena (AH + N + U). All treatments received 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 of K2O and 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4. The N + L treatment was the highest productivity (5385 kg ha-1), nitrogen remobilization (35.20 kg ha-1), agronomic efficiency (32.61 kg kg-1) and higher recovery efficiency (52.44%). For this investigation, with the data efficiencies mainly shows the agronomic and nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen remobilized and grain production, it can be inferred that the combination of biomass leucena with urea showed the highest productivity , noting that the use of these two sources of nitrogen together in tillage system is an important alternative for small producers in the humid tropics. Therefore, the effect of the existing synchronization between the release of nitrogen by organic and mineral sources was well demonstrated by the data presented in this study, however, the synergy of these sources with the humic acid was not fully clarified. Thus, increasing the efficiency of nutrients by plants through novel mechanisms as the application of humic acid may be a means of improving productivity. However, it is still necessary to better understand the mechanisms involved in this process to improve them. / Nos solos do trópico úmido, a eficiência do uso de nutrientes é muito baixa, principalmente daqueles exigidos em maiores quantidades pelas plantas, como o nitrogênio. Os objetivos com esse estudo foram avaliar o efeito da utilização de cobertura com biomassa da leguminosa leucena associada ao adubo mineral e o ácido húmico sobre a disponibilidade e eficiência do uso de N; avaliar o desempenho agronômico da variedade de milho QPM BR 473 associada aos seguintes tratamentos: 133 kg ha-1 de uréia como fonte de Nitrogênio (N); 15 t ha-1 de leucena (L); 133 kg ha-1 de uréia + 15 t ha-1 de leucena (N + L); 500 L ha-1 de ácido húmico + 15 t ha-1 de leucena (AH + L); 500 L ha-1 de ácido húmico + 133 kg ha-1 de uréia (AH + N) e 500 L ha-1 de ácido húmico + 133 kg ha-1 de uréia + 15 t ha-1 de leucena (AH + N + L). Todos os tratamentos receberam 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 de K2O e 25 kg ha-1 de ZnSO4. O tratamento N + L foi o que proporcionou maior produtividade (5385 kg ha-1), remobilização do nitrogênio (35,20 kg ha-1), eficiência agronômica (32,61 kg kg-1) e maior eficiência de recuperação (52,44%). Para esta investigação, com os dados das eficiências apresentadas principalmente as eficiências agronômica e de recuperação do nitrogênio, bem como o nitrogênio remobilizado e a produção de grãos, pode-se inferir que a combinação da biomassa de leucena com uréia foi a que apresentou maior produtividade, constatando que o uso dessas duas fontes de nitrogênio juntas em sistema de plantio direto é uma importante alternativa para os pequenos produtores do trópico úmido. Portanto, o efeito da sincronia existente entre a liberação de nitrogênio pelas fontes orgânica e mineral foi perfeitamente comprovado pelos dados apresentados neste estudo, no entanto, a sinergia dessas fontes com o ácido húmico não ficou perfeitamente esclarecida. Sendo assim, aumentar a eficiência de nutrientes pelas plantas através de novos mecanismos como a aplicação de ácidos húmicos pode ser um meio de melhorar a produtividade. Entretanto, ainda é necessário conhecer melhor os mecanismos envolvidos neste processo para aperfeiçoá-los.

Iodine is an essential nutrient for humans, which is often not ingested through food in adequate quantities. Currently, Germany is once again one of the countries in which there is an iodine deficiency in the population. Women between the ages of 20 and 40 are particularly affected, a critical situation since pregnant and lactating women have an increased iodine requirement. Iodization of table salt is a widely used prophylactic measure. However, this method is not sufficient and may become less important in the future if further dietary salt reduction occurs, as nutritionists are demanding. Alternative approaches are therefore needed to improve the supply. One of these approaches is the agronomic biofortification of food crops. In this process, iodine is applied via fertilization measures during the cultivation of the plants. This gives the plants the ability to take up the mineral, which is only available in the soil to a very limited extent. In recent years, many studies have been published on the biofortification of vegetables and cereals. Foliar fertilization measures have proven to be significantly more efficient than soil fertilization measures. Nevertheless, up to now few results are available on the biofortification of fruit crops. However, fruit is also important for a healthy diet and the iodine supply of humans can only be improved if as many iodine-rich foods as possible are available. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate iodine biofortification of berry and tree fruit species in more detail. In order to be able to achieve this objective, trials were performed over several years with strawberries, apple and pear trees. In addition to suitable application methods, the aim was to determine the iodine form (iodide and iodate) and the necessary iodine quantity. On the one hand, the measured iodine contents in the fruit and leaf tissue allowed conclusions to be drawn about the translocation of iodine in the plant. On the other hand, this made it possible to evaluate the basic suitability for iodine biofortification of the fruit crops investigated. Since iodine has a phytotoxic effect above a certain amount, the plant compatibility should also be tested. In addition, common household processing methods, such as washing or peeling the fruit, as well as fruit storage over several months, should provide information on the extent to which such measures could reduce the iodine content. Another study parameter was the soluble solids content, as there is evidence that iodine can affect the sugar content of fruit. Furthermore, a combined application of potassium nitrate and selenium was carried out and their influence on iodine and sugar content was investigated. Selenium is also an essential trace element, which is usually inadequately absorbed through the diet. The results of the investigations showed that it was possible, in principle, to raise the iodine content of strawberries, apples and pears to a level of 50 to 100 µg iodine per 100 g fresh mass. In the case of strawberries, however, this was only feasible if the plants were in their first year of cultivation and the iodine was applied by foliar fertilization shortly before harvest. In the 2nd and 3rd year of cultivation, the plants had a very dense canopy, which prevented direct wetting of the fruit. However, direct wetting of the fruit surface with the iodine solution is imperative, as this was the only way to achieve a reliably high iodine content in the fruit mass. Soil fertilization proved to be completely unsuitable in trials with strawberries and apple trees. The translocation of iodine after soil fertilization occurred mainly via the xylem transport into the strongly transpiring leaves and not into the fruits. In addition, compared to a foliar application, a significantly higher iodine application rate was required. Furthermore, experiments with apple trees cultivated in a plastic tunnel, protected from precipitation, showed that the iodine transfer via the phloem into the fruits was only marginal. With regard to the phytotoxic effect of iodine application, no consistent difference was observed between potassium iodide and potassium iodate. Both forms of iodine did not affect yield or average individual fruit weight. Damage to fruit was not observed in any variant. However, with increasing iodine levels, significant damage to leaves was noticeable. Apple and pear trees also showed early leaf fall. Iodide generally led to significantly higher iodine contents in the plant mass after foliar application, but this was also associated with high fluctuations. With iodate, it was possible to reliably achieve the targeted iodine content in the fruit mass of apple and pear trees with an application rate of 1.5 kg iodine per hectare and meter canopy height. Washing the fruit reduced the iodine content of strawberries by up to 30%. For apples and pears, this value was about 14% at harvest and about 12% after 3 months of storage. Peeled apples and pears showed a significantly reduced iodine content. 51% of the iodine in apples was bound in the fruit peel or the cuticular waxes. A reduction of 73% was determined for pears. Cold storage for 3 months resulted in a significant loss of iodine in parts of the apple peel. At this point, the release of volatile iodine compounds is probably the cause of the reduction. However, this would still have to be confirmed by further investigations. Iodine application had a negative effect on the soluble solids content of strawberries above a certain level. It was not possible to observe significant changes for pome fruit in the trials conducted. However, the application of potassium nitrate (alone and in combination with iodine) resulted in an increase. Iodine uptake remained unaffected by the combined application of potassium nitrate and selenium. However, it was shown that selenium has a comparable uptake and translocation pattern to iodine and that a combined biofortification with both minerals is, in principle, possible. Accordingly, apple and pear trees are well suited for biofortification with iodine by foliar fertilization. However, further trials in commercial orchards are necessary to implement this process. In the future, appropriately fortified fruit could make an important contribution to the alimentary iodine supply for humans.

Soybeans (Glycine max L.) are an important crop globally for its food, feed, and oilpurposes. It is impacted by many diseases, including Cercospora sojina, the causal agent of Frogeye Leaf Spot (FLS). Chemical and cultural controls to this fungal pathogen are insufficient, so genetic resistance must be acquired for adequate control. To this end, two recombinant inbred populations were screened in a greenhouse setting for their relative resistance to FLS, and their genomes were analyzed for contributing quantitative trait loci (QTL). In the Essex ́ Forrest population, one QTL was discovered on chromosome 13, and in the Forrest ́ Williams 82 population, two QTL were identified on chromosomes 6 and 11, respectively. These populations were then also screened in a field setting for agronomic traits. These traits were analyzed to detect one superior line for both FLS resistance and advanced agronomic traits, F ́W 125. This line should be used in future breeding projects to increase FLS resistance and reduce linkage drag for other desired characteristics.

The Cambrian explosion not only shaped the ecosystems of the Phanerozoic, but fundamentally changed how biota interacts with the environment, including the substrate. Cambrian trace fossils Alectorurus and Syringomorpha as well as Ordovician-Silurian Daedalus represent novel modes of faunal interaction with the newly innovated shallow marine mixed-ground and have surprisingly limited stratigraphic ranges. This study investigates vertically oriented spreiten trace fossils from the Armorican Quartzite Formation near Castañar de Ibor, Spain and the File Haidar Formation near Hällekis, Sweden. Site and trace fossil description was conducted to compare and contrast their morphology, ecological relationships, and potential affinities. While all these fossils feature J-shaped vertically oriented spreiten structures, Alectorurus is the most closely comparable Cambrian ichnofossil to the largely Ordovician Daedalus due to their similarity in overall size, morphology, and sedimentary environment. Alectorurus represents the earliest known occurrence of animal behavior comparable to Daedalus within similar facies. This short-lived ichnofossils may have gone extinct due to complexifying trophic chains in the shallow marine realm as brought forth from heightened predation and land-plant derived organics. Interpretations of the affinity of Daedalus, regarding the construction, and ecological niche can be extended to Alectorurus and may be used to help piece together the construction, ecology and affinities of these enigmatic Cambrian and Ordovician trace fossils.

No description available.

A necessidade da redução do custo de produção animal nas propriedades rurais está se tornando crucial para a sobrevivência destes no mercado. Para a geração de alternativas viáveis de redução de custo é necessária a intensificação das pesquisas nos pontos de estrangulamento dos sistemas de produção animal baseados em pastagens. O uso de espécies de alto potencial forrageiro como a alfafa (Medicago sativa L.), pode ser uma opção para melhorar a produtividade de forragem e o desempenho animal, pois estes são capazes de associar elevada produção ao alto valor nutritivo. De março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, foi estudado o efeito do método de pastejo sobre a produtividade e o valor nutritivo de cinco genótipos de alfafa com aptidões contrastantes. O experimento do tipo "mob-grazing" foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas (split-plot), com 10 tratamentos e seis repetições. Nas parcelas foi alocado o fator de tratamento relativo ao método de pastejo ("lotação contínua", simulada por desfolhas semanais, e "lotação rotacionada" com desfolha a cada 4 semanas na primavera-verão e a cada 6 semanas no outono-inverno). Nas sub-parcelas foram alocados os cinco genótipos de alfafa com diferentes aptidões agronômicas em termos de dormência, procedência e tolerância ao pastejo (ABT-805, Alfagraze, Crioula, CUF-101 e Pioneer 5432), submetidos a 295 dias de pastejo e sob irrigação. ABT-805 foi o genótipo mais produtivo sob lotação contínua (26,6 Mg MS ha -1 ) e no pastejo rotacionado (18 Mg MS ha -1 ). Alfagraze, apesar de ser um dos menos produtivos no pastejo rotacionado (13,3 Mg MS ha -1 ) apresentou semelhante produtividade ao ABT-805 no pastejo sob lotação contínua (26,3 Mg MS ha -1 ano -1 ). Pioneer 5432 situou-se numa condição intermediária, com uma produção total de forragem de 24,3 e 15,3 Mg MS ha -1 sob lotação contínua e rotacionada, respectivamente. O valor nutritivo da planta inteira mostrou variação em função ao método de pastejo, enquanto que entre os genótipos que não se verificou diferença. O método de lotação contínua apresentou valores superiores de proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) (349 e 810 g kg -1 , respectivamente) em comparação a lotação rotacionada (238,5 e 757,8 g kg -1 , respectivamente). Os teores de fibra apresentaram comportamento inverso, sendo que a lotação continua foi inferior (240 g kg -1 fibra em detergente neutro, FDN, 182 g kg -1 fibra em detergente ácido, FDA e 34,9 g kg -1 lignina) à lotação rotacionada (325 g kg -1 FDN, 255 g kg -1 FDA e 50,6 g kg -1 lignina). A haste apresentou o mesmo padrão na composição químico-bromatológica que a planta inteira, onde o método de lotação contínua apresentou respostas superiores às da lotação rotacionada. A folha foi a fração que apresentou maiores variações nos teores de PB, FDA e lignina além da DIVMS em função dos parâmetros experimentais estudados (método de pastejo, estação e genótipo). ABT-805 e Alfagraze são os que apresentaram maiores produtividades com adaptação moderada ao pastejo nas latitudes tropicais do Brasil Central, mas para o seu sucesso deve-ser relevar as condições climáticas e do método do manejo do pastejo. / The need for reduction in animal production costs on farms has become crucial to their survival in the market. In order to generate new alternatives research is needed on the factors that limit the success of pasture-based animal production systems. The adoption of species with high forage potential such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), may be a viable option to improve forage productivity and animal performance, associating high production with high nutritive value. From March 2001 to February 2002 the effect of grazing method and genotype on forage productivity and nutritive value was studied. A mob-grazing experiment was carried out at ESALQ/USP in Piracicaba, SP. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six field replications in a split-plot arrangement. The grazing method factor (continuous stocking, simulated by defoliation every seven days, and rotational stocking, simulated by defoliation every four weeks during the summer season and every six weeks during the winter season) was allocated at random to main plots which were grazed down to 7 cm at every grazing event. The alfalfa genotypes were allocated to the sub-plots, each of which representing a specific combination among agronomic characteristics regarding dormancy class, origin, and grazing tolerance (ABT-805, Alfagraze, Crioula, CUF-101, and Pioneer 5432). Plots were grazed over 295 days without water deficits, as sprinkler irrigation was provided as needed. ABT-805 was the most productive genotype under continuous (26,6 Mg DM ha -1 ) and rotational (18 Mg DM ha -1 ) stocking. Although, Alfagraze showed the lowest production under rotational stocking (13,3 Mg DM ha -1 ) it was the same as that of ABT-805, under continuous stocking (26,3 Mg DM ha -1 ). Pioneer 5432 showed intermediate productivity, with total accumulation of 24,3 (continuous) and 15,3 Mg DM ha -1 (rotational). The nutritive value of whole plant showed significant variation between grazing methods, although no difference among genotypes was found. Forage produced under continuous stocking had higher concentrations of crude protein (CP; 349 g kg -1 ) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM; 810 g kg -1 ) compared to rotational socking (238,5 and 757,8 g kg -1 , respectively). Fiber concentrations were the opposite of CP and IVDDM as they were lower for under continuous stocking (240 g kg -1 neutral detergent fiber, NDF; 182 g kg -1 acid detergent fiber, ADF; and 34,9 g kg -1 lignin) than under rotational stocking (325, 255, and 50,6 g kg -1 for the same three fractions, respectively). Both the stem fraction and the whole plant samples had better chemical composition and digestibility under continuous than under rotational stocking. The leaf fraction was more variable in terms of nutritive value (CP, IVDDM, ADF, and lignin concentrations) and was affected by genotype, grazing method, and season. ABT-805 and Alfagraze appear to be the most promising genotypes for grazing systems in central Brazil because of their yield performance and nutritive value. Their success, however, will depend on climatic conditions and choice of grazing management.

Pouco se conhece sobre a origem das matérias primas utilizadas na fabricação de micronutrientes. Muitos fertilizantes podem conter em sua matéria prima nutrientes em formas indisponíveis para as plantas que limitam a produção. Fontes secundárias de origem industrial vêem sendo utilizadas para fabricação de fertilizantes no Brasil há muito tempo, somente a poucos anos a legislações e órgãos ambientais tem questionado a origem destas matérias primas quanto a contaminação por metais pesados tóxicos e sua eficiência agronômica como fonte de micronutrientes. Neste sentido foi desenvolvido estudo a fim de obter informações básicas dos materiais secundários como origem, composição elementar, composição mineralógica, disponibilidade de metais pesados tóxicos em extratores ácidos (Agua Régia, 3050B, HCl) disponibilidade de Zn e Cu em extratores solúveis (AC 2% e CNA) efeitos da aplicação de onze materiais secundários em plantas de arroz em dois cultivos, divididos em nove fontes fornecedoras exclusivamente de zinco com composições mineralógicas diversas; fontes binárias contendo diferentes concentrações de zinco e cobre em cinco doses (0; 6; 9; 12; 18 kg ha-1 Zn) e três materiais secundários fontes de cobre contendo concentrações variadas de cobre em cinco doses (0;1,5;3,0;4,5 e 6,0 kg.ha-1 Cu) avaliando a eficiência em fornecer nutrientes e potencial de contaminação do solo e planta. Conclui-se que materiais secundários tem grande variabilidade quanto à composição mineralógica e elementar, mesmo quando originados em processos similares. O método AC 2% é ineficiente para materiais com concentração de zinco superior a 59% e para matrizes com alta concentração de silicatos. As formas de Pb identificadas nos materiais secundários interferem na quantificação do elemento nos extratores utilizados; o método oficial 3050B subestima a concentração de Pb dependendo de sua matriz. A eficiência agronômica das fontes de Zn foi semelhante ou superior a fonte padrão no primeiro cultivo. A matriz das fontes Cinza de Zn I e Escória de Latão II apresentaram menor efeito residual e eficiência agronômica inferior à fonte padrão no segundo cultivo. As fontes binárias foram eficientes em disponibilizar cobre e zinco ao solo e planta em relação a suas respectivas misturas pró analise no primeiro cultivo de arroz. A fonte Escória de Latão III apresentou efeito residual inferior em relação a sua mistura pró analise na avaliação do IEA, para cobre e zinco, no segundo cultivo de arroz. Houve correlação significativa entre acumulo de nutrientes e os extratores CNA para o nutriente Cu e AC 2% para o nutriente Zn na fonte Escória de Latão III. A fonte Minério de Cu apresentou baixo desempenho em todos os parâmetros avaliados no primeiro cultivo, IER 17% e IEA -65%. Nos dois cultivos avaliados nenhum dos materiais influenciou os teores de metais pesados tóxicos nos no solo e planta. O extrator CNA não apresentou correlação significativa com o conteúdo de cobre acumulado na planta de arroz em dois cultivos. / Little is known about the origin of the raw materials used in manufacturing of micronutrients. Many fertilizers may contain in their raw materials, nutrients in unavailable forms to plants that limit production. Secondary sources of industrial origin see being used for the manufacture of fertilizers in Brazil long ago, only a few years legislation and environmental agencies have questioned the source of these raw materials for contamination by toxic heavy metals and their agronomic efficiency as a source of micronutrients. In this sense the study was designed to obtain basic information of secondary materials like elemental composition, mineralogical composition, availability of toxic heavy metals in different acid extractors (Aqua Regia, 3050B, HCl) availability of Cu and Zn in soluble extractors (AC 2% and CNA) effects of eleven secondary materials on rice in two consecutive crops, divided into nine zinc sources, with different mineralogical compositions, binary sources containing different concentrations of zinc and copper in five different doses (0, 6, 9, 12, 18 kg ha-1 Zn) and three secondary materials, source of copper in five doses (0, 1.5 , 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg ha-1 Cu) evaluating efficiency in delivering nutrients and potential contamination of soil and plant. It\'s possible to conclude that secondary materials have great variability regarding the mineralogical and elemental composition, even when originated in similar processes. The AC 2% method is inefficient for materials with higher zinc concentration (>59%) and for matrices with high silicate. The various Pb related forms founded interfere with the quantification in the different used extractants; the official method 3050B underestimates the concentration of Pb depending on the matrix. The agronomic efficiency of Zn sources was similar to or greater than the default font in the first crop evaluation. The Zinc Ash I and Slag Brass II sources had reduced residual effect and lower AEI in the second crop of rice. The binary sources were effective in delivering copper and zinc to soil and plant in relation to their respective pro analyse mixtures in the first crop evaluation. Slag Brass III had lower residual effect in relation to its pro analysis mixture in the evaluation of the AEI, for copper and zinc, in the second crop of rice. Significant correlation between nutrients accumulation and the CNA extractors for Cu and AC 2% for Zn nutrient was observed in Slag Brass III. Cu Ore obtained poor performance in all parameters evaluated for the first crop, relative efficiency index 17% and agronomic efficiency index -65%. In both experiments evaluated any of the materials influence the levels of toxic heavy metals in the soil and plants. The CNA extractor did not correlate significantly with the content of copper accumulated in the rice plant two crops.