Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / Vita. / Bibliography : leaves 336-346. / Ph.D.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-10T12:57:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Noetzold_.pdf: 2795595 bytes, checksum: 2e54e66a30fc38e8ed8568de6278b69e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T12:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Noetzold_.pdf: 2795595 bytes, checksum: 2e54e66a30fc38e8ed8568de6278b69e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Ar condicionado automotivo para máquinas agrícolas e fora de estrada, como tratores e colheitadeiras, apresenta algumas características particulares quando comparado com outros sistemas de ar condicionado para veículos. Velocidade do ar e temperatura para uma ampla faixa de condições ambientais, operação sob condições climáticas altamente transitórias e extremas, alta capacidade de resfriamento para atender elevadas cargas térmicas e proporcionar uma rápida diminuição da temperatura do ambiente do operador são características deste tipo de aplicação. O ciclo de trabalho do compressor para este tipo de veículo está diretamente relacionado com a rotação do motor. Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos para comparar o desempenho de um ar condicionado automotivo típico para veículos off-road com capacidade nominal de 6,7 kW, desenvolvido para operar originalmente com R-134a, comparando sua performance na substituição direta pelo R-1234yf. O sistema consiste basicamente de um compressor de deslocamento fixo, uma válvula de expansão termostática, um condensador de micro-multi canais e um evaporador tubo aleta. O sistema foi instalado em uma bancada experimental e os principais parâmetros do sistema avaliados em diferentes cargas de refrigerante para uma velocidade fixa do compressor de 3500 rpm, com objetivo de verificar a carga ótima de cada refrigerante. Os parâmetros de ciclo, como capacidade do evaporador, COP, potência de compressão, taxa de compressão, sub-resfriamento no condensador, superaquecimento no evaporador, queda de pressão nos trocadores de calor e linha de sucção, as temperaturas de saída do evaporador no lado ar e taxa de fluxo de massa são comparados. A carga de refrigerante ideal para R-1234yf foi encontrada com 50 g a mais do que com R-134a. Os resultados experimentais com o sistema funcionando com a carga de refrigerante ideal, indicam que para várias condições de temperaturas de entrada do ar no evaporador, umidade relativa de 43% e temperatura de entrada do ar no condensador em 35 ºC, o sistema funcionando com o R-1234yf tem valores de capacidade do evaporador e COP menores. O R-1234yf também apresenta um maior grau de sub-resfriamento, maior superaquecimento e maior queda de pressão no evaporador e na linha de sucção do que o R-134a. A relação de compressão e a potência consumida pelo compressor para R-1234yf é mais favorável. / Automotive air conditioning for off-road agricultural machinery, like tractors and combine harvesters, presents some particular characteristics when compared with others AC systems for vehicles. Higher air velocity and temperatures over a wide range of conditions, operation under transient climatic conditions, high cooling capacity to meet high thermal loads and rapid cool down capacity on the operator environment. In addition, the compressor duty cycle is related to the engine speed for this type of vehicle and the system work in an environment subject to severe vibration. In this work, experiments were carried out to compare the performance of a typical AC for off-road vehicles of 6.7 kW nominal capacity using R-134a and with its drop-in substitute, R-1234yf. The system consists of a fixed displacement compressor, a block type thermostatic expansion valve, a multiport micro channel condenser and a tube fin evaporator. This system was installed in an experimental setup and the main parameters of operation were measured at different refrigerants charges, for a fixed compressor velocity of 3500 rpm to find the optimal refrigerant charge of each one. The cycle parameters like evaporator capacity, COP, compressor power, compression ratio, evaporator superheating, condenser sub-cooling, refrigerant pressure drop in the heat exchangers, outlet airside temperatures from evaporator and mass flow rate are compared. The optimal refrigerant charge for R-1234yf was found to be 50 g larger than with R-134a. The experimental results with the system working with the optimal refrigerant charge indicate that for different evaporator inlet air conditions, relative humidity of 43% and condenser air inlet temperature of 35 ºC, the system running with the R-1234yf presented lower evaporator capacity, COP. The same refrigerant also shows a higher degree of sub-cooling, superheat and pressure drop in evaporator and suction line. The compressor ratio and the compressor power consumption for R-1234yf were more favorable

<p>The engine torque is an important control signal. This signal is disturbed by the devices mounted on the belt. To better be able to estimate the torque signal, this work aims to model the auxiliary devices'influence on the crankshaft torque. Physical models have been developed for the air conditioning compressor, the alternator and the power steering pump. If these models are to be used in control unit function development and testing, they have to be fast enough to run on a hardware-in-the-loop simulator in real time. The models have been simplified to meet these demands. </p><p>The compressor model has a good physical basis, but the validity of the control mechanism is uncertain. The alternator model has been tested against a real electronic control unit in a hardware-in-the-loop simulator, and tests show good results. Validation against measurements is however necessary to confirm the results. The power steering pump model also has a good physical basis, but it is argued that a simple model relating the macro input-output power could be more valuable for control unit function development.</p>

<p>Energy recovering techniques for air conditioning has increased in recent years and new prod- </p><p>ucts have been introduced to the market where the Membrane-based Energy Recovery Ventilator </p><p>(ERV) is one promising product. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new type of membrane </p><p>material for an ERV and give an analysis of the need for digital control of the air flow rate to </p><p>improve efficiency. A prototype counter-flow ERV was used in the test to validate the performance under different </p><p>flow conditions. The result was promising for the tested membrane material with high moisture </p><p>and heat transfer. The optimisation of the flow rate was found to be superfluous, since the relation </p><p>between the energy transferred by the ERV and the air flow rate was almost linear.</p>

Absorption space-conditioning systems are environmentally benign alternatives to vapor compression systems and have the capability of being driven by waste heat. However, a lack of practically feasible and economically viable compact heat and mass exchangers is a major limitation in the success of this technology. The viability of the absorption cycle depends upon the performance of the absorber, which experiences large heat and mass transfer resistances due to adverse temperature and concentration gradients during the phase change of the binary mixture working fluid, resulting in large overall component sizes. Understanding of the coupled heat and mass transfer during binary fluid mixture absorption at the microscales is critical for the miniaturization of these components, which will enable broad implementation of this technology. The proposed study aims to achieve this by investigating ammonia-water absorption for two distinct flow configurations: external falling films and internal convective flows. For the falling-film absorption case, ammonia-water solution flows around an array of small diameter coolant tubes while absorbing vapor. This absorber is installed in a test facility comprising all components of a single-effect absorption chiller to provide realistic operating conditions at the absorber. Local temperature, pressure, and flow measurements will be taken over a wide range of operating conditions and analyzed to develop a heat and mass transfer model for falling-film ammonia-water absorption. A microscale convective flow absorber will also be investigated. This absorber consists of an array of parallel, aligned alternating shims with integral microscale features, enclosed between cover plates. These microscale features facilitate flow of various fluid streams and the associated heat and mass transfer. The use of microchannels induces high heat and mass transfer rates without any active or passive surface enhancement. The microscale absorber for small-scale applications will be evaluated over a wide range of operating conditions on a single-effect absorption heat pump breadboard test facility. The study will conclude with a comparison of the two flow configurations for absorption, with recommendations for their application in future miniaturization efforts

The cabin environment of a commercial aircraft, including cabin layout and the quality of air supply, is crucial to the airline operators. These aspects directly affect the passengers’ experience and willing to travel. This aim of this thesis is to design the cabin layout for flying wing aircraft as part of cabin environment work, followed by the air quality work, which is to understand what effect the ECS can have in terms of cabin air contamination. The project, initially, focuses on the cabin layout, including passenger cabin configuration, seat arrangement and its own size due to the top requirements, of a conventional aircraft and further into that of a flying wing aircraft. The cabin work in respect of aircraft conceptual design is discussed and conducted by comparing different design approaches. Before the evaluation of cabin air quality, an overall examination of the main ECS components involved in the contaminants access will be carried on and, therefore, attempt to discover how these components influence the property of the concerned contaminants. By case study in the B767 ECS, there are some comments and discussions regarding the relationship between the cabin air contaminations and the passing by ambient environment. The thesis ends up with a conclusion explaining whether or not the contaminated air enters the occupants’ compartments on aircraft and proposing some approaches and engineering solutions to the continue research.

Nowadays the aviation industry is playing an important role in our daily life, since is the main medium that satisfies the present human needs to reach long distances in the fastest way. But such benefit doesn’t come free of collateral consequences. It is estimated that each year, only the air transport industry produces 628 mega tonnes of CO2. Therefore, urgently actions need to be implemented considering that the current commercial fleet will be doubled by 2050. The research field for more efficient aircraft systems is a very constructive field; where novel ideas can be exploited towards the mitigation of the coming air transport development. In this research the configuration of the Environmental Control System (ECS) has been analysed aiming to reduce its energy consumption for both, fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. This goal is expected to be achieved mainly through the replacement of the main source of power that supplies the ECS, from pneumatic to electric. Differently from the conventional ECS, a new electric-source technology is integrated in the system configuration to compare its effects on the energy consumption. This new technology doesn’t bleed air directly from the engines; instead of that, it takes the air directly from the atmosphere through the implementation of an electric compressor. This new technology has been implemented by Boeing in one of its most recent airplanes, the B787. Towards achieving the main goal, a framework integrated with five steps has been designed. An algorithmic analysis is integrated on the framework. The first step meets the required aircraft characteristics for the analysis. The second step is in charge of meeting the mission profile characteristics where the overall analysis will be carried out. The third step assesses the conventional ECS penalties. The fourth step carries out a complex analysis for the proposed electric ECS model, from its design up to its penalties assessment. The fifth step compares the analysis results for both, the conventional and the electric models. The fourth step of the framework, which analyses the electric ECS, is considered the most critic one; therefore is divided in three main tasks. Firstly, a small parametric study is done to select an optimum configuration. This task is carried out towards meeting the ECS air conditioning requirements of a selected aircraft. Secondly, the cabin temperature and pressurization are simulated to analyse the response of the configured electric ECS for a mission profile. And finally, the fuel penalties are assessed in terms of system weight, drag and fuel due power-off take. To achieve the framework results, a model which receives the name ELENA has been created using the tool Simulink®. This model contains 5 interconnected modules; each one reads a series of inputs to perform calculations and exchange information with other modules.

In this thesis, one of the current control algorithms for the R744 cycle, which tries tooptimize the performance of the system by two SISO control loops, is compared to acost-effective system with just one actuator. The operation of a key component of thissystem, a two stage orifice expansion valve is examined in a range of typical climateconditions. One alternative control loop for this system, which has been proposed byBehr group, is also scrutinized.The simulation results affirm the preference of using two control-loops instead of oneloop, but refute advantages of the Behr alternate control approach against one-loopcontrol. As far as the economic considerations of the A/C unit are concerned, usinga two-stage orifice expansion valve is desired by the automotive industry, thus basedon the experiment results, an improved logic for control of this system is proposed.In the second part, it is investigated whether the one-actuator control approach isapplicable to a system consisting of two parallel evaporators to allow passengers tocontrol different climate zones. The simulation results show that in the case of usinga two-stage orifice valve for the front evaporator and a fixed expansion valve forthe rear one, a proper distribution of the cooling power between the front and rearcompartment is possible for a broad range of climate conditions.

The engine torque is an important control signal. This signal is disturbed by the devices mounted on the belt. To better be able to estimate the torque signal, this work aims to model the auxiliary devices'influence on the crankshaft torque. Physical models have been developed for the air conditioning compressor, the alternator and the power steering pump. If these models are to be used in control unit function development and testing, they have to be fast enough to run on a hardware-in-the-loop simulator in real time. The models have been simplified to meet these demands. The compressor model has a good physical basis, but the validity of the control mechanism is uncertain. The alternator model has been tested against a real electronic control unit in a hardware-in-the-loop simulator, and tests show good results. Validation against measurements is however necessary to confirm the results. The power steering pump model also has a good physical basis, but it is argued that a simple model relating the macro input-output power could be more valuable for control unit function development.

Energy recovering techniques for air conditioning has increased in recent years and new prod- ucts have been introduced to the market where the Membrane-based Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) is one promising product. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new type of membrane material for an ERV and give an analysis of the need for digital control of the air flow rate to improve efficiency. A prototype counter-flow ERV was used in the test to validate the performance under different flow conditions. The result was promising for the tested membrane material with high moisture and heat transfer. The optimisation of the flow rate was found to be superfluous, since the relation between the energy transferred by the ERV and the air flow rate was almost linear.