The residential building sector plays an important role in combating climate change in Canada. Many energy efficiency solutions along with new building energy standards have been implemented to improve building energy performance. However, their effects on energy saving and GHG emissions reduction vary due to the complexity of the building systems and the variability of their operational conditions. This work quantifies such variability in both energy efficiency devices and building energy standards implementation, respectively. The first study in this dissertation assesses the energy savings from sensible heat recovery in a residential apartment suite in various locations across Canada. A series of detailed building energy performance models are developed in TRNSYS. The HVAC system’s annual energy consumption is simulated and the results are compared with and without HRV for each climate zone. The results show the heating energy savings of employing the HRV vary from 17 to 34% depending on the winter climatic conditions; while, the building cooling energy use can be increased due to the undesired thermal recovery occurring in the HRV during the cooling season. The second study investigates the free cooling potential of outside air in various Canadian cities. A series of thermal models developed using BEopt 2.8 for a hypothetical single-family house with various window-to-wall ratios and building aspect ratios simulates hourly building cooling load profiles. The free cooling potential is analyzed by comparing the maximum available and the actual usable free cooling for various building features and different climates. The results indicate that, although free cooling is widely available in most areas of Canada during the summer and shoulder seasons, only 17-42% of such free cooling is usable without the use of thermal storage. The last study examines the effects of two building energy standards - the BC Step Code and the Passive House criteria - on reductions in residential household space heating GHG emissions under different enforcement scenarios. The space heating energy and the GHG emissions are estimated using the forecast growth of single detached households for the period from 2020 to 2032. The results show that the space heating GHG emissions can be reduced by 77% and 89%, respectively if the BC Step Code or the Passive House criteria is implemented in Canada. It is also found the impacts of energy code on GHG emission mitigation are less significant in regions where the carbon intensity of the dominant heating fuels is low. / Graduate

This dissertation develops the visual pursuit method for air-to-air tracking and rendezvous of unmanned aircraft systems. It also shows the development of vector-field and proportional-integral methods for controlling UAS flight in formation with other aircraft. The visual pursuit method is a nonlinear guidance method that uses vision-based line of sight angles as inputs to the algorithm that produces pitch rate, bank angle and airspeed commands for the autopilot to use in aircraft control. The method is shown to be convergent about the center of the camera image frame and to be stable in the sense of Lyapunov. In the lateral direction, the guidance method is optimized to balance the pursuit heading with respect to the prevailing wind and the location of the target on the image plane to improve tracking performance in high winds and reduce bank angle effort. In both simulation and flight experimentation, visual pursuit is shown to be effective in providing flight guidance in strong winds. Visual pursuit is also shown to be effective in guiding the seeker while performing aerial docking with a towed aerial drogue. Flight trials demonstrated the ability to guide to within a few meters of the drogue. Further research developed a method to improve docking performance by artificially increasing the length of the line of sight vector at close range to the target to prevent flight control saturation. This improvement to visual pursuit was shown to be an effective method for providing guidance during aerial docking simulations. An analysis of the visual pursuit method is provided using the method of adjoints to evaluate the effects of airspeed, closing velocity, system time constant, sensor delay and target motion on docking performance. A method for predicting docking accuracy is developed and shown to be useful for predicting docking performance for small and large unmanned aircraft systems.

This thesis work has been part of an effort to improve the after-action reviews of the air combat simulator training sessions conducted at the Swedish Air Force Combat Simulation Centre (FLSC). Initial studies identified three main needs regarding the evaluation of air-to-air missile shots during beyond-visual-range combat simulation. These needs included an improved detection of where and when in the simulation playback a missile shot took place, a collected view of flight parameters to prevent confusion and cross-referencing between the various displays, as well as the ability to review an aircraft’s flight parameters over time in order to discuss alternative shooting opportunities or maneuvering patterns. To fulfill these three needs, design studies were performed iteratively in collaboration with staff at the FLSC. This work has resulted in a design proposal with a prototype based on the design guidelines and recommendations of the study's participants. The purpose of the visualization is to provide support for instructors and promote the individual learning of pilots. Hopefully, this can ultimately help in answering the question regarding why a missile missed its target. For instructors and air units such aids could mean that operating errors can be more easily identified and also form a basis for discussion during the assessment briefings. / Detta examensarbete har haft som syfte att förbättra utvärderingen av luftstridssimuleringar som bedrivs vid det svenska flygvapnets luftstridssimuleringscentrum, FLSC. Inledande studier identifierade tre huvudsakliga behov för utvärderingen av flygplansburna robotskott avfyrade mot luftmål utom synhåll, på långa avstånd. Dessa behov inkluderar en förbättring när det gäller att upptäcka var och när i en simuleringsuppspelning som ett robotskott har skett, en samlad vy över flygparametrar för att förhindra förvirring och korsreferering mellan olika skärmar, samt möjligheten att utvärdera ett flygplans flygparametrar över tid för att kunna diskutera alternativa avfyrningsmöjligheter eller manövreringsmönster. För att fylla dessa tre behov har iterativa designstudier utförts i samarbete med personalen på FLSC. Detta har resulterat i ett designförslag med en prototyp baserad på de designriktlinjer och -rekommendationer som studiens deltagare delgett. Syftet med visualiseringen är att ge stöd till instruktörer och främja piloters individuella inlärning. Förhoppningsvis kan detta i slutändan bidra till att svara på frågan om varför en robot missade sitt mål. För instruktörer och flygförband kan ett sådant hjälpmedel underlätta identifiering av felmanövreringar och även ligga till grund för värdefulla diskussioner under analysen av genomförda luftsstridsimuleringar.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to present the economic, environmental impact, and energy saving benefits of replacing an electric boiler to a bedrock heat pump or district heating. Furthermore, the impact of additional insulation will also be presented. Method: The technical, environmental, and economical aspects of the various heat sources in this study are gathered through websites and reports from agencies, industry organisations and corporations. A case study on a family house built in 1971, heated with a combination of electric boiler and air-to-air heat pump has been made. The study investigates the impact of replacing the existing heat sources with newer and better alternatives along with additional insulation. Results: The results present the energy demand for active heating, economic analysis, environmental impact, and the impact of additional insulation. Moreover, a comparison between the heat sources and the additional insulation is presented to show the difference between them. The case study objects demand for active heating includes passive heating, heat losses through the building envelope, heat losses due to ventilation. With all these factors combined, the family house has an annual active heating demand of 11 700 kWh. The energy consumption of the electric boiler combined with air-to-air heat pump (COP 4) have an annual consumption of 7 500 kWh. The required energy from the district heating goes up to 11 700 kWh and the bedrock heat pump (COP 3) have the lowest energy consumption of 3 900 kWh. However, the amount of electricity needed is 400 kWh for district heating compared to the other alternatives that require 7 500 kWh and 3 900 kWh. For the economic aspects, the installation and operating costs for the electric boiler combined with the air-to-air heat pump, district heating and the bedrock heat pump are concluded. This shows that, on one hand the bedrock heat pump is the most expensive heat source to install but on the other hand, the cheapest to operate. Furthermore, this study compares the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents from the production of district heating and electric energy. Due to the clean electric energy in Sweden, district heating has the highest negative impact on the greenhouse effect as it uses energy resources that have high emission of carbon dioxide equivalents. The environmental impact of the electric boiler, air-to-air heat pump and the bedrock heat pump vary depending on the energy source used to generate electricity and can in the worst case be higher than for district heating. New values with the additional insulation suggest that the improved building envelope will have a positive impact on the operation costs, energy saving and emissions. As an example, the demand for active heating can be reduced with up to 30%. Conclusions: The conclusion is that the comparison of heat sources contains many uncertain variables. Consequently, the result of this study does most likely not apply directly to other study objects. The results may vary if, for example, the geographical location or electricity agreement is changed.

The recent climate actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have set the stage for decarbonizing the transportation sector through electrification, which has led to a surge in the deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEV). Trucks are no exception, which has led automakers to shift their focus toward producing Battery Electric Trucks (BET). While tail-pipe emissions are reduced drastically, certain aspects of BET prevent its widespread deployment, prominent of which is the range anxiety. The range of a BET is heavily impacted in cold weather as energy from traction batteries is also used to warm the battery pack and cabin, where 70% of cabin airflow at minimum is continually expelled through exhaust vents for proper ventilation. In this study, three heat recovery techniques were investigated with the objective of harnessing the waste heat from evacuating cabin air to reduce the heating energy consumption in a BET. One proposed technique employs the use of an air-to-air heat recovery system (AAHRS). Baseline experiments were conducted on a SCANIA test truck for benchmarking and to gather data on the performance of the installed HVAC system, which aided the prototyping stage of basic engineering design to ensure it is operable and safe. The prototype was modelled in CATIA, then fabricated and fitted to the test-truck. Validation experiments were done to evaluate the energy savings from the prototype in a climate chamber at various ambient temperature and fan speed settings. The study found a 20-53% reduction in the heat dissipated by the coolant with the implementation of AAHRS, which is beneficial in reducing the energy that need to be replenished by electric batteries for a BET. In contrast, the electrical power consumption increased 1.7-3.3 times higher than the baseline due to the additional power-consuming components, such as the exhaust blower and heat wheel motor. Moreover, the preheating effect from the heat wheel operation enabled the increase of HVAC air intake temperature by 7-28°C from ambient levels. Overall, the energy savings from integrating the AAHRS prototype was about 19-47% considering the coolant heat was produced from an electric heater as was simulated in the tests, whereas the range was estimated to reduce by17-39% if an automotive heat pump would instead deliver the heat into the cab heater core. Two other presented techniques operate on air-to-liquid heat recovery system (ALHRS), whereby each is envisioned to be coupled separately to a heat pump assisted integrated thermal management system (ITMS). One scheme recovers heat from the evacuating cabin air to raise the chiller coolant inlet temperature, whereas the other scheme proposes to adopt a multi-evaporation process in the concept liquid-cooled heat pump, wherein the evacuating cabin air serves as the direct heat source for the higher temperature-chiller. The two schemes were initially evaluated via vapor compression system performance analysis to have the potential to increase the condensation heat and condenser coolant outlet temperature with simultaneous increase in the coefficient of performance, which is beneficial in terms of available heat that can be dissipated into the downstream battery cold plates and cab heater core. As initial step towards assessment of the energy-saving potential of proposed ALHRS solutions, a simulation model of an adopted baseline ITMS concept was developed in this study using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, which then was validated against internal bench test results for a mock-up ITMS model. Results of initial validation test indicated an absolute error between the simulation outputs and bench test results of 8-14% for condensation heat, while it was below 7% for all the other relevant performance parameters. / De senaste klimatåtgärderna för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser (GHG) har satt scenen för att minska koldioxidutsläppen inom transportsektorn genom elektrifiering, vilket har lett till en kraftig ökning av utbyggnaden av batterielektriska fordon (BEV). Lastbilar är inget undantag, vilket har fått biltillverkare att flytta fokus mot att producera batterielektriska lastbilar (BET). Medan utsläppen från avgasröret minskar drastiskt, förhindrar vissa aspekter av BET dess utbredda distribution, varav framträdande är räckviddsångesten. Räckvidden för en BET påverkas kraftigt i kallt väder eftersom energi från dragbatterier också används för att värma batteripaketet och kabinen, där minst 70% av kabinluftflödet kontinuerligt släpps ut genom avgasventiler för korrekt ventilation. I denna studie undersöktes tre värmeåtervinningstekniker med målet att utnyttja spillvärmen från evakuering av kabinluft för att minska värmeenergiförbrukning i en BET. En föreslagen teknik använder användning av ett luft-till-luft-värmeåtervinningssystem (AAHRS). Baslinjeexperiment utfördes på en SCANIA-testbil för benchmarking och för att samla in data om prestandan hos det installerade HVAC-systemet, vilket hjälpte prototypstadiet för grundläggande teknisk design för att säkerställa att det är funktionsdugligt och säkert. Prototypen modellerades i CATIA, tillverkades sedan och monterades på testbilen. Valideringsexperiment utfördes för att utvärdera energibesparingarna från prototypen i en klimatkammare under olika inställningar för omgivningstemperatur och fläkthastighet. Studien fann en 20-53% minskning av värmebelastningen med implementeringen av AAHRS, vilket är fördelaktigt för att minska energin som behöver fyllas på av elektriska batterier för en BET. Däremot ökade den elektriska strömförbrukningen 1.7-3.3 gånger högre än baslinjen på grund av ytterligare strömförbrukande komponenter, såsom avgasfläkten och värmehjulsmotorn. Dessutom möjliggjorde förvärmningseffekten från värmehjulsdrift ökningen av HVAC-luftintagstemperaturen med 7-28°C från omgivande nivåer. Sammantaget var energibesparingarna från att integrera AAHRS-prototypen cirka 19-47% med tanke på att kylvätskevärmen producerades från elektrisk värmare som simulerades i experimenten, medan detta intervall uppskattades minska ner till 17-39% om en bilvärmepump istället skulle leverera värmen till hyttvärmarkärnan. Två andra presenterade tekniker fungerar på luft-till-vätska värmeåtervinningssystem (ALHRS), där var och en är tänkt att kopplas separat till ett värmepumpassisterat integrerat värmehanteringssystem (ITMS). Det ena schemat återvinner värme från den evakuerande kabinluften för att höja kylvätskeinloppstemperaturen, medan det andra schemat föreslår att man antar en multiindunstningsprocess i konceptet vätskekyld värmepump, där den evakuerande kabinluften fungerar som den direkta värmekällan för kylaggregatet med högre temperatur. De två scheman utvärderades initialt via ångkompressionssystemets prestandaanalys för att ha potential att öka kondensationsvärmen och kondensorns kylvätskeutloppstemperatur med samtidig ökning av prestandakoefficienten, vilket är fördelaktigt när det gäller tillgänglig värme som kan avledas i nedströms batteriets kylplattor och hyttvärmarens kärna. Som ett första steg mot en bedömning av energibesparingspotentialen hos föreslagna ALHRS-lösningar utvecklades en simuleringsmodell av ett antaget baslinje-ITMS-koncept i denna studie med hjälp av Engineering Equation Solver (EES) -programvara, som sedan validerades mot interna bänktestresultat för en mock-up ITMS-modell. Resultaten av det inledande valideringstestet indikerade ett absolut fel mellan simuleringsutgångarna och provbänksresultaten på 8–14% för kondensationsvärme, medan det var under 7 % för alla andra relevanta prestandaparametrar.