Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2001. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering-Civil and Environmental)--University of California, Berkeley, 2004. / "Fall 2004." Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-147). Also available online via the ITS Berkeley web site (www.its.berkeley.edu).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-147). Also available online via the Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley web site (www.its.berkeley.edu).

Prepared for NASA-Ames Research Center. Grant NSG-2180. / Description based on: Sept. 1978/Mar. 1979. Subtitle varies slightly: Semi-annual status report. Principal investigators: 1978/79- Michael Athans, Mark E. Connelly.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A lack of English proficiency and failure to use standard phraseology played a role in two of the world’s largest aviation disasters in South Germany and Tenerife, respectively. As a result, the crucial role of effective pilot-ATC (air traffic controller) communication came under scrutiny and measures were put in place to ensure that aviation safety is not jeopardised by language-related problems. For example, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) implemented English language proficiency standards and testing. The study reported in this thesis investigated the use of Aviation English and standard phraseology, which is used in radiotelephony communication by the operational aviation community. Aviation English consists of a range of operationally-relevant language functions and dialogue management, e.g. orders, requests, and offers to act; a blend of formulaic standard phraseology and plain or everyday speech if and when a non-routine situation occurs. Data on pilots’ and ATCs’ perceptions of the role of language in air traffic communication, their perspectives on English as lingua franca in aviation, and English language proficiency standards and testing were collected by means of a questionnaire. The respondents included full-time professional pilots (domestic and international flights), part-time professional pilots and pilots who fly for leisure, and ATCs in Air Traffic Navigation Service units that handle domestic and/or international flights. Recordings of on-site air traffic communication from two airport towers were obtained and were used to study the use of Aviation English and standard phraseology in pilot-ATC communication in South Africa. The results indicated that the majority of pilots and ATCs believe that language-related problems can cause fatal accidents and serious incidents. Pilots and ATCs in South Africa do experience threatening and potentially hazardous situations as a result of communication problems, however, they are confident that communication problems are resolved quickly and successfully in order to avoid accidents. The analysis of the voice recordings correlated with the pilots’ and ATCs’ perceptions that in spite of communication problems (languagerelated and non-language-related) occurring in South African airspace, pilots and ATCs have strategies in place to resolve them effectively and they are also able to use plain English to negotiate understanding and meaning. The majority of the respondents indicated that they agree that English should be used as the lingua franca in aviation around the world and they regard the English language proficiency of South African pilots and ATCs as satisfactory. The majority support ICAO’s English language proficiency standards and testing. The recordings presented a small percentage of transmissions with read-back/hear-back errors, but a substantial number of instances of radio distortions and background noise which interfered with the intelligibility of the transmissions, correlated with the results of the questionnaire. A small percentage of transmissions contained deviations from Aviation English and standard phraseology and/or the use of plain English. The researcher is of the opinion that this initial investigation into Aviation English serves to indicate some avenues for fruitful linguistic investigations into Aviation English and pilot-ATC communication in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontoereikende taalvaardigheid in Engels en nalating om standaard frases te gebruik, het bygedra tot twee van die ernstigste vliegongelukke in lugvaartgeskiedenis, naamlik in Suid-Duitsland en Tenerife, onderskeidelik. As gevolg van die ongelukke, het die kritieke rol van effektiewe kommunikasie tussen vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers onder die loep gekom, en maatreëls is ingestel om te verseker dat lugvaartveiligheid nie deur taalverwante probleme benadeel word nie. Die Internasionale Burgerlugvaartorganisasie (IBLO) het byvoorbeeld, onder andere, taalvaardigheidsstandaarde en -toetsing vir vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers ingestel. Die studie in hierdie tesis ondersoek die gebruik van Lugvaart-Engels (“Aviation English”) en standaard frases wat in radiokommunikasie deur die operasionele lugvaartgemeenskap gebruik word. Lugvaart-Engels bestaan uit ’n reeks operasioneel-toepaslike taalfunksies en gespreksbestuurmiddels, bv. instruksies, versoeke en ander handelinge; ’n mengsel van formele standaard frases en alledaagse Engels vir gevalle waar buitengewone of nie-roetine situasies hulle voordoen. ’n Vraelys is gebruik om inligting oor vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers se sienings van die rol van taal in lugverkeerleiding in te samel, asook sienings oor die gebruik van Engels as lingua franca in lugverkeer en die IBLO se taalvaardigheidsstandaarde en toetsing vir vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers. Die deelnemers sluit vlieëniers (voltyds en deeltyds, asook private en beroepsvlieëniers) in en lugverkeerleiers in lugverkeernavigasie-eenhede wat binnelandse en internasionale verkeer hanteer. Lewendige opnames wat van twee lughawetorings bekom is, is gebruik om taalverwante en ander kommunikasieprobleme tussen vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers te ondersoek. Die resultate dui daarop dat die meerderheid vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers van mening is dat taalverwante probleme tot noodlottige ongelukke en ernstige insidente kan lei. Daar is verder deur die deelnemers bevestig dat hulle dikwels in gevaarlike situasies beland waar kommunikasieprobleme tot die gevaar bygedra het, maar hulle is van mening dat kommunikasieprobleme in die Suid-Afrikaanse lugruim tydig en effektief opgelos word om ongelukke te vermy. Die opnames het met die bevindings van die vraelys ooreengestem en het aangedui dat, ten spyte van kommunikasieprobleme (taalverwant en nie-taalverwant) in die Suid-Afrikaanse lugruim, vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers oor die vermoë beskik om sodanige probleme vinnig en suksesvol op te los. Dit het ook aan die lig gekom dat vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers in Suid- Afrika daartoe in staat is om in alledaagse Engels te kommunikeer om enige onduidelikheid of buitengewone versoeke en instruksies te hanteer. Die meeste van die deelnemers meen dat vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers in Suid-Afrika se taalvaardigheid in Engels bevredigend is en taalvaardigheidstandaarde en -toetsing word sterk ondersteun. Die lewendige opnames het ’n klein persentasie terugleesfoute bevat, maar ’n groot aantal gevalle van radiosteurings en agtergrondgeraas het met die hoorbaarheid en verstaanbaarheid van die kommunikasie ingemeng, wat met die resultate van die vraelys ooreengestem het. ’n Klein persentasie van die uitsendings het afwykings van Lugvaart-Engels en standaard frases en/of die gebruik van alledaagse Engels bevat. Die navorser is van mening dat hierdie studie die weg baan vir potensiële navorsing binne linguistiek ten opsigte van Lugvaart-Engels en die kommunikasie tussen vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers in Suid-Afrika.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.

The purpose of this Master’s Thesis is to produce a specification for the aircraft conflict alert system STCA, and implement a prototype as a module in the air traffic surveillance system NOVA9000. The specification is constructed based on functional requirements from EUROCONTROL and describes a system using a nominal trajectory method, where the future paths of aircraft are estimated. The trajectory is created using a probabilistic approach, where future positions are described with probability fields. The prototype is implemented using the specification with some simplifications. The prototype is evaluated using recorded traffic from a heavy air traffic region surrounding an airport with parallel runways. 15 alerts were induced in 1,5 hour of morning traffic; this is far too much to be acceptable. Improvements are proposed and explanations to the high rate of alerts are made.

Este trabalho propõe um modelo de análise quantitativa baseado em simulação de eventos discretos para a determinação do nível de resiliência em sistemas de transporte. O nível de resiliência é avaliado considerando as funções de desempenho relacionadas a capacidade, ao nível de serviço e ao tempo de recuperação do sistema de transporte frente a um evento de ruptura. O modelo é validado através de estudo de caso aplicado ao sistema de tráfego aéreo brasileiro, considerando um espaço aéreo composto por 12 setores de uma região de informação de voo (FIR), suas demandas diárias de aeronaves, sua malha de rotas aéreas e sua rede de aeródromos instalada. O evento de ruptura é oriundo de condições meteorológicas adversas que afetam simultaneamente as operações de pouso e decolagem no aeroporto do Rio de Janeiro - Santos Dumont (SBRJ) e no aeroporto de São Paulo - Congonhas (SBSP). Conclui-se que o modelo de análise permite a plena determinação do nível de resiliência em sistemas de transportes, mesmo em situações de rupturas operacionais simultâneas. / This work proposes a quantitative analysis model based on discrete event simulation (DES) to determine the resilience level of transport systems. The resilience level is evaluated considering the performance functions related to capacity, service level and recovery time of the transport system in a presence of disruptive events. The model is validated through a case study applied to the Brazilian air traffic system, considering an airspace with 12 sectors of a flight information region (FIR), its daily aircraft demands, its air route network and its aerodromes network installed. The disruptive event comes from adverse weather conditions that simultaneously affect the landing and takeoff operations at Rio de Janeiro - Santos Dumont (SBRJ) and São Paulo - Congonhas (SBSP) airports. It is concluded that the analysis model allows the full determination of the resilience level in transport systems, even in situations of simultaneous operational disruptions.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.