This master thesis describes the design of heating in a new one-storey nursery school in Kuřim. The heating systém is designed as a low-temperature systém with a forced circulation of water and a horizontal piping. Three kinds of radiators are used in the design. The panel radiators, tube radiators and free-standing convectors. In this project there are two varinats of the heat source for buliding. The first variant is two gas condensing boilers and the second variant is two heat pumps of an air/water split design. The disign includes air heating in the unit of air conditioning and hot water preparation. The experimental part of the master thesis is focused on microbial microclimate in buildings and radiators contamination by microorganisms. It contains four different experiments, their realization, results and evaluation.

Thesis deals with the usage of energy from recoverable resources. Theoretical part of thesis includes the description of the utilisation of heating pumps, solar radiation and biomass. The real status of the implementation is described in the second part of the thesis. Last part of the thesis contains the energy and economy valuation of real implementation.

This work deals with the topic "Systems with wall heating". On this theme is elaborated theoretical part. Further experimental part, which deals with the measurement of wall heating and comparing the results with the software CalA. Subsequently, this topic is applied to the specified building in which the wall heating, among other things dealt with. The project addresses the design of central heating, water heating, water heater design power units and air tempering lawn for future newly built free-standing facilities football club. The project is designed in two versions. In the first variant of the heat source heat pumps air-water. In the second variant is the heat source hot water pipe which is connected to transfer water-water station with plate heat exchangers.

The main concern of this thesis is to design heating system for 5 storey apartment building in two alternatives of heat source - with a heat pump and with traditional gas boiler. Both applications are connected to two-pipes distribution system in building using the low-temperature water and radiators. The proposal takes account of the the production of hot water. The one of aims is to compare both variants also from the economic point of view. The experimental part is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the obligation to control efficiency of boilers, imposed by the Energy efficiency law No. 177/2006 Co. and § 6, sect. 2 - 5 and related regulation No. 276/2007 Co. The second part deals with the assessment of monitored room for proper regulation of the heating system.

No description available.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have attracted attention as versatile active materials in many applications. Recent advances have demonstrated the synthesis of monolayer 2D COF via an air–water interface. However, the interfacial 2D polymerization mechanism has been elusive. In this work, we have used a multiscale modeling strategy to study dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamine building blocks confined at the air–water interface to form a 2D COF via Schiff-base reaction. A synergy between the computational investigations and experiments allowed the synthesis of a 2D-COF with one of the linkers considered. Our simulations complement the experimental characterization and show the preference of the building blocks to be at the interface with a favorable orientation for the polymerization. The air–water interface is shown to be a key factor to stabilize a flat conformation when a dimer molecule is considered. The structural and electronic properties of the monolayer COFs based on the two monomers are calculated and show a semiconducting nature with direct bandgaps. Our strategy provides a first step toward the in silico polymerization of 2D COFs at air–water interfaces capturing the initial steps of the synthesis up to the prediction of electronic properties of the 2D material.

The project examines the possibilities to develop a local and sustainable model for food production in Uppsala with focus on diet, farming methods and different types of greenhouse installations. With the simulation software VIP energy 3.1.1 the energy balance and temperature development of greenhouses of different materials were calculated for different operating cases. The results were also compared when the greenhouse was installed stand-alone or integrated to the wall of a small standard or passive house. With a starch based diet and biological farming methods research suggests it is possible to produce food efficiently without compromising the environment or our health. The yearly food needs for a family of four that follows the suggested diet was estimated to 4362 kg and the outdoor land required to produce it was calculated to 4676 m2 through organic yield statistics. The area could however be reduced to 2813 m2 if the only starch staple in production was potatoes. The tender growing season in a greenhouse constructed with a covering of 5 mm glass or 5-16Ar-5 mm was calculated to 85 and 148 days respectively. The energy use required for year round production of mushrooms in the respective greenhouses was calculated to 53 or 16 kWh/m2,year. Half hardy plants required 399 or 173 kWh/m2,year and tender plants 953 or 358 kWh/m2,year. When the greenhouses were connected to the wall of a small house the heating demand could be reduced by up to 22 % depending on the operating case.

Monolayers of the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium halide (CTAX, where X = F¯, Cl¯, Br¯, and I¯) have been studied at the air-water and oilwater interfaces. At the air-water interface, the effects of the halide counterion and the addition of counterion were investigated. Sum-frequency spectroscopy (SFS), ellipsometry, and surface tensiometry indicated that the counterion changed the efficiency and effectiveness of the surfactant, both decreasing in the order of Br¯> Cl¯>F¯. The addition of salt in the form of 0.1 M KX was found to reduce the cmc but had little effect on the limiting area per molecule attained at the cmc, which increased from 44 Ų for CTAB to 65 Ų for CTAC and ca. 94 Ų for CTAF. Neither SFS nor ellipsometry provided any firm evidence for specific effects of the halide ions on the structure of the surfactant monolayers. For CTAB monolayers in the absence of excess electrolyte, the effect of area per molecule on the sum-frequency (SF) spectra was studied. Mixed monolayers of CTAB and tetradecane at the air-water interface exhibit a first-order phase transition from a conformationally disordered to a conformationally ordered state as the temperature is lowered. The phase transition occurs ca. 11 °C above the bulk melting point of tetradecane. A new experimental arrangement is described for acquiring SF spectra from surfactants at the oil-water interface. The key features of this approach are the stabilisation of a thin oil film between a sapphire prism and an aqueous phase, and the use of total internal reflection to enhance the total signal and discriminate against signals from other interfaces in the system. With this new methodology, the first SF vibrational spectra of surfactant monolayers at an alkane-water interface were obtained. Surface tensiometry was used to characterise the monolayers further. The structure of CTAB monolayers at the hexadecane-water interface was determined by SFS and compared with monolayers of CTAB at the air-water interface. At low concentrations, CTAB/hexadecane showed the expected features in the C-H stretching region, characteristic of a conformationally disordered monolayer. As the bulk concentration approached the critical micelle concentration, the spectra changed to one characteristic of a more ordered, upright conformation. Ellipsometric measurements supported this conclusion. This qualitative structural change is not observed in analogous monolayers at the air-water interface or CCl₄-water interface, or in surfactant solutions in contact with a hydrophobic solid surface.

Une compréhension approfondie et un meilleur contrôle de l'auto-assemblage des copolymères diblocs (séquencés) et de leurs complexes à l'interface air/eau permettent la formation contrôlée de nanostructures dont les propriétés sont connues comme alternative à la nanolithographie. Dans cette thèse, des monocouches obtenues par les techniques de Langmuir et de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) avec le copolymère dibloc polystyrène-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-PVP), seul ou complexé avec de petites molécules par liaison hydrogène [en particulier, le 3-n-pentadécylphénol (PDP)], ont été étudiées. Une partie importante de notre recherche a été consacrée à l'étude d'une monocouche assemblée atypique baptisée réseau de nanostries. Des monocouches LB composées de nanostries ont déjà été rapportées dans la littérature mais elles coexistent souvent avec d'autres morphologies, ce qui les rend inutilisables pour des applications potentielles. Nous avons déterminé les paramètres moléculaires et les conditions expérimentales qui contrôlent cette morphologie, la rendant très reproductible. Nous avons aussi proposé un mécanisme original pour la formation de cette morphologie. De plus, nous avons montré que l'utilisation de solvants à haut point d’ébullition, non couramment utilisés pour la préparation des films Langmuir, peut améliorer l'ordre des nanostries. En étudiant une large gamme de PS-PVP avec des rapports PS/PVP et des masses molaires différents, avec ou sans la présence de PDP, nous avons établi la dépendance des types principaux de morphologie (planaire, stries, nodules) en fonction de la composition et de la concentration des solutions. Ces observations ont mené à une discussion sur les mécanismes de formation des morphologies, incluant la cinétique, l’assemblage moléculaire et l’effet du démouillage. Nous avons aussi démontré pour la première fois que le plateau dans l'isotherme des PS-PVP/PDP avec morphologie de type nodules est relié à une transition ordre-ordre des nodules (héxagonal-tétragonal) qui se produit simultanément avec la réorientation du PDP, les deux aspects étant clairement observés par AFM. Ces études ouvrent aussi la voie à l'utilisation de films PS-PVP/PDP ultraminces comme masque. La capacité de produire des films nanostructurés bien contrôlés sur différents substrats a été démontrée et la stabilité des films a été vérifiée. Le retrait de la petite molécule des nanostructures a fait apparaître une structure interne à explorer lors d’études futures. / Deeper understanding and control of the self-assembly of diblock copolymers and their complexes at the air/water interface allow the formation of nanopatterns with known properties to provide a competitive substitute to nanolithography. In this dissertation, Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers obtained from polystyrene-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymers (PS-PVP), alone and hydrogen-bonded by various small molecules [particularly, 3-n-pentadecylphenol (PDP)], have been extensively investigated. A major part of the research was devoted to the study of an uncommon monolayer pattern that we term the nanostrand network. LB monolayers consisting of nanostrands have sometimes been reported in the literature, but are often coexistent with other morphologies, which is not useful for potential applications. We have determined the molecular parameters and experimental conditions that control this morphology, making it highly reproducible, and have proposed a novel mechanism for the formation of this morphology. In addition, we have shown that the use of high-boiling spreading solvents, not usually used for Langmuir film preparation, can improve the nanostrand order. By investigation of a wide range of PS-PVP’s with various block ratios and molecular weights, with and without PDP present, we have established the composition dependence of the main LB morphology types (planar, nanostrand, nanodot) and the influence of each type on spreading solution concentration. This led to an extensive discussion concerning the mechanisms of morphology formation, including kinetic, molecular association, and dewetting contributions. We have also shown that the isotherm plateau transition for nanodot-forming PS-PVP/PDP is related to an order–order transition that occurs simultaneously with PDP reorientation, both aspects being clearly observed by AFM. These studies also form the basis for the use of ultrathin PS-PVP/PDP films as templates. The ability to produce well-controlled nanopatterned films on various substrates has been demonstrated, and film stability has been verified. Removal of small molecules from the nanostructures has revealed the appearance of new substructure of interest for further study.

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