This diploma thesis is dedicated to the European Commission's project known under the name Single European Sky which pursues an objective to reorganize the current European airspace structure for the more efficient provision of air navigation services purposes. As an introduction, the author sets himself the goal to acquaint the reader with relevant international organizations in the field of civil aviation, introduce him in a general way into the provision of air navigation services' issues, including the situations when these services are being provided across the national boundaries. Following this general reading, the thesis fluently moves on to its main subject matter which is the Single European Sky initiative. An attention is focused on the state of European airspace before the initiative has been launched as well as the preparatory works which resulted in the adoption of the first SES legislative package. The following chapter presents the basic legal framework regulating the Single European Sky as amended by the adoption of the second legislative package. Principal part of the thesis is comprised in the next chapter dealing with the process of project's implementation. Within its framework, the reader's attention is turned, inter alia, to such crucial issues as the national supervisory...

There has been almost fifteen years of political controversy surrounding changes to the rules and procedures by which aircraft conduct their flight within regional Australia. Decisions based on a predominately heuristic (rule of thumb) approach to design have had many adverse consequences for the integrity of the proximity warning function. A sound mathematical model is required to establish this function on a mature engineering foundation. To achieve this, the proximity warning function has been investigated as a hybrid-system. This approach recognises the dual nature of the design: that aircraft dynamics give rise to continuous mathematical models while the communication protocols controlling proximity require discrete mathematical approaches. The blending of each aspect has yielded a deeper insight into the operational limitations and failure modes of this function. The presentation of the thesis follows a design thread through the function. It begins with a description of existing standards and implementations. Risk models are then developed. The pilot interface is recognised as a primary design constraint. Mathematical models are then developed to describe the topology of flow, proximity dynamics, and the scheduling constraints associated with visual, voice, and data-link communications required by the proximity warning function. These analyses show that many aspects of design can be bounded by analytical formulae that bring new robustness to the design and resolve some of the misconceptions arising from the often inaccurate perceptions of present airspace operations. Failure modes, unaccounted for in existing designs are found to actually aggravate failure in the very situations in which the airspace design should be robust and should act to prevent collisions. In particular, there are divergences of performance between the demands required by the system design and the ability of the pilot to deliver such performances. In some cases, these failures may be traced to policy decisions such as service between Instrument Flight Rule and Visual Flight Rule category aircraft. On the basis of the conclusions of this research, a formal engineering review of the proximity warning function is required to assure the containment of the likelihood of mid-air collision for all future operations.

This report is a technical verification and validation of Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) over Very High Frequency Data Link Mode 4 (VDL Mode 4) for the use as surveillance in terminal areas and en-route airspace in non-radar areas. The main objective is to verify that ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 fulfils the technical requirements for an implementation at Kiruna airport, Sweden. Comparison has been made to the current requirements for Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR). The work in this report has been conducted in three phases: preliminary study, tests and verification and validation. During the preliminary study documents primarily from EUROCONTROL and ICAO were used to find out which requirements that were applicable. The next part consisted of both practical tests and theoretical verification of the VDL Mode 4 performance. Finally the results from the tests were validated and put together in this report. Main conclusion from this report is that ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 fulfils the corresponding SSR requirements. Therefore ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 should be able to serve as primary mean for surveillance in non-radar areas. The results from this report will constitute a part of the technical subset of future safety case for ADS-B in non-radar areas. The complete safety case will be used to authorize ADS-B/VDL Mode 4 in non-radar airspace, both in Sweden and internationally.

Submitted by Sergio Da Rosa Santos (sergiosantos.df@globo.com) on 2017-09-13T16:09:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TrabalhoFinal_SergioDaRosaSantos.pdf: 2116281 bytes, checksum: 0ac28f5c12d09fae17b822d9a6eafdb8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-09-15T20:17:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TrabalhoFinal_SergioDaRosaSantos.pdf: 2116281 bytes, checksum: 0ac28f5c12d09fae17b822d9a6eafdb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T19:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TrabalhoFinal_SergioDaRosaSantos.pdf: 2116281 bytes, checksum: 0ac28f5c12d09fae17b822d9a6eafdb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / The present work had as objective to analyze the air sector, specifically as regards the management of values collected with the charging of the Rates for Using the Communications and Air Navigation Services, which are the source of financing of military organizations that integrate the Brazilian Airspace Control System (SISCEAB), in order to verify a possible relationship between the evolution of the budget and the operational safety and compliance levels achieved. Taking as a point of reference for the beginning of data collection and analysis, the air sector crisis, which occurred between 2006 and 2007, the methodology used was the bibliographical review on the Brazilian air sector crisis and on the 2008 global economic crisis, accompanied by the collection and analysis of documentary data obtained through public reports made available on the Internet, surveys conducted with the Federal Government's Integrated System of Financial Administration (SIAFI), as well as field observations made through semi-structured interviews carried out in Federal Public Administration Agencies that take part of SISCEAB. The results of the research and the preliminary studies show that, as a result of the crisis in the air sector, despite the simultaneous occurrence of a global economic crisis, there was an increase in federal investments in infrastructure, which were followed by (i) an increase in the movement of air traffic in the country, (ii) the tax collection resulting from the provision of air navigation services and (iii) the annual budget for operation of SISCEAB, which was not subject to contingency during the analyzed period. Notwithstanding the possibility of other variables, it was finally found that there was an improvement in the compliance and operational safety indexes published by national and international regulatory agencies / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o setor aéreo, especificamente no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento dos valores arrecadados com a cobrança das Tarifas de Uso das Comunicações e dos Auxílios à Navegação Aérea, que são a fonte de financiamento das organizações militares que integram o Sistema de Controle do Espaço Aéreo Brasileiro (SISCEAB), de forma a verificar uma possível relação entre a evolução do orçamento e os níveis de conformidade e segurança operacional atingidos. Tomando como ponto de referência para início da coleta e análise dos dados a crise do setor aéreo, ocorrida entre os anos de 2006 e 2007, para realização deste estudo, a metodologia utilizada foi a revisão bibliográfica sobre a crise do setor aéreo brasileiro e sobre a crise econômica mundial de 2008, acompanhada da coleta e análise de dados documentais, obtidos por meio de relatórios públicos disponibilizados na Internet, levantamentos realizados junto ao Sistema Integrado de Administração Financeira do Governo Federal (SIAFI), além de observações de campo, feitas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em órgãos da Administração Pública Federal que integram o SISCEAB. Os resultados da pesquisa e dos estudos realizados apontam, preliminarmente, que, a partir da crise do setor aéreo, não obstante a ocorrência em paralelo de uma crise econômica global, houve um crescimento nos investimentos federais realizados em infraestrutura, que foram seguidos de um acréscimo (i) no movimento do tráfego aéreo no país, (ii) na arrecadação tributária decorrente da prestação dos serviços de navegação aérea e (iii) no orçamento anual para operação do SISCEAB, que não foi objeto de contingenciamento durante o período analisado. Não obstante a possibilidade da existência de outras variáveis, apurou-se, por fim, que houve uma melhoria nos índices de conformidade e segurança operacional divulgados pelos órgãos reguladores nacionais e internacional

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<p dir="ltr">Methodologies for optimizing UAVs' control for varied environmental conditions have become crucial in the recent development for UAV control sector, yet they are lacking. This research focuses on the dynamism of the Gazebo simulator and PX4 Autopilot flight controller, frequently referenced in academic sectors for their versatility in generating close-to-reality digital environments. This thesis proposed an integrated simulation system that ensures realistic wind and gust interactions in the digital world and efficient data extraction by employing an industrial standard control communication protocol called MAVLink with the also the industry standard ground control software QGroundControl, using real and historical weather information from NOAA database. This study also looks into the potential of reinforcement learning, namely the DDPG algorithm, in determining optimal UAV safety distance, trajectory prediction, and mission planning under wind disruption. The overall goal is to enhance UAV stability and safety in various wind-disturbed conditions. Mainly focusing on minimizing potential collision risks in areas such as streets, valleys, tunnels, or really anywhere has winds and obstacles. The ROS network further enhanced these components, streamlining UAV response analysis in simulated conditions. This research presents a machine-learning approach to UAV flight safety and efficiency in dynamic environments by synthesizing an integrated simulation system with reinforcement learning. And the results model has a high accuracy, reaching 91%, 92%, and 97% accuracy on average in prediction of maximum shifting displacement, and left/right shifting displacement, when testing with real wind parameters from KLAF airport. </p>

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Cette thèse traite de la gestion du trafic aérien et plus précisément, de l’optimisation globale des plans de vol déposés par les compagnies aériennes sous contrainte du respect de la capacité de l’espace aérien. Une composante importante de ce travail concerne la gestion de l’incertitude entourant les trajectoires des aéronefs. Dans la première partie du travail, nous identifions les principales causes d’incertitude au niveau de la prédiction de trajectoires. Celle-ci est la composante essentielle à l’automatisation des systèmes de gestion du trafic aérien. Nous étudions donc le problème du réglage automatique et en-ligne des paramètres de la prédiction de trajectoires au cours de la phase de montée avec l’algorithme d’optimisation CMA-ES. La principale conclusion, corroborée par d’autres travaux de la littérature, implique que la prédiction de trajectoires des centres de contrôle n’est pas suffisamment précise aujourd’hui pour supporter l’automatisation complète des tâches critiques. Ainsi, un système d’optimisation centralisé de la gestion du traficaérien doit prendre en compte le facteur humain et l’incertitude de façon générale.Par conséquent, la seconde partie traite du développement des modèles et des algorithmes dans une perspective globale. De plus, nous décrivons un modèle stochastique qui capture les incertitudes sur les temps de passage sur des balises de survol pour chaque trajectoire. Ceci nous permet d’inférer l’incertitude engendrée sur l’occupation des secteurs de contrôle par les aéronefs à tout moment.Dans la troisième partie, nous formulons une variante du problème classique du Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management au cours de la phase tactique. L’intérêt est de renforcer les échanges d’information entre le gestionnaire du réseau et les contrôleurs aériens. Nous définissons donc un problème d’optimisation dont l’objectif est de minimiser conjointement les coûts de retard et de congestion tout en respectant les contraintes de séquencement au cours des phases de décollage et d’attérissage. Pour combattre le nombre de dimensions élevé de ce problème, nous choisissons un algorithme évolutionnaire multiobjectif avec une représentation indirecte du problème en se basant sur des ordonnanceurs gloutons. Enfin, nous étudions les performances et la robustesse de cette approche en utilisant le modèle stochastique défini précédemment. Ce travail est validé à l’aide de problèmes réels obtenus du Central Flow Management Unit en Europe, que l’on a aussi densifiés artificiellement. / In this thesis, we investigate the issue of optimizing the aircraft operators' demand with the airspace capacity by taking into account uncertainty in air traffic management. In the first part of the work, we identify the main causes of uncertainty of the trajectory prediction (TP), the core component underlying automation in ATM systems. We study the problem of online parameter-tuning of the TP during the climbing phase with the optimization algorithm CMA-ES. The main conclusion, corroborated by other works in the literature, is that ground TP is not sufficiently accurate nowadays to support fully automated safety-critical applications. Hence, with the current data sharing limitations, any centralized optimization system in Air Traffic Control should consider the human-in-the-loop factor, as well as other uncertainties. Consequently, in the second part of the thesis, we develop models and algorithms from a network global perspective and we describe a generic uncertainty model that captures flight trajectories uncertainties and infer their impact on the occupancy count of the Air Traffic Control sectors. This usual indicator quantifies coarsely the complexity managed by air traffic controllers in terms of number of flights. In the third part of the thesis, we formulate a variant of the Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management problem in the tactical phase for bridging the gap between the network manager and air traffic controllers. The optimization problem consists in minimizing jointly the cost of delays and the cost of congestion while meeting sequencing constraints. In order to cope with the high dimensionality of the problem, evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms are used with an indirect representation and some greedy schedulers to optimize flight plans. An additional uncertainty model is added on top of the network model, allowing us to study the performances and the robustness of the proposed optimization algorithm when facing noisy context. We validate our approach on real-world and artificially densified instances obtained from the Central Flow Management Unit in Europe.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of volcanic ash as a complex and its impact on aviation, including the volcanic activity itself (conditions for its existence, for existence of eruptions and their basic products). In addition, the thesis also deals with effect of volcanic ash on aircraft and airports, possibilities of its detection or monitoring as well as mechanism of its spreading in airspace. The emphasis is laid mainly on air incidents related to volcanic ash and on danger it poses to the airspace of the Czech Republic.