This paper deals with the problem of monitoring the occurrence of the minority events in thermodynamic systems by using thermodynamic sensors based on the principle of balance equilibrium. The basis of this work is to find new sensor arrangement of thermodynamic sensors that allows work in a wide range of workloads of monitored system while maintaining the required sensitivity. Newly designed balance circuit for the sensor arrangement with four active sensors allows active setup of the default balance equilibrium and power matching of the sensor to its immediate surroundings in the system. By designing and optimization of balance circuit was achieved measuring the output response and its conversion to digital format. This enabled numerical analysis of output signal, algorithmic processing of the results and generate a feedback control signal to adjust the equilibrium conditions.

Present diploma thesis is focused on natural antimicrobial substances. The aim of the experimental part of thesis was testing of antimicrobial activity of selected natural substances in free and encapsulated forms, preparation of particles and monitoring of their long-term stability. Various teas extracts (aqueous, ethanoic and DMSO) and aqueous herbs extracts were used as plant antimicrobial substances. Liposomes and chitosan particles with encapsulated aqueous teas extracts were prepared by ultrasonication. Encapsulation efficiency, size, stability and antioxidant activity for all particles were specified. Consequently, within a two months period, long-term stability for these particles was monitored. Spectrophotometric method for determining total polyphenols was used for evaluating encapsulation efficiency as well as for monitoring of long-term stability. The DLS method was used for determination of size and stability of particles. Antioxidation activity was monitored by using spectrophotometric method using ABTS. For testing antimicrobial activity of various types of teas, herbs extracts and their mixtures and combianitons with lysozyme and antibiotics, broth dilution methods were used while using both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial test strains. Antimicrobial activity of prepared particles was also monitored, the antimicrobial activity was especially significant with the chitosan particles. Suitable combinations of natural substances whatever with antimicrobial or antioxidation effect either in free or encapsulated form could be used for applications for example in cosmetics industry, food processing or in medicine.

Lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 (LEDGF/p75) is a prominent cellular binding partner of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase. It is a human nuclear protein, which has been implicated in transcriptional regulation and cell survival. The role of LEDGF/p75 in HIV integration is well characterized, the HIV integrase binding domain (IBD) was identified and structural studies, which provide detail information about this interaction, were done. However, very little is known about its physiological function. As a transcriptional co-activator, LEDGF/p75 is implicated not only in HIV replication, but also in human cancer and autoimmunity. Key feature for both, the viral and cellular role of this protein, is its ability to act as a molecular adaptor tethering proteins to the chromatin fiber. Recently, PogZ (Pogo transposable element derived protein with zinc finger domain) was identified and validated as a new cellular interaction partner of LEDGF/p75. It was shown, that their interaction is mediated by IBD of LEDGF/p75 and the C-terminal domain of PogZ. To gain more insight in this interaction, we have initiated structural studies of their complex. Structural information is crucial for understanding the LEDGF/p75 biological role and might help in design of inhibitors selectively blocking...

The human patogen Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a single copy of eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinase StkP. StkP regulates virulence, competence, stress resistence, gene expression and plays a role in the regulation of cell division cycle. Analysis of phosphoproteome maps of the wild type and stkP mutant strain of S. pneumoniae showed that in vivo StkP phosphorylates several putative substrates including Mn-dependent inorganic pyrophosphatase PpaC. Mass spectrometry analysis identified two phosphorylation sites in an active site of the protein. Pyrophosphatases are essential enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate produced during various biosynthetic reactions that utilize ATP. Changes in pyrophosphatase activity have been described to have global effects on cell metabolism, growth and division of bacteria. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the phosphorylation of inorganic pyrophosphatase PpaC in S. pneumoniae. Gene ppaC was cloned, expressed in E. coli and protein was purified via affinity chromatography. Phosphorylation of PpaC by StkP was examined in a kinase assay but we did not confirm that PpaC is a direct substrate of StkP in vitro. Further we prepared a set of mutants in ppaC gene. We replaced two presumable phosphoaminoacids identified by mass-spectrometry with...

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradci Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Kamila Ambrožová Supervisor: PharmDr. Jana Karlíčková, Ph.D. Title of Thesis: Copper reducing activity of isoflavonoids Copper in our body appears only in trace amounts. Despite this fact is an important component of many enzymes, which are responsible for right function of the whole organism. The most important are antioxidant activity, collagen and conective tissue synthesis, formation of pigmentation and cell respiration. Main target of the organism is control the homeostasis of copper, because excess and deficiency of the element could be pathological. Increase level of copper can cause many of civilization diseases. Isoflavones are the plant metabolites of polyfenolic structure which can positively affect different processes in our body. Research is dedicated to anti-inflammatory and estrogenic effects, antioxidant and anticancer aktivity. The elimination and inactivation of radical elements is performed becase of ability of isoflavones to reduce transition elements or chelate them. The aim of this thesis was to determine the reducing activity of seven isoflavonoids - daidzein, genistein, biochanin A, genistin, glycitein, formononetin and prunetin. The highest reduction...

Mišáková K: Alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae family and their biological activity 1. Diploma thesis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové, 2014, 63 p. The aim of the diploma thesis was a preparation of alkaloidal extract from Nerine Bowdenii to izolation of 2 pure alkaloids by column and thin layer chromatography. Subsequently these two alkaloids were subjected to structural MS and NMR analysis and tested for biological activity against human cholinesterases (HuAChE and HuBuChE) and for antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Isolated substances were identified as ambelline and undulatine alkaloids, which have been already described previously in this plant. In the test for determining cholinesterase inhibitory activity of ambelline and undulatine the following values were measured; for ambelline: IC50, HuAChE = 169 ± 7 μM a IC50, HuBuChE = 985 ± 25 μM, for undulatine: IC50, HuAChE = 23,52 ± 1,19 μM a IC50, HuBuChE > 1000 μM. Galanthamin (IC50, HuAChE = 1,71 ± 0,007 μM, IC50, HuBuChE = 42,30± 1,30 μM), huperzin A (IC50, HuAChE = 0,033 ± 0,001 μM, IC50, HuBuChE > 1000 μM) and eserin (IC50, HuAChE = 0,063 ± 0,001 μM, IC50, HuBuChE = 0,130 ± 0,004 μM) were used like a positive controls. In the test for...

Title: The influence of physical activity on postural function disorders in school children Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the state of postural function of pupils of 4th, 7th and 9th grades, and to measure their physical activity and subsequent evaluation of the impact of physical activity on the incidence of functional postural disorders in these children. Methods: The thesis used methods of observation and questionnaires. Evaluation of the state of postural function was held by observation using test evaluation of posture according to Jaroš and Lomíček. The rate of children's physical activity was detected using a questionnaire. Results: It was found that pupils who are not engaged in any organized physical activity is a greater incidence of functional postural disorders and overall condition of postural function is worse than that of students who play sports. Keywords: physical activity, postural functions, school children, evaluation

Title: Effect of 12 week intervention programme on selected components of body composition of seniors Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to determine whether the 12 week intervention programme can positively affect the selected components of body composition of seniors. Methods: For the needs of this thesis the measurements of body composition by using bioimpedance methods was used in this thesis. The questionnaire was used for gathering needful information concerning the implementation of physical activity of quality of life. Based on the collected data the 12 week intervention programme was recommended to seniors. After 12 weeks the output measurement and comparison of input and output data was done. The changes of maximum hand grip measured by using hand-held digital dynamometer were observed. Results: In the term of 12 week intervention, this study has not show either significant changes in amount of free fat mass of seniors, who increased the weekly volume of physical activity or significant changes in the percentage of fat mass of individuals, who performed aerobic activity. The study proved significant decrease in ECM/BCM ratio of individuals, who have gone through the resistance exercise. In general, the tendency of qualitative improvement of body composition of seniors was...

Title: The usage of qi-gong for training of perceiving body schema Summary: The goal of the work is to prove the presence of alpha activity in the electroencencefalographic record throughout the duration of the exercise qi-gong with open eyes and closed eyes, and to evaluate changes in the distribution of the scalp alpha activity with native EEG before and after the exercise. The observed research file was created from five probands between the ages of twenty-seven to fifty-two, which all practiced qi-gong for a duration of at least twelve months. The results showed the presence of alpha activity during exercising qi-gong with closed eyes in four probands, and in three probands there was also a present alpha activity during the exercise of qi-gong with open eyes. Furthermore was proven that the change in distribution of alpha activity during exercise of qi-gong with open eyes was from parietooccipital regions going temporo-frontally in comparison with the exercise of qi- gong with closed eyes and native EEG before and after exercise. The acquired results support in literature the described change of generators of alpha activity localized in the deeper structures of the brain. This process is connected with the decreased activity of the cerebral cortex with an increase in the particular limbic structures....

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Daniela Hulcová Consultant: Prof. RNDr. Lubomír Opletal, CSc. Title of Diploma Thesis: Biological aktivity of plants metabolites. XXVII. Alkaloids of Fumaria officinalis L. and their effect on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase The summary ethanolic and diethylether extract were prepared from the herbs of a plant Fumaria officinalis L. We have obtained 201 fractions from this extract by column chromatography on the neutral Al2O3 (aluminium oxide). Joined fraction 68-76 were processed by thin layer chromatography, and 3 substances were obtained in pure state: DH-1, DH-2, DH-3. These 3 compounds were identified as protopine, (+)-fumariline and N- methylcorydaldine by the comparison with the literature and results of MS and NMR. These alkaloids were tested for the inhibitory activity against human erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase and plasmatic butyrylcholinesterase by Ellman`s method. The isolated alkaloids did not show any significant inhibitory activity (IC50, µM) compared with the standard galanthamine (IC50, µM; AChE 1,710 ± 0,065, BuChE 42,30 ± 1,30): protopin: AChE: 345,42 ± 31,12, BuChE: 239,66 ± 20,89, (+)-fumarilin: AChE: 2939,2 ± 309,41, BuChE: 330,62 ±...