INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação do colágeno na parede abdominal é cada vez mais estudada, em virtude da relevância do colágeno no processo cicatricial após laparotomias. O aumento da população obesa mórbida requer conhecimento da parede abdominal a fim de evitar complicações pós-operatórias relacionadas à obesidade. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a quantidade de colágeno na linha alba de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica aberta no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e comparar com a de cadáveres não-obesos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo observacional que avaliou dois grupos, com total de 88 amostras da aponeurose da linha alba abdominal, divididas em 44 amostras de pacientes obesos com indicação de cirurgia bariátrica e 44 amostras de cadáveres não-obesos. As amostras foram retiradas da linha alba abdominal no período de 2013 a 2014 e inicialmente foram separadas conforme faixas etárias (18-30, 31-45 e 46-60), gênero, medidas de IMC, circunferência abdominal e cervical e espessura do subcutâneo do indivíduo. Foi coletado material para biópsia da linha alba supraumbilical para análise de imuno-histoquímica, diferenciando o colágeno tipo I e III e sua relação de tipo I/III. Utilizou-se o programa de contagem de pixels ImageProPlus®, que mensurou a quantidade do colágeno. Foi realizada análise estatística com SPSS®, com nível de significância estatística de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Todas as biópsias foram utilizadas no estudo. Em um total de 88 amostras, a avaliação da característica do grupo Obesidade teve idade média ± desvio-padrão 44,11 ± 9,90 anos, faixa etária de 18-30 anos com 3 (6,8%) obesos, 31-45 com 22 (50%) obesos e 46-60 anos com 19 (43,1%) obesos. O gênero feminino apresentou predomínio, com 36 (81,8%) pacientes; IMC (Kg/m²) 48,81 ± 6,5, circunferência abdominal (cm) 136,761 ± 13,55, espessura do subcutâneo (cm) 4,873 ± 0,916. A quantidade de colágeno tipo I foi 134683,3 ± 206657,4. A de colágeno tipo III foi 413137,2 ± 283656,1. A razão do colágeno tipo I/III foi 0,419 ± 0,636. Considerando-se faixas de idade, gênero e IMC, foram constatadas diferenças estatísticas em todas as análises quando comparadas com as dos cadáveres. CONCLUSÃO: A amostra composta de pacientes obesos mórbidos teve uma quantidade de colágeno na linha alba da região supraumbilical menor que a do grupo controle quando comparada com a de cadáveres não-obesos na mesma faixa etária. / INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of collagen in the abdominal wall has been increasingly studied because of the relevance on collagen in the healing process after laparotomy. The increase in morbidly obese population requires knowledge of abdominal wall to prevent post-operative complications related to obesity. PURPOSE: To evaluate the amount of collagen in the linea alba of patients undergoing open bariatric surgery at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre and compare it with non-obese cadavers’. METHODS: Observational study evaluating 88 samples of aponeurosis from abdominal linea alba of 44 obese patients and 44 non-obese cadavers. The samples were collected in 2013 and 2104, and were sorted according to age (18-30, 31-45 and 46-60), gender, BMI, waist and cervical circumference, and subcutaneous tissue thickness. Material for biopsy was collected from the supraumbilical region of the linea alba for immunohistochemical analysis differentiating collagen type 1 and type 3 and the 1/3 ratio. ImagePro Plus pixel counting software was used to measure the amount of collagen. SPSS® statistical analysis was performed with statistical significance level of p<0.05 was performed. RESULTS: All biopsies were used in the study. In a total of 88 samples, the evaluation of the Obesity group evidenced mean age ± standard deviation 44.11 ± 9.90 years, 18-30 age group with 3 (6.8%) obese individuals, 31-45 with 22 (50%) and 46-60 with 19 (43.1%). Females had a prevalence of 36 (81.8%) patients; BMI (kg / m²) 48.81 ± 6.5, waist circumference (cm) 136.761 ± 13.55, subcutaneous tissue thickness (cm) 4.873 ± 0.916. Considering age groups, gender and BMI, there were statistical differences in all tests when compared with the cadavers. CONCLUSION: The amount of collagen in the linea alba above the umbilical region in the morbidly obese patients was smaller than in the non-obese cadavers in the same age group.

Orientadores: Fernando Antonio Cabral, Losiane Cristina Paviani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diniz_TabataTayaraGarmus_M.pdf: 2219524 bytes, checksum: d534ef54252dcca6946c4b832f819e43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esse trabalho objetivou, através da combinação de processos de extração, a obtenção de extratos naturais a partir de folhas de pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) e de folhas de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.). Os extratos foram obtidos por extração sequencial em leito fixo a 60 ºC e 400 bar, primeiro por extração com dióxido de carbono supercrítico (scCO2), seguido por extração com etanol em uma segunda etapa e por último, extração com água (terceira etapa). Curvas de extração (rendimento de extrato em função da massa de solvente) foram obtidas no intuito de se avaliar o desempenho da extração quanto ao rendimento em função do tipo de solvente. Todos os extratos foram avaliados quanto ao teor de fenóis e flavonoides totais e a fração volátil obtida na primeira etapa com scCO2 foi avaliada quanto ao seu perfil químico por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-EM). Para efeito de comparação, mais dois tipos de extratos etanólicos e aquosos foram obtidos: 1) Extratos em etapa única a partir das folhas, com etanol e com água em leito fixo a 60 °C e 400 bar sem prévia extração com scCO2 e 2) Extratos convencionais utilizando um sistema a baixa pressão e 60 ºC. A análise dos resultados mostrou que o caráter do solvente empregado influenciou significativamente no processo de obtenção dos extratos, pois o rendimento apresentou tendência de aumento com o aumento da polaridade do solvente, sendo os extratos aquosos os de maior rendimento, seguidos dos etanólicos e por último os supercríticos. O estudo apontou o processo de extração sequencial (em três etapas) como o mais eficaz em termos de rendimento global de extração e de fenóis e flavonoides totais para Eugenia uniflora. O extrato obtido com etanol (60 ºC e 400 bar) após extração supercrítica e o extrato obtido com scCO2 apresentaram as maiores concentrações de fenóis e flavonoides totais, respectivamente, dentre todos os extratos obtidos das folhas de E. uniflora L. Na matriz Lippia sidoides Cham., o processo de extração etanólica a 60 ºC e 400 bar em etapa única permitiu obter extratos mais concentrados em fenóis e flavonóis e o melhor rendimento de flavonoides totais. Os resultados para o rendimento de compostos fenólicos do alecrim-pimenta aponta a extração sequencial como a mais eficiente. A influência da extração supercrítica prévia foi diferente dependendo da matriz vegetal estudada. O scCO2 como primeiro solvente de extração permitiu obter extratos etanólicos e aquosos mais concentrados em compostos fenólicos para pitanga / Abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain natural extracts from leaves of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) and pepper-rosmarin (Lippia sidoides Cham.) with the combination of different sequential extraction techniques. The extracts were obtained by sequential extraction in fixed bed (60 °C and 400 bar), first by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), followed by extraction with ethanol in a second step and finally extracted with water in a third step. Extraction curves (yield of extracts by the mass of solvent) were obtained in order to evaluate the performance of the extraction yield due to the type of solvent. All extracts were evaluated for their content of total phenols and flavonoids and the more volatile fraction obtained in the first step with scCO2 was evaluated for its chemical profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For comparison, two types of ethanol and aqueous extracts were obtained: 1) single-step extracts from the leaves with ethanol and water in the fixed bed at 60 °C and 400 bar without prior extraction with scCO2 and 2) extracts using a conventional low pressure system and 60 °C. The results showed that the nature of the solvent employed strongly influenced the process of obtaining extracts, as the yield showed a tendency to increase with increasing polarity of the solvent. The aqueous extracts showed the highest yield, followed by ethanol and finally the supercritical The study pointed out the process of sequential extraction (three-step) as the most effective in terms of global extraction yield and total phenols and flavonoids for Eugenia uniflora. The extract obtained with ethanol (60 °C and 400 bar) after supercritical extraction and the extract obtained with scCO2 were those with the highest concentrations of total phenols and flavonoids, respectively, among all the extracts obtained from the leaves of E. uniflora L. At Lippia sidoides Cham. matrix, the process of single-step ethanolic extraction at 60 °C and 400 bar obtained more concentrated yields in phenols and flavonols and the best yield of total flavonoids. The results for the yield of phenolic compounds from pepper-rosmarin indicate the sequential extraction as the most efficient process. The influence of prior supercritical extraction was different according to plant matrix studied. The scCO2 as the first extraction step yielded ethanolic and aqueous extracts more concentrated in phenolic compounds for E. uniflora / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Producción Animal / El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental Germán Greve de la Universidad de Chile. Se evaluaron los efectos de la suplementación con morera (Morus alba) sobre la producción y composición de la leche en el último tercio de lactancia en cabras. Se utilizaron 30 cabras mestizas (F1), cruza de Anglo Nubian y Criolla que se encontraban en el último tercio de la lactancia, las que fueron asignadas a los tratamientos según edad, tipo de parto y progenie. Dado que el grupo de animales presentó cuatro factores de variación: biotipo, fecha de parto, edad y número de parto, los animales fueron agrupados en éstas variables, de modo que cada grupo quedara representado en igual magnitud. Los subgrupos resultantes se asignaron al azar en los tratamientos experimentales que fueron: a) T0, dieta en base a heno de alfalfa y b) T1, dieta basada en hojas y tallos de morera. Las cabras permanecieron en el ensayo 60 días. El forraje se suministró en forma fresca picada. Se recolectaron muestras del material ofrecido y rechazado para el análisis de los suplementos (digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutro y energía metabolizable). También se realizó un control lechero donde se evaluó: producción de leche por tratamiento, proteína y sólidos totales de la leche. Por último, se determinó ganancias de peso en los animales sometidos a los tratamientos. Se observaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) para producción de leche, pero no hubo diferencias para el consumo de materia seca ni composición química de la leche. Los registros de producción mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos, se encontró diferencias significativas de una mejor respuesta de las cabras alimentadas con morera. Los resultados sobre el peso vivo de las cabras reflejaron que hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,05) en el cambio de peso al final del experimento con el tratamiento suplementario de morera. / The study was carried out in the Experimental Station German Greve University of Chile. The effects of supplementing with mulberry (Morus alba) on production and composition of milk in goats as evaluated. Thirty goats (F1), crosses of Anglian Nubian and Creole that were in the last third of lactation, were assigned to the treatments according to: strain, parturition data, age and number of parturition. The animals were grouped according to these variables, so that each group was represented. The experimental treatments were: a) T0, alfalfa hay as supplement b) T1, mulberry leaves and stems as supplement. The goats remained in the assay for 60 days. The forage was provided chopped fresh form. Samples of offered and rejected forage were collected for chemical analysis dry matter apparent digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fibber and metabolizable energy. Also a milk control was done to determine: milk production, protein and total solids in milk. Finally, live weight gains was determined in both treatments. Significant differences (P<0.05) for milk production was observed, but there was not differences for dry matter intake and milk chemical composition. The production registries showed differences between treatments, there were tendencies of one better answer of the goats fed with mulberry. Finally live weight showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in favour of the mulberry supplemented treatment.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal

En tant que constantes de la littérature de tous les peuples et de tous les temps l’alba et le somni (l’aube et le rêve) participent par leur réalisations typiques de l’époque au jeu poétique de la poésie romane qui se concrétise, sur le modèle des schémas déjà préétablis, entre imitation, variation et transgression. Les réalisations possibles, inhérentes aux motifs et thèmes d’alba et de somni (comme p. ex. les adieux des amoureux à l’aube, la souffrance et la maladie amoureuse, le rêve comme compensation ou acte de la création poétique, le moment magique de la transition), sont accentuées et développées par rapport à une aire culturelle donnée, dont témoignent les exemples des troubadours et des trouvères, les cantigas galego-portugais et la poésie italienne du Duecento. Le jeu des variations de ces constantes poétiques se réalise dans un contexte d’un réseau de genres, dans lequel les textes singuliers interagissent et forment un système complexe de références intertextuelles. Cette étude sur les variations de l’alba et du somni romanes se considère comme contribution à la mise en valeur des structures et de la poétique inhérente de la poésie médiévale. Elle montre non seulement comment la perspective comparatiste peut contribuer à la compréhension de la richesse des facettes de la poésie médiévale et des chemins et des formes de la réception et de la fécondation mutuelles, mais aussi quel rôle peut jouer l’examen des dictatz no principals encore négligés. L’étude de ces genres « mineurs » thématiques n’a pas seulement d’intérêt en soi, car ces dictatz indiquent généralement les sujets centraux et les points culminants de la poésie, mais aussi parce qu’elle peut contribuer à l’éclaircissement ou à une meilleure compréhension des modèles déjà connus et étudiés. / Being constants of the literature of all nations and ages, alba and somni (dawn and dream) participate in the poetic play of the Romanic poetry by means of their typical realisations characteristic of a time, that is concretised, on the basis of preformed patterns, between imitation, variation and transgression. The development and accentuation of possible realisations inherent to the motifs and themes of alba and somni (such as e. g. the parting at dawn, suffering and lovesickness, dreaming as compensation or act of poetic creation, the magical moment of transition) differ depending on the cultural area as is indicated by the examples of the troubadours and trouvères, the Galician-Portuguese cantigas and the Italian poetry of the Duecento. The play of variations of these poetical constants is realised in the context of a network of genres, in which the individual texts interact and form a complex system of intertextual references. This study of the Romanic variations of alba and somni is considered as a contribution to an enlightenment of the structures and poetics inherent to medieval poetry. It does not only show how the comparative perspective can contribute to the comprehension of the abundance of facets of medieval poetry and of the ways and forms of mutual reception and fecundation, but moreover point out the role that can be assigned to the study of the dictatz no principals which is still and often neglected. The study of these “minor” genres of thematic kind is not only interesting as such, for the dictatz generally indicate the central subjects and climactic points of poetry, but also because it can contribute to an elucidation or a better comprehension of the patterns already established and studied.

Plant estrogens have long been associated with health benefits. The potential of tissue culture techniques for the production of several secondary metabolites has been known for many years. Tissue cultures stimulate the production or induce the biosynthesis of novel compounds not found in the mature plant. Tissue culture of Morus alba, family Moraceae, is known to contain phytoestrogens, was established on plant-hormone supplemented Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Petiole and the stem tissue from mature trees were the best explants for initiation and proliferation of calli. The best callus proliferation was obtained on MS medium containing 1-napthalene acetic acid (1mg/ml) and benzylaminopurine (0.5mg/ml) for M. alba. Comparison of phytoestrogens of Moraceae species from in vivo and in vitro tissue isolation were carried out. The estrogenic activities of callus extracts were assayed in an estrogen-responsive yeast system expressing the human estrogen receptor alpha. Male callus extracts had higher estrogenic activity than male and female extracts from in vivo and in vitro tissues. Isolation and characterization of phytoestrogens from above tissues were carried out using solid phase extraction, high perfomance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Biochanin A, an isoflavonoid, was isolated as one of the compounds in male callus extracts. Biochanin A has been known to have an antiestrogenic acitivity in mammals. Isoflavonoid compounds have been characterized as strong protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors in variety of animal cells. Isoflavones are structurally similar to estradiol, and display agonistic and antagonistic interactions with the estrogen receptor. Isoflavones possess therapeutic and preventive properties such as being used for postmenopausal osteoporosis, breast cancer, and inhibition of tumors.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Basella alba (BA) and Hibiscus macranthus (HM) are used by traditional healers in Cameroon to treat male sexual fertility problems. Previous studies showed that in vivo administration of the leaf extracts of both plants caused a significant increase in rat seminal vesicle weight and spermatozoa numbers was accompanied by a significant increase in serum testosterone. The aim of this study was to establish the effects of BA and HM extracts on Sertoli cell functions. TM4 cell line was used in this study as it exhibited properties similar to the Sertoli cells (Mather, 1982). Sertoli cell play a key role in spermatogenesis by regulating and supporting germ cell development. Therefore, any alterations in Sertoli cell physiology or structure may lead to impaired spermatogenesis, germ cell loss and male infertility. Developing germ cells in the seminiferous tubule require a constant supply of lactate and pyruvate (Jutte et al, 1981; 1982) and toxicant induced alterations in these nutrients have been shown to induce germ cell necrosis (Monsees et al., 2000). TM4 Sertoli cells were cultured in DMEM/Ham F-12 (M) for one day and exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg/ml of BA and HM extracts, respectively, for four further days. The extracts were dissolved in 0.5 % DMSO in M, while 0.5 % and 2% DMSO in M were used as negative or positive controls, respectively, and 100mM ethanol as positive control where indicated. Results obtained from the Sertoli cells exposed to BA extracts, showed that the plant extract had no significant effect on the cell viability but induced a significant concentration-dependent increase in lactate (19-67%) and pyruvate levels (39-102%) and a concentration-dependent decrease in the protein content (9-42%). The H&E histological study confirmed that the BA extract had no cytotoxic effect, as there were no changes in the morphology of the cell. Likewise, apoptotic study using DAPI showed no alteration in the nucleus when compared to the negative control. The HM plant extract significantly enhanced mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (7fold) in the Sertoli cells but caused only slight alterations in the lactate and pyruvate levels. There was no effect seen in the protein content of the Sertoli cells. H&E and DAPI staining revealed that there were neither changes in the morphology of the cells nor any alteration regarding the mitotic and apoptotic indices. Thus, the HM extract did not have a cytotoxic effect on the cells. This study demonstrated that the Basella alba methanol extract may enhance spermatogenesis as it stimulated the source of energy required for the development of germ cells without exerting a cytotoxic effect. The Hibiscus macranthus extract stimulated mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities and may thus trigger changes in Sertoli cell physiology. In summary, both plant extracts enhanced certain Sertoli cell functions and thus might explain the positive in vivo effects of the combined plant extracts on rat spermatogenesis observed by Moundipa et al. (1999). / South Africa

Orientador: Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques / Resumo: A Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), popularmente conhecida como erva-cidreira, é uma planta originaria da América do Sul e considerada um recurso genético vegetal de altíssimo valor para estudos de bioprospecção pela sua potencial importância econômica, ecológica e propriedades do seu óleo essencial. A irrigação de sistemas de produção agrícola depende da disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos da demanda de água em cada etapa do cultivo, requerendo um manejo criterioso e sustentável. Estudos em plantas aromáticas têm mostrado que o manejo da água por meio da irrigação e as condições climáticas do local de cultivo são fatores abióticos determinantes na produção de biomassa, rendimento de óleo essencial e síntese de princípios ativos de interesse para a indústria de cosméticos, perfumes e fragrâncias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação na biomassa, rendimento, produção e composição química do óleo essencial da espécie Lippia alba, de clones selecionados de quimiotipo linalol, pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). As mudas foram obtidas por propagação assexuada e o cultivo conduzido em casa de vegetação em sistema orgânico de produção. Os tratamentos foram representados pelo manejo da irrigação com base na evapotranspiração de referência (50%, 75%, 100% ET0 e 125% da ET0). Os cortes foram efetuados aos 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após a poda de formação (DAPF). As plantas foram avaliadas quanto à produção total de ma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), popularly known as lemon balm, is a plant originally from South America and considered a highly valuable plant genetic resource for bioprospecting studies due to its potential economic, ecological and essential oil properties. The irrigation of agricultural production systems depends on the availability of water resources for water demand at each stage of cultivation, requiring careful and sustainable management. Studies on aromatic plants have shown that water management through irrigation and the climatic conditions of the place of cultivation are abiotic factors determining biomass production, essential oil yield and synthesis of active principles of interest to the cosmetics, perfumes industry and fragrances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on biomass, yield, production and chemical composition of the essential oil of the species Lippia alba, from selected clones of the linalool chemotype, belonging to the Germplasm Bank of the Agronomic Institute (IAC). The seedlings were obtained by asexual propagation and cultivation was carried out in a greenhouse in an organic production system. The treatments were represented by irrigation management based on reference evapotranspiration (50%, 75%, 100% ET0 and 125% ET0). The cuts were made at 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after the formation pruning (DAPF). Plants were evaluated for total leaf dry matter production (PTMSF), total stem dry matter production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Silvergran, Abies alba, är en ursprungligen odlad art som har fått snabb spridning i södra och mellersta Sverige de senaste 100 åren. Risk finns att denna art är invasiv och kan påverka vår inhemska flora och fauna negativt. I ett lövskogsområde norr om Uppsala finns en ungefär 70 år gammal plantering av silvergran som är nära 1200 kvadratmeter stor. I området kring planteringen har ett stort antal plantor av silvergran etablerat sig och syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga spridningen av arten i området. Studien kan bidra till att skapa ett generellt spridningsmönster för silvergran i liknande miljöer i Sverige. Att kartlägga spridningsmönstret kan vara fördelaktigt både för att kunna avgöra om arten måste klassas som invasiv, och om åtgärder behöver vidtas mot den möjligt invasiva ädelgranen. Skogsområdet är omgivet av åkermark och har inventerats genom transekter indelade i rutor. Från inventeringen är en generell spridning av silvergran kartlagd för skogsområdet. Granarna uppmättes i olika storlekskategorier, vilket är representerat i de framställda kartorna. På så sätt får man direkt en visuell överblick över spridningen av silvergran i skogsområdet från ursprungskällan. Tydligt är att silvergranen har stor möjlighet att på egen hand sprida sig i den sydliga, svenska lövskogen och hur spridningen av silvergran i framtiden kommer se ut är ett ämne för diskussion och studier.

Master thesis is focused on the monitoring and evaluation of the phytotoxicity of lea-chate of municipal solid waste landfill from Bukov. Introduction includes statistical data, waste management methods, legislation and terminology of waste management. Further, the thesis contains a description of the landfilling process with a focus on water monitoring, description of phytotoxicity tests and basic information about Bukov municipal solid waste landfill. Experiment is focused on phytotoxicity tests of leachate water from a given landfill. The final part contains the evaluation of the results and their in-terpretation.