Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da violência doméstica, estimar fatores relacionados e descrever a percepção de violência em geral e doméstica de adolescentes escolares. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 656 adolescentes com idade entre 11 a 17 anos da rede pública de ensino da região do extremo sul do município de São Paulo no ano de 2012. A análise descritiva foi apresentada por meio de proporções, médias e desvio padrão. Diferenças nas proporções entre os grupos de vitimizados e não vitimizados por violência doméstica foram, primeiramente, comparados em relação a cada fator individualmente por meio de teste de Qui Quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fischer. Para análise simultânea dos fatores foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson ajustada pela estimativa robusta de variância considerando-se nível de significância de 5 por cento. A violência doméstica nos seis meses anteriores à pesquisa foi analisada como desfecho. As variáveis independentes consideradas foram: sociodemográficas e consumo de álcool e drogas por familiares. Resultados: Dentre os 656 adolescentes, 38,9 por cento (n= 255) referiram ter sido vítima de violência doméstica. Mulheres foram vitimizadas em maior frequência (44,1 por cento). Fatores significativa e positivamente associados à vitimização por violência doméstica foram: ser do sexo feminino (RP= 1,47; IC 95 por cento: 1,20; 1,80) e morar somente com o pai (RP= 1,52; IC 95 por cento: 1,11; 2,08). Adolescentes apresentam boa percepção acerca da violência de modo geral, no entanto, ao considerar a violência no âmbito doméstico, não se reconhecem como vítimas potenciais dessa violência. Conclusões: estudos epidemiológicos, como este, são necessários para desvelar a realidade da violência doméstica e auxiliar a construção de políticas públicas intersetoriais de promoção de saúde, uso de substâncias psicoativas e cultura de paz, a fim de romper com o ideal de violência como método disciplinador de educação / Objective: To identify the prevalence of domestic violence, estimate factors associated and describe the perception of violence in general and domestic among school adolescents. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with 656 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years from public schools of the extreme south of the city of São Paulo in 2012. The descriptive analysis was presented using proportions, means and standard deviations. Differences in proportions between groups victimized and not victimized by domestic violence were first compared in relation to each factor individually through Chi square test or Fisher exact. For simultaneous analysis of the factors was used Poisson regression adjusted by robust estimate of variance at a 5 per cent significance level. Domestic violence in the six months previous to the survey was analyzed as an outcome. The independent variables considered were: sociodemographic and consumption of alcohol and drugs by family members. Results: Among the 656 adolescents, 38,9 per cent (n = 255) reported having been a victim of domestic violence. Women were victimized more frequently (44,1 per cent). Significantly and positively factors associated with victimization by domestic violence were: being female (PR = 1,47; 95 per cent CI: 1,20; 1,80) and living alone with her father (PR = 1,52; 95 per cent CI: 1,11; 2,08). Adolescents have good perception about violence in general, however, when considering violence domestically, do not recognize themselves as potential victims of this violence. Conclusions: Epidemiological studies such as this are needed to reveal the reality of domestic violence and help build intersectoral public politics to promote health, psychoactive substances and a culture of peace, in order to break with the ideal violence as a method of disciplining education

<p>Litteraturstudiens syfte var att beskriva om/hur en kvinnas sociala situation och bakgrund inverkar på hennes ohälsosamma alkoholvanor. Datasökningen genomfördes i databasen MedLine (via PubMed). Nio artiklar uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna och bearbetades samt kvalitetsgranskades. Resultatet visade att olika stadier i en kvinnas liv såsom besvärliga uppväxtförhållanden, en tidig alkoholdebut och dåliga relationer i vuxenlivet inverkar negativt på hennes alkoholkonsumtion. Det fanns också ett klass- och genusperspektiv. Resultatet visade att kvinnor som hade en besvärlig uppväxt med våld och övergrepp konsumerade mer alkohol i det vuxna livet än de kvinnor som hade ”normal” uppväxt och vuxenliv. Ohälsosamma alkoholvanor var också relaterat till en tidig alkoholdebut och en tidig alkoholdebut var i sin tur relaterat till flickor som hade en låg självkänsla och ett aggressivt beteende. Kvinnor i relationer där partnern missbrukade, våldtog och misshandlade gjorde att kvinnans alkoholkonsumtion ökade. Klassperspektivet var tydligt sammanlänkat med en högre alkoholkonsumtion hos kvinnor som var skilda eller änkor, kvinnor som hade låg inkomst och låg utbildning, kvinnor som inte hade någon familj eller kvinnor som var deprimerade. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet att flera aspekter i en kvinnas liv såsom uppväxtförhållanden och socialsituation inverkar på hennes alkoholvanor. Detta är något som behöver uppmärksammas både i vården och i samhället.</p> / <p>The aim of this literature review was to describe if/how a woman´s social situation and background affects her unhealthy alcohol habits. A search in the Medline database found nine scientific articles. They were thoroughly processed and valued for quality. The results showed that different stages in a woman’s, life, upbringing, age of onset of drinking and relationships in adulthood had a negatively effect on her alcohol consumption. The results also highlighted a class and gender perspective. The results revealed that women, who went through childhood and adulthood with adverse experiences such as, sexually assaulted and abused physically or mentally were more likely to have hazardous high alcohol consumption rates in adulthood. Unhealthy alcohol habits were linked to the age of onset of drinking which also was linked to girls who had an aggressive behavior and a low self-esteem when they grew up. Women who lived in a relationship where the partner abused substance or assaulted her resulted in a more frequent alcohol drinking in more hazardous amounts. The class perspective was strongly associated with a woman’s unhealthy relations’ to alcohol for example; when the woman were widowed, divorced, women with a income around the poverty line, women with low or no education at all, women who had no family or women who were depressed, were more likely to have an high alcohol consumption then women who had a family, a good income and an education. In summary the result showed that several aspects in a woman’s life, upbringing and social situation do affect her alcohol habits. This is knowledge that needs attention both in the health care and in the society.</p>

Ph.D. / Behavioral Neuroscience / The purpose of the research described in this dissertation was to determine the neural circuits involved with baseline ethanol consumption and increases in ethanol consumption seen in our animal model of ethanol dependency (further described below). The brain region of focus was the central extended amygdala (cEA) since this region has been shown to be involved in baseline consumption and self-administration of ethanol in rats (Hyytia & Koob, 1995; Eiler et al., 2002) and the changes in ethanol consumption induced by chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure seen in rats and mice (Funk et al., 2006; Finn et al., 2007). To determine if the cEA is involved in these behavioral phenotypes, the components of the cEA were lesioned separately. These components included the lateral posterior portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTLP), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc shell). Chapter 2 illustrates that lesions of the BNSTLP decreased baseline ethanol consumption in a 2 hr limited access procedure, but not in a continuous access procedure. Chapter 3 and chapter 4 illustrate that the CeA and NAc shell are involved in baseline ethanol consumption in a limited access procedure, since lesions of these nuclei decreased ethanol consumption. To determine if these nuclei were involved in increases in ethanol consumption, a murine model of ethanol dependency was used. In this procedure C57BL/6J (B6) mice are first acclimated to a limited access two-bottle choice preference procedure. The access period begins 3 hrs into the dark-cycle and continues for 2 hrs. Once acclimated, mice undergo chronic exposure to and intermittent withdrawal from ethanol vapor. Results from chapter 4 indicate that intermittent vapor exposure, as opposed to continuous ethanol vapor exposure, optimizes the increased ethanol x consumption response. As indicated in chapter 2, 3, and 4, lesions of these three components of the cEA did not block the intermittent ethanol vapor induced increase in ethanol consumption. In chapter 4, to determine the brain regions that activate in response to increases in ethanol consumption, a c-fos immunoreactivity study was carried out. The results suggest that the NAc shell and NAc core are the two main brain regions that activate as a result of ethanol consumption specifically in the mice that have been exposed to the intermittent ethanol vapor exposure that show the increase in ethanol consumption. Thus the results suggest that while the NAc shell activates in response to heightened levels of ethanol consumption, it is not necessary to see this increase in ethanol consumption. Overall, the results from these three chapters suggest that while the components of the cEA are involved in baseline ethanol consumption, and are responsive to changes in ethanol consumption (as was the case with the NAc shell), they are not necessary to see the ethanol vapor induced increase in ethanol consumption. These results have implications for understanding the neural circuitry involved in ethanol dependence.

Litteraturstudiens syfte var att beskriva om/hur en kvinnas sociala situation och bakgrund inverkar på hennes ohälsosamma alkoholvanor. Datasökningen genomfördes i databasen MedLine (via PubMed). Nio artiklar uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna och bearbetades samt kvalitetsgranskades. Resultatet visade att olika stadier i en kvinnas liv såsom besvärliga uppväxtförhållanden, en tidig alkoholdebut och dåliga relationer i vuxenlivet inverkar negativt på hennes alkoholkonsumtion. Det fanns också ett klass- och genusperspektiv. Resultatet visade att kvinnor som hade en besvärlig uppväxt med våld och övergrepp konsumerade mer alkohol i det vuxna livet än de kvinnor som hade ”normal” uppväxt och vuxenliv. Ohälsosamma alkoholvanor var också relaterat till en tidig alkoholdebut och en tidig alkoholdebut var i sin tur relaterat till flickor som hade en låg självkänsla och ett aggressivt beteende. Kvinnor i relationer där partnern missbrukade, våldtog och misshandlade gjorde att kvinnans alkoholkonsumtion ökade. Klassperspektivet var tydligt sammanlänkat med en högre alkoholkonsumtion hos kvinnor som var skilda eller änkor, kvinnor som hade låg inkomst och låg utbildning, kvinnor som inte hade någon familj eller kvinnor som var deprimerade. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet att flera aspekter i en kvinnas liv såsom uppväxtförhållanden och socialsituation inverkar på hennes alkoholvanor. Detta är något som behöver uppmärksammas både i vården och i samhället. / The aim of this literature review was to describe if/how a woman´s social situation and background affects her unhealthy alcohol habits. A search in the Medline database found nine scientific articles. They were thoroughly processed and valued for quality. The results showed that different stages in a woman’s, life, upbringing, age of onset of drinking and relationships in adulthood had a negatively effect on her alcohol consumption. The results also highlighted a class and gender perspective. The results revealed that women, who went through childhood and adulthood with adverse experiences such as, sexually assaulted and abused physically or mentally were more likely to have hazardous high alcohol consumption rates in adulthood. Unhealthy alcohol habits were linked to the age of onset of drinking which also was linked to girls who had an aggressive behavior and a low self-esteem when they grew up. Women who lived in a relationship where the partner abused substance or assaulted her resulted in a more frequent alcohol drinking in more hazardous amounts. The class perspective was strongly associated with a woman’s unhealthy relations’ to alcohol for example; when the woman were widowed, divorced, women with a income around the poverty line, women with low or no education at all, women who had no family or women who were depressed, were more likely to have an high alcohol consumption then women who had a family, a good income and an education. In summary the result showed that several aspects in a woman’s life, upbringing and social situation do affect her alcohol habits. This is knowledge that needs attention both in the health care and in the society.

Emerging adults- youth between the ages of 18-25- experience high rates of alcohol use and drinking-related consequences, yet risky drinking in this group seems to occur in the context of adaptive developmental processes. Such risk-taking behavior is thought to result from neurobehavioral changes impacting personality, cognitive development, and social functioning beginning in early adolescence. Youth seek out stimulation that, while objectively dangerous, may provide opportunity for evolutionary pay-offs. Social environmental cues signaling such pay-offs may facilitate risky behavior. This study aimed to manipulate social context, subsequent drinking-related behavior, and related shifts in risk and reward evaluation. Participants participated in a "focus group" and taste test of placebo beer (ad libitum drinking session) alone (Solo; SF condition) or in groups that either interacted in the focus group session (Social Facilitation; SF condition) or did not (Mere Presence; MP condition). Participants in the MP and SF conditions reported greater desire to drink and poured and drank more during the taste test than those in the S condition. SF participants reported the highest levels of post-manipulation affect valence, arousal, and positive group experience. Expected differences between conditions in risk/reward evaluation were not observed. Results indicate that despite differences in affective and social experiences between the group conditions, the simple presence of others had as strong an impact on drinking behavior as the social facilitation manipulation. Results underscore the complexity of social influences on human behavior.

This study forms part of a larger study funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) -FA 2006041100003, stretching across five years within AUTHeR (Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research), in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. The aim of the larger study is to gain a better understanding of alcohol consumption patterns and causes as well as consequences of binge drinking. While the link between binge drinking and interpersonal violence is well documented, paucity of researched information focusing on the nature of the link was identified. The identified problem pointed to a need for a theoretical study, accomplished by means of a literature review. It is concluded that while binge drinking and interpersonal violence co-occur, there is no evidence that binge drinking causes interpersonal violence. Literature is systematically reviewed to understand the social aspects of alcohol abuse in the broader South Africa. The review concluded that alcohol abuse is caused by a multiplicity of factors and does pose a threat to the quality of life of many South Africans. It has conclusively been determined that there is a need to readdress existing liquor policies. Factors contributing to binge drinking and interpersonal violence at and around different alcohol drinking outlets were explored, following an observational study. The investigation produced some of the following findings: • Neighbourhoods with a higher density of alcohol drinking outlets tend to display public disorder. • Poor management of alcohol outlets poses a health and physical hazard to patrons. • Marketing strategies used are aggressive and irresponsible. It is concluded that there seem discrepancies between existing liquor policies and the actual running of liquor businesses. Narratives of binge drinkers and those of non-binge drinkers were analysed using focus groups and in-depth interviews. The analysis revealed some of the following as precipitating and maintenance factors of the alcohol-violence link: • A culture of drinking: Participants drink alcohol for social, cultural, coping, and enhancement motives. • A culture of violence: Men seem violent prior to consuming alcohol, and violence seems to be a learned behaviour. • Traditional gender roles seem transgressed by women mainly through their drinking of alcohol in public. These findings necessitated further investigation into services in the North West Province in terms of job creation, liquor licensing, non-adherence to ethics and unavailability on weekends by some service providers, and the shifting of traditional gender roles of women. Based on the critical analysis of service delivery networks in the North West Province by interviewing key informants and analysing documents, it was revealed that, not withstanding gaps, the province has policies in place dealing with: job creation; liquor regulation; ethically bound police services; specialized social work services to sexually assaulted victims on weekdays and weekends, and the empowerment of men. It has conclusively been determined that the analysed services, when re-addressed, hold possibilities of instilling hope in community members, including victims and perpetrators of alcohol-induced violence. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

This study forms part of a larger study funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) -FA 2006041100003, stretching across five years within AUTHeR (Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research), in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. The aim of the larger study is to gain a better understanding of alcohol consumption patterns and causes as well as consequences of binge drinking. While the link between binge drinking and interpersonal violence is well documented, paucity of researched information focusing on the nature of the link was identified. The identified problem pointed to a need for a theoretical study, accomplished by means of a literature review. It is concluded that while binge drinking and interpersonal violence co-occur, there is no evidence that binge drinking causes interpersonal violence. Literature is systematically reviewed to understand the social aspects of alcohol abuse in the broader South Africa. The review concluded that alcohol abuse is caused by a multiplicity of factors and does pose a threat to the quality of life of many South Africans. It has conclusively been determined that there is a need to readdress existing liquor policies. Factors contributing to binge drinking and interpersonal violence at and around different alcohol drinking outlets were explored, following an observational study. The investigation produced some of the following findings: • Neighbourhoods with a higher density of alcohol drinking outlets tend to display public disorder. • Poor management of alcohol outlets poses a health and physical hazard to patrons. • Marketing strategies used are aggressive and irresponsible. It is concluded that there seem discrepancies between existing liquor policies and the actual running of liquor businesses. Narratives of binge drinkers and those of non-binge drinkers were analysed using focus groups and in-depth interviews. The analysis revealed some of the following as precipitating and maintenance factors of the alcohol-violence link: • A culture of drinking: Participants drink alcohol for social, cultural, coping, and enhancement motives. • A culture of violence: Men seem violent prior to consuming alcohol, and violence seems to be a learned behaviour. • Traditional gender roles seem transgressed by women mainly through their drinking of alcohol in public. These findings necessitated further investigation into services in the North West Province in terms of job creation, liquor licensing, non-adherence to ethics and unavailability on weekends by some service providers, and the shifting of traditional gender roles of women. Based on the critical analysis of service delivery networks in the North West Province by interviewing key informants and analysing documents, it was revealed that, not withstanding gaps, the province has policies in place dealing with: job creation; liquor regulation; ethically bound police services; specialized social work services to sexually assaulted victims on weekdays and weekends, and the empowerment of men. It has conclusively been determined that the analysed services, when re-addressed, hold possibilities of instilling hope in community members, including victims and perpetrators of alcohol-induced violence. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-06, page: 3258. Adviser: Scott T. Walters. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Nursing, 2001. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 91-97.